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AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE PROBLEMS OF SECONDARY SCHOOL ADMINISTRATION: A CASE STUDY OF REMO NORTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT OF OGUN STATE

Name: AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE PROBLEMS OF SECONDARY SCHOOL ADMINISTRATION: A CASE STUDY OF REMO NORTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT OF OGUN STATE
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ABSTRACT

The purpose of this essay was to investigate the problems of secondary schools administration with reference to supervision of instruction and discipline as affected both the effectiveness and efficiency of teaching and learning processes in Remo North Local Government Area of Ogun State.

For the purpose of the study, questionnaire was designed and administered for the teachers respondents drawn from the sampled schools.

The responses were collated and the data analysed. However the study showed that:

i. Principals have little or no time to do effective supervision in schools.

ii. Teachers are not ready to assist the principals in the supervision processes

iii. Poor quality of teaching and learning is a byeproduct of ineffective supervision.

iv. Indisciplinary problems abound in schools.

v. Indiscipline in schools is making effective supervision of instruction a problem,

Above all, suggestions were made on the ways of solving the identified problems of supervision of instruction and discipline in schools, so that the school system is improved upon for good quality.

CHAPTER ONE

1.0. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background to the Study

The pride of every educational system depends mostly on the good quality of its products Erinle, 2003. The quality however depends on the standard of administration supervision and discipline which both the teachers and students enjoy. Therefore, if this statement is acceptable to us in education enterprise, it could be said that, the present standard of our educational system and the products which it produces could be said to be the byeproducts of its system.

Further to the above, it was also observed that until the problems of supervision of instruction and effective discipline are looked unto and solved, no meaningful responsible citizens, who will be able to help or assist the society in which he/she finds him/herself, probably, this is the undisputed reason why previous researchers in educational administration like Erinle, 2003 Ijaduola, 2004 in their various comments on the conditions of education in Nigeria said: primary schools have virtually decayed secondary schools are congested, both Colleges of Education and Polytechnics exist under their old shadows, while Universities and research centres are the worst.

Hence the above contention actually describes the prevailing conditions and situations in our educational institutions.

However, many factors have been identified as being responsible for the above circumstances in our schools today in which both supervision of instructions and effective discipline are taking the lead other factors are either poor or inadequate funding, absence of better learning conditions, inadequate supply of both qualified and experienced teachers as well as over population of students in classes.

Therefore, if both supervision of instruction and discipline are regarded as an important integral part of school administration, which the secondary school administrator i.e. the principal should undertake, then, the supervision of instruction and discipline towards raising both the standard /quality of learning and upgrade the tone of the school should however be greatly improved upon by giving adequate attention.

It is necessary to state it clearly from the onset that no matter the level and professional capability of a school administrator is, if such school could not produce useful and responsible citizens to the society, such school is bound to face negative criticisms and attacks from all angles. It then follows that, before any school could be said to receive the blessings and support of the society, the quality of what the students receive in such schools should be good enough to prove its worth.

Finally, it is therefore to belief of this researcher to make sure that, problems of supervision of instructions and effective enforcement of better discipline as it affects secondary schools in Remo North Local Government will be the main focus of her research works.

1.2. Statement of the Problem

Specifically, this work is intended mainly to investigate the problems of supervision of instructions and effective enforcement of discipline in secondary schools in Remo North Local Government Area of Ogun State which arises as a result of the inability of the agencies saddled with the responsibility of administering the schools.

Further to this, the type of supervision, problems which would be looked into will include the inability of the principals of the secondary schools to supervise instructions effectively and the factors militating against their functions. Also, the role of the individual teacher in the process of supervision of instructions is generally low and inadequate, thus not encouraging and why this is so

However, since it is only in the atmosphere of peace and orderliness that effective supervision of instructions could take place, the study will therefore include other disciplinary problems of the schools which include students disregard to the school authorities as well as students disregard to the school rules and regulations.

1.3. Purpose of the Study

The main purpose of this research work is to critically examine the problems of secondary school administration in Remo North Local Government of Ogun State specifically; the problems shall include adequate supervision of instruction and effective enforcement of good discipline in the entire school system.

Apart from the above, the extent to which the school administrators i.e. the principals and staff conceive and perceive these administrative problems will be fully examined. Also, the efforts of both the teachers and principals in solving the highlighted administrative problems will be reforce be the major focus of the study.

1.4. Assumptions

From the above highlighted problems of the study, the following assumptions were carefully formulated to pilot the research work. They are:

i. That, the more the problem of supervision of instruction exist in secondary schools, the less the achievement of the school goals will be.

ii. That, the more the problem of indiscipline in secondary schools persists, the more difficult, it is to produce responsible citizens towards realizing the aspiration of the schools.

iii. That, the more, the problem of indiscipline persists in our secondary schools, the less the tone of the school will be.

1.5. Aims and Objectives of the Study

The main aim of this research work is to investigate into the various factors militating against effective secondary schools administration in RemoNorth Local Government Area of Ogun State with the sole aim of finding necessary solutions to the problems in attempt to improve the quality of service delivery.

However, in specific terms, the above major aims could be broken down into the following objectives which include:

a To find out factors responsible for ineffective supervision of instructions.

b To find out what actually contribute to the problems of effective discipline in secondary schools.

c To find out the contributions of both the teachers and nonteaching staff to the administrative problems in secondary schools.

d To find out solutions to such problems through recommendations or suggestions towards better service delivery in secondary schools.

1.6. Research Hypotheses

Based on the stated assumptions of the study, the following hypotheses were postulated to guide the study. They include:

i. There would be no significant differences between effective supervision and administration of the school.

ii. There would be no significant differences between adequate school discipline and administration of the school.

1.7. Research Questions

The following research questions have been developed from both the research assumptions and hypotheses to guide the study. They include:

i. Does the principal have time to supervise his/her teachers regularly

ii. Does the principal make use of his/her teachers during supervision of instruction processes

iii. What is the attitude of the teachers towards effective supervision of instructions

iv. Do the principal and teachers cooperate in all issues relating to the effective discipline in the schools

v. What is the general effect of the absence of effective discipline on the process of supervision of instruction in the secondary schools investigated

1.8. Area of the Study

As the individual, the government, the general public and indeed, all the education practitioners and stakeholders are aware of the various difficulties militating against the effective development of education at all levels especially at the secondary school level.

Therefore, the area of the concentration of this researcher is to carefully investigate the various problems of secondary school administration in Remo North Local Government Area of Ogun State with the aim of finding necessary and required remedies to them for effective service delivery.

Also, the area of study is located in the Northern part of the present day Remo division of Ogun State. On the areas socioeconomic characteristics, the people in the area of study share common languages, food, dressing, values, attitudes and traditions. They practice agriculture while some of its people also involve themselves in small scale business.

1.9. Operational Definition of Terms

The following terms shall be carefully looked into with the aim of knowing their meanings as they are used in the study. They include:

Secondary School: The second stage/level in any formal education which comes up after primary education and before tertiary education in the current Nigeria educational system. This educational level is run for six years.

Administration: To govern, to direct, to control, or to coordinate.

Supervision: Watching over something to see that, it is done well or to monitor programme or activity to ensure that it is carried out as expected.

Instruction: Teaching a course of study.

Discipline: Orderliness or doing the right thing at the right time without being force to it or an atmosphere of peace and order.

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Settings AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE PROBLEMS OF SECONDARY SCHOOL ADMINISTRATION: A CASE STUDY OF REMO NORTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT OF OGUN STATE remove EXTENT OF THE USE OF INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS IN THE TEACHING OF SOCIAL STUDIES remove EXCLUSIVE BREASTFEEDING PRACTICE AND ITS EFFECT ON THE PHYSICAL APPEARANCE OF THREE TO SIX MONTHS BABIES (A CASESTUDY OF SELECTED FAMILIES IN SURULERE LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF LAGOS STATE) remove THE SUITABILITY OF HEALTH EDUCATION IN THE CONTROL OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASE SPREAD IN NIGERIA INDUSTRIAL DISEASES AMONG PRE-SCHOOL AGE CHILDREN (1-5 YEARS). remove Multifunction Baby Stroller seat remove CONFLICT MANAGEMENT IN EDUCATIONAL SECTOR (A STUDY OF IMO POLY) remove

Name AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE PROBLEMS OF SECONDARY SCHOOL ADMINISTRATION: A CASE STUDY OF REMO NORTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT OF OGUN STATE remove EXTENT OF THE USE OF INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS IN THE TEACHING OF SOCIAL STUDIES remove EXCLUSIVE BREASTFEEDING PRACTICE AND ITS EFFECT ON THE PHYSICAL APPEARANCE OF THREE TO SIX MONTHS BABIES (A CASESTUDY OF SELECTED FAMILIES IN SURULERE LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF LAGOS STATE) remove THE SUITABILITY OF HEALTH EDUCATION IN THE CONTROL OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASE SPREAD IN NIGERIA INDUSTRIAL DISEASES AMONG PRE-SCHOOL AGE CHILDREN (1-5 YEARS). remove Multifunction Baby Stroller seat remove CONFLICT MANAGEMENT IN EDUCATIONAL SECTOR (A STUDY OF IMO POLY) remove

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ABSTRACT This research work was aimed at identifying the extent of the use of instructional materials in teaching Social Studies in Nsukka Educational Zone. This work was necessary because the success of any classroom teaching depends more on the extent of the use of teacher resources than verbalization. Three research questions were posited to guide the researcher in the study. These questions are: (1) What instructional media are available for Social Studies Instruction in Nsukka Education Zone? (2) To what extent are instructional materials used in Social Studies Instruction? (3) To what extent are different methods used in Social Studies lesson? Twenty-nine schools were sampled for this study. Instruments for data collection were questionnaire distribution schedule and checklist designed to elicit information from teachers. The data collected were analyzed based on mean scores and percentages. The information collected indicated that most of the resource materials are not available in schools, while some were available in some schools. The available materials were not adequately used. Based on these findings, recommendations were made which include that, teachers should be resourceful and use available teaching materials to make their lessons interesting thereby providing some motivation to the learners. Government should provide some money to schools to purchase the resources that the teachers cannot improvise. The researcher believes that if these recommendations are followed strictly, there would be much improvement in the teaching and learning of Social Studies in Nsukka Education Zone

CHAPTER ONE 1.0 Background to the Study Breast milk according to Olusegun (2006) has been described as the best natural food and drink created by God for newborn babies. According to him, newborn babies do not need any form of other food or drink, not even water or fruit juice because the breast milk contains enough water and fruit juice for the body. In this regard, UNICEF (2000) recommends that no additional food or fluid is necessary, as it could be a means of introducing harmful bacteria into a newborn baby?s system. However, breastfeeding is all about feeding an infant or newborn baby with breast milk directly from human breast rather than from a baby bottle or other container. This can be exclusive or inexclusive. According to UNICEF (1990), when breastfeeding is exclusive, breast milk alone is given to babies for the first six months of life and the introduction of complementary foods thereafter vice versa. Exclusive breastfeeding practice by nursing mothers has been noted to have a lot of influence on the physical appearance, growth and development of infants (WHO/UNICEF, 2007). However, it is quite unfortunate that a reasonable number of nursing mothers are not aware of this paramount importance of exclusive breastfeeding practice. Some of them that are aware of it do not practice it due to factors ranging from socio-economic to environmental. Relatively, the WHO/UNICEF?s study in 2007 showed that exclusive breastfeeding of babies during the first six months of life was significant in cushioning the rate of child mortality by an estimated 20% in different parts of Africa. The study also revealed that 1.3 million additional children?s lives could be saved every year if exclusive breastfeeding rate could be raised above 90% level. In addition, Wilson (1998) pointed out that initiation of exclusive breastfeeding in the first hour of life reduces the rate of neonatal mortality by nearly four times. Besides, infants and children under five years of age have been noted to be the most vulnerable to malnutrition and preventable diseases. In this part of the world, especially in Nigeria as noted by Olusegun (2006), mortality rate has remained high as a result of poor exclusive breast feeding practice. In 1990, it was reported that the recorded deaths of more than one million infants which were mostly caused by feeding those infants with breast milk substitutes could have been prevented via exclusive breastfeeding practice (UNICEF, 1995). Hence, exclusive breastfeeding according to UNICEF (1994) provides complete hygienic nutrition for newborn babies. Nevertheless, Gilhan et al (2001) and Arenz et al (2004) further revealed that there is a link between breastfeeding and non-communicable disease. Also, Pettit et al (1997) and Young (2002) further revealed in their study that the prevention of chronic diseases in later life could be guaranteed through exclusive breastfeeding in the first six months of life. It is against the above numerous importance of exclusive breastfeeding and its diverse impact on the life of newborn babies that inspired the carrying out of this study to examine the extent to which exclusive breastfeeding could influence the physical appearance of three to six months old babies. 1.1 Statement of Problem The entire business of this study bothers on determining the extent to which exclusive breastfeeding practice could affect the physical appearance of three to six months babies. This is predicated on the findings of Olusegun (2006) and Wilson (1998) which respectively revealed a positive influence of exclusive breastfeeding practice on the physical appearance of newborn babies. However, this study attempts to authenticate the truism of the above findings. 1.2 Purpose of the study The aim of this study includes: 1. To examine the effect of exclusive breastfeeding practice on the health of babies between the ages of three to six months. 2. To assess the effect of exclusive breastfeeding practice on the size of babies between the ages of three to six months. 3. To determine the extent to which exclusive breastfeeding practice could affect the physical development of babies between the ages of three to six months. 1.3 Research Questions The following research questions were raised to guide the study. 1. Does exclusive breastfeeding practice affect the health of babies between the ages of three to six months? 2. Is the size of babies between the ages of three to six months affected by exclusive breastfeeding practice? 3. To what extent is the physical development of babies between the ages of three to six months affected by exclusive breastfeeding practice? 1.4 Research Hypothes The following hypotheses were posited for testing during the study. 1. The health of babies between the ages of three to six months is significantly affected by exclusive breastfeeding practice. 2. The size of babies between the ages of three to six months is significantly affected by exclusive breastfeeding practice. 3. The physical development of babies between the ages of three to six months is significantly affected by exclusive breastfeeding practice. 1.5 Significance of the Study The study of exclusive breastfeeding practice and its effect on the physical appearance of three to six months babies would be of immense significance to mothers, students, home economics teachers, health practitioners and even the government. It would serve as a guide to the government and other health agencies in the formulation of health policies that would benefit the infants in terms of reducing infant mortality rate as well as diseases associated with babies in their early childhood life. It would also serve as a great reference material to nursing mothers and students carrying out research on the same or similar topic in the department of home economics of the University of Lagos. It would as well be helpful to health practitioners in counselling their female clients on matters patterning to the essence and paramount importance of exclusive breastfeeding practice. 1.6 Scope of the study The study was focused on exclusive breastfeeding practice and its effect on the physical appearance of newborn babies. It covered only three to six months babies and was limited to some selected families in Surulere Local Government Area of Lagos State. The variables studied include the physical health, size/weight and development of the newborn babies involved in the study. 1.7 Definition of terms Breast: This is a part of a woman?s body that produces milk. It can also be referred to as the upper front part of the human body called the chest. Breastfeeding: This can be defined as the feeding of a young child or infant with breast milk directly from human breast rather than a baby bottle or other containers. Exclusive breastfeeding: This refers to the feeding of an infant with breast milk alone for the first six months of life without any other food or drink complement. Lactation: This is the production, secretion and ejection of milk by a woman to babies. Probit: This simply means the promotion of breastfeeding intervention trial. Wet nurse: This is a woman hired to feed another woman?s baby with her own breast milk. Infant mortality: This is the death of infants at an early stage of their lives or shortly after birth. Bonding: This is the process of establishing a solid affection or relationship between the baby and the mother through breastfeeding

Abstract The paper discussed the causes, the suitability of health education in the control of communicable disease spread in Nigeria industrial diseases among pre-school age children (1-5 years). It focuses on the pre-school age children because of the existence of six killer diseases and the peculiarity of children's level of exposure to communicable diseases especially during the outdoor game. Recommendations were made on management and control of communicable diseases. These include public enlightenment, proper hygiene of food, the environment and the general body.

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CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Conflict management in a education sector, the management of conflict in education sector using peaceful, non-violent methods has been around for a long time. In nearly all African societies there is a preference for the peaceful settlement of dispute along the line prescribed frowned at. In a few instance where it may be tolerated, the community rather than the individual has to be sanctioning authority, the sanctioning following due process. In all civilized parts of the world, there is growing resort to the peaceful settlement of dispute in an organization. The image of violence presented by the media is not as such a true reflection of the dominant method of settling conflict in an organizations. There is an enormous amount of dispute taking place at various levels and in many organizations communities, groups and international levels. A wider range of non-violent method of managing conflict avails to the conflict transformation world. These methods are available at the individual, family, group, community and international levels. Conflict management is the process of reducing the negative and destructive capacity of conflict through a number of measures and by working with through the parties involved in that conflict. This term is some times used synonymously with ?conflict regulation?. It covers the entire area of handling conflict pristinely at different stages, including those efforts made to prevent conflict by being practice. It encompasses conflict limitation, containment and litigation. In the words of (John Barton), this may include ?conflict prevention? (Barton 1990) a term he used to connote containment of conflict through steps introduced to promote conditions in which collaborative and valued relationships control the behavior of conflict parties. The term ?conflict management? is perhaps an administration and admission of the reality that conflict is in evitable but that not all conflicts can always be resolved. Therefore what practitioners can do is to manage and regulate them. Conflict resolution is seen by Miller (2003:8) as a variety of approaches aimed at terminating conflict from management or transformation through the constructive solving of problems, distinct from management of conflict. Miall etal (2005;21)indicated that by resolution, it is expected that the deep rooted sources of conflict are addressed and resolved and behavior is no longer violent, nor are attitudes hostile any longer while the structure of the conflict has been changed. Mitchel and bank (1996) use conflict resolution to refer to: (i) An outcome in which the issue in an existing conflict are satisfactorily dealt with through a solution that is mutually acceptable to the parties, self-sustaining in the run and productive of a new, positive relationship between parties that were previously hostile adversaries and (ii) Any process or procedure by which such an outcome is achieved. Conflict transformation has been introduced by John Paul leaderach of the Eastern Mennonite school of peace building. It is assumed that this goes beyond conflict resolution to build longer standing relationships and the conditions that created the conflict, the process of change in perceptions and attitudes of parties, their relationships and perceptions. Miall etal (2001). Conflict transformation entails the coming into being of new situations involving conflict issues, perceptions relationships and communication pattern (Jeong, 2000). According to John ledorah (1995) sees conflict transformation as change. It can be descriptively in the change created by social conflict, and prescriptive in the deliberate intervention by third parties to create change. Conflict transformation takes place at different levels and has a number of dimensions. At the personal level, it involves emotional, perceptual and spiritual aspects of change desired for the individual. It also affects relationship touching on communication between parties that needs to change to positively affect poorly functioning communication. Change also needs to affect structures that generate conflict through deprivation, exclusion and other forms of injustice. It also seeks to understand cultural patterns and values. 1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM: The challenge for conflict management theory is to study real problems in the world rather them just deal with cases. In the issues in practice section a number of topics that confront theoretical and practitioners on all levels of activity are introduced and analyzed in view of the theoretical approaches. Most of these issues are answers to problems that span across the entire field of conflict management, or cross cutting agendas that have to be dealt with in order for the theoretical approaches to truly tackle the reality of conflicts. It involves evaluating the effectiveness of conflict management as well as its readiness to deal with new problems and new issues, such as terrorism. Organizational conflict can be many and varied the most common causes are the following: 1. Scarcity of resources (finance, equipment, facilities)etc. 2. Different attitude, values or perceptions. 3. Disagreements about needs, goals, priorities and interest 4. Poor communication. 5. Poor or inadequate organizational structure. 6. Lack of team work. 1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS 1. Does management decision, policy and organizational chart cause conflict among workers in an organization? 2. Does poor motivation and management of personal lead to conflict in an organization? 3. Does the blatant exhibition of personal differences by management in the bid to distribution themselves from organization lead to conflict? 4. Does management of conflict lead to conflict transformation? 5. How does conflict resolution lead to increase in productivity? 6. Is there any relationship between conflict management and conflict transformation? 1.4 HYPOTHESIS: In order to guide the major activities of this project under study and based on research question, highlighted above, the researcher from the research questions decided to formulate the following research hypothesis. Ho: that there is a relationship between inappropriate selection of managers with good leadership qualities and conflict in an organization. H1: there is no relationship between inappropriate selection of managers with good leadership qualities and conflict in an organization. 1.5 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY: The objective of the study are: 1. To identify the nature and characteristics of organizational conflict. 2. To examine the current strategies adopted in managing organizational conflict. 3. To determine the effect of organizational conflict. 4. To reveal the short falls and prospects of the current strategies adopted. 1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY: A conflict arises when individuals have varied interest opinions and through processes and are just not willing to compromises with each other. It is always wise to adjust to some extent and try to find a solution to the problem rather than cribbing and fighting. Conflicts and disagreements only lead to negativity and things never reach a conclusion. It only adds on to the tensions and spoils your reputation. Every individual should try his level best to avoid conflict at the first place rather than resolving it later. Precautions must be taken at the right time to avoid a conflict. This research aims at finding the benefits of conflict management, to the organization society, government and academics: 1. Conflict management prevents fall out between organizations society government stress free. Blame game never helps anyone, instead it makes life miserable. No idea can ever be implemented it the individuals fight among themselves. 2. Through conflict management skills an individual explores all the possible reasons to worry which might. Later lead to a big problems and tries to resolve it as soon as possible. 3. Stress disappears, people feel motivated, happy and the world definitely become a much better place to stay as a result of conflict management. 4. Conflict management avoids conflict a great extent and thus also reduce the stress and tension of the employees. No one likes to carry his tensions back home and if you fight with your colleagues and other people, you are bound to feel uncomfortable and restless even at home. 1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY: This study is restricted to finding the real causes of conflict in an organization (eduation sector) case study of SIAT limited Rivers state. Its effect on productivity and profitability enhancement. Beside recommending possible ways of managing conflict in an organization, hence actions management can takes to deal directly with conflict in the organization without personnel to mention but a few. This study does not cover conflict resolution or management outside the corporation world like in a political arena social clubs or gathering communities states or nation as a whole which are other area interact arm or SIAT limited (River State) line would definitely constitute sub-optimality as they are colored by unnecessary bias and prejudice which is not to the benefit of the organization. 1.8 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY: The researchers in the process of carrying out the research encountered the following constraints. 1. Lack of finance and time and combing it with school work. 2. Non disclosure of required information by the respondents. 3. Error in interpreting and recording answers. 4. Sampling procedure. 5. Non response error 6. Lack of research equipments like computer contributed to slowing down the pace. He pace of the research. 7. Scanty information base. 8. Inadequate statistics 9. Lack of mobility/mobilization of interviewers, inadequate personnel to be interviewed.

Content

ABSTRACT The purpose of this essay was to investigate the problems of secondary schools administration with reference to supervision of instruction and discipline as affected both the effectiveness and efficiency of teaching and learning processes in Remo North Local Government Area of Ogun State. For the purpose of the study, questionnaire was designed and administered for the teachers respondents drawn from the sampled schools. The responses were collated and the data analysed. However the study showed that: i. Principals have little or no time to do effective supervision in schools. ii. Teachers are not ready to assist the principals in the supervision processes iii. Poor quality of teaching and learning is a byeproduct of ineffective supervision. iv. Indisciplinary problems abound in schools. v. Indiscipline in schools is making effective supervision of instruction a problem, Above all, suggestions were made on the ways of solving the identified problems of supervision of instruction and discipline in schools, so that the school system is improved upon for good quality. CHAPTER ONE 1.0. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Background to the Study The pride of every educational system depends mostly on the good quality of its products Erinle, 2003. The quality however depends on the standard of administration supervision and discipline which both the teachers and students enjoy. Therefore, if this statement is acceptable to us in education enterprise, it could be said that, the present standard of our educational system and the products which it produces could be said to be the byeproducts of its system. Further to the above, it was also observed that until the problems of supervision of instruction and effective discipline are looked unto and solved, no meaningful responsible citizens, who will be able to help or assist the society in which he/she finds him/herself, probably, this is the undisputed reason why previous researchers in educational administration like Erinle, 2003 Ijaduola, 2004 in their various comments on the conditions of education in Nigeria said: primary schools have virtually decayed secondary schools are congested, both Colleges of Education and Polytechnics exist under their old shadows, while Universities and research centres are the worst. Hence the above contention actually describes the prevailing conditions and situations in our educational institutions. However, many factors have been identified as being responsible for the above circumstances in our schools today in which both supervision of instructions and effective discipline are taking the lead other factors are either poor or inadequate funding, absence of better learning conditions, inadequate supply of both qualified and experienced teachers as well as over population of students in classes. Therefore, if both supervision of instruction and discipline are regarded as an important integral part of school administration, which the secondary school administrator i.e. the principal should undertake, then, the supervision of instruction and discipline towards raising both the standard /quality of learning and upgrade the tone of the school should however be greatly improved upon by giving adequate attention. It is necessary to state it clearly from the onset that no matter the level and professional capability of a school administrator is, if such school could not produce useful and responsible citizens to the society, such school is bound to face negative criticisms and attacks from all angles. It then follows that, before any school could be said to receive the blessings and support of the society, the quality of what the students receive in such schools should be good enough to prove its worth. Finally, it is therefore to belief of this researcher to make sure that, problems of supervision of instructions and effective enforcement of better discipline as it affects secondary schools in Remo North Local Government will be the main focus of her research works. 1.2. Statement of the Problem Specifically, this work is intended mainly to investigate the problems of supervision of instructions and effective enforcement of discipline in secondary schools in Remo North Local Government Area of Ogun State which arises as a result of the inability of the agencies saddled with the responsibility of administering the schools. Further to this, the type of supervision, problems which would be looked into will include the inability of the principals of the secondary schools to supervise instructions effectively and the factors militating against their functions. Also, the role of the individual teacher in the process of supervision of instructions is generally low and inadequate, thus not encouraging and why this is so However, since it is only in the atmosphere of peace and orderliness that effective supervision of instructions could take place, the study will therefore include other disciplinary problems of the schools which include students disregard to the school authorities as well as students disregard to the school rules and regulations. 1.3. Purpose of the Study The main purpose of this research work is to critically examine the problems of secondary school administration in Remo North Local Government of Ogun State specifically; the problems shall include adequate supervision of instruction and effective enforcement of good discipline in the entire school system. Apart from the above, the extent to which the school administrators i.e. the principals and staff conceive and perceive these administrative problems will be fully examined. Also, the efforts of both the teachers and principals in solving the highlighted administrative problems will be reforce be the major focus of the study. 1.4. Assumptions From the above highlighted problems of the study, the following assumptions were carefully formulated to pilot the research work. They are: i. That, the more the problem of supervision of instruction exist in secondary schools, the less the achievement of the school goals will be. ii. That, the more the problem of indiscipline in secondary schools persists, the more difficult, it is to produce responsible citizens towards realizing the aspiration of the schools. iii. That, the more, the problem of indiscipline persists in our secondary schools, the less the tone of the school will be. 1.5. Aims and Objectives of the Study The main aim of this research work is to investigate into the various factors militating against effective secondary schools administration in RemoNorth Local Government Area of Ogun State with the sole aim of finding necessary solutions to the problems in attempt to improve the quality of service delivery. However, in specific terms, the above major aims could be broken down into the following objectives which include: a To find out factors responsible for ineffective supervision of instructions. b To find out what actually contribute to the problems of effective discipline in secondary schools. c To find out the contributions of both the teachers and nonteaching staff to the administrative problems in secondary schools. d To find out solutions to such problems through recommendations or suggestions towards better service delivery in secondary schools. 1.6. Research Hypotheses Based on the stated assumptions of the study, the following hypotheses were postulated to guide the study. They include: i. There would be no significant differences between effective supervision and administration of the school. ii. There would be no significant differences between adequate school discipline and administration of the school. 1.7. Research Questions The following research questions have been developed from both the research assumptions and hypotheses to guide the study. They include: i. Does the principal have time to supervise his/her teachers regularly ii. Does the principal make use of his/her teachers during supervision of instruction processes iii. What is the attitude of the teachers towards effective supervision of instructions iv. Do the principal and teachers cooperate in all issues relating to the effective discipline in the schools v. What is the general effect of the absence of effective discipline on the process of supervision of instruction in the secondary schools investigated 1.8. Area of the Study As the individual, the government, the general public and indeed, all the education practitioners and stakeholders are aware of the various difficulties militating against the effective development of education at all levels especially at the secondary school level. Therefore, the area of the concentration of this researcher is to carefully investigate the various problems of secondary school administration in Remo North Local Government Area of Ogun State with the aim of finding necessary and required remedies to them for effective service delivery. Also, the area of study is located in the Northern part of the present day Remo division of Ogun State. On the areas socioeconomic characteristics, the people in the area of study share common languages, food, dressing, values, attitudes and traditions. They practice agriculture while some of its people also involve themselves in small scale business. 1.9. Operational Definition of Terms The following terms shall be carefully looked into with the aim of knowing their meanings as they are used in the study. They include: Secondary School: The second stage/level in any formal education which comes up after primary education and before tertiary education in the current Nigeria educational system. This educational level is run for six years. Administration: To govern, to direct, to control, or to coordinate. Supervision: Watching over something to see that, it is done well or to monitor programme or activity to ensure that it is carried out as expected. Instruction: Teaching a course of study. Discipline: Orderliness or doing the right thing at the right time without being force to it or an atmosphere of peace and order.

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Background of the Study There is no single universal definition of Social Studies because the subject is defined according to the need of each society, which adopts it as a programme of study in schools and colleges. However, the Committee on Primary School Social Studies programme in Nigeria defines Social Studies as those common learning of man?s interaction with his social and physical environment, adding that it is not only a study, but a way of life, of how man influences, and is influenced by his physical, social, political, economic, psychological and cultural environment (Aina, Adeyoyin, Obilo. and Ahmadu, 1982) Similarly Olaniyan (1998) emphasized that Social Studies is a programme which a society uses to instill in students the knowledge, skills, attitudes and actions it considers important concerning the relationship which human beings have with each other, their world and themselves. Bearing in mind the concept of Social Studies as an integrated discipline, the objectives are clearly stated in the National Policy on Education (FRN, 2004). The primary concerns of the subject are encouragement of the awareness of the world in the child, inculcation and development of appropriate knowledge, skills, attitudes, values and social activities concerning relationships in people; to enable them find solutions to social problems in their surroundings and to develop positive attitudes towards our fellow men in society. Social science as the teaching and learning of individual subjects such as History, Geography, Government, etc. has finally given way to the conception in Social Studies as an integrated subject This came about in fact with the adoption in 1975 of the Integrated Social Studies Syllabuses developed by the National Educational Research Council fortheprimary schools and Teacher Training Colleges throughout the country at the on-set of the Federal Government University Free Primary Education (UPE). Similarly, the Integrated Social Studies Syllabus currently being used in the lower forms of secondary schools in the country as well as the one for the 3-3 Secondary School system of the New Education Policy was prepared by the Comparative Education Study and Adaptation Centre (CESAC), University of Lagos (Ogunsanya, 1984). Social Studies is a subject which deals principally with how human beings interact with one another and with the environment. The Committee on Social Studies singled it out as one major area of study through which national objectives on education in Nigeria can be achieved. Specifically, the Committee spelled out the underlisted objectives for teaching Social Studies in the primary and secondary school levels of the Nigerian education system: 1. To encourage the development of social responsibility towards other children, adult and the world. 2. To encourage the development of values, attitudes, skills and understanding necessary to live and function in society. 3. To create an awareness and an understanding of the evolving social and physical environment as a whole, its natural, man-made, cultural and spiritual resources together with national use and conservation of these resources for development 4. To ensure the acquisition of that relevant knowledge which is an essential prerequisite for personal development, as well as a positive personal contribution to the betterment of mankind. 5. To develop in children a positive attitude to citizenship and a desire to make a personal positive contribution to the creation of a progressive and united Nigeria. 6. To develop in the children the ability to think critically and reflectively and come to an independent conclusion. 7. To promise an understanding of the social problems facing the Nigerian society and a desire to find solutions to them (Ogunsanya, 1984; Obeta, 1996; and Enem, 2002). The objectives of Social Studies Education in Nigeria, as stated above, show that the subj ect was introduced into the school curriculum to, among other things, get rid of certain social vices plaguing the Nigerian society. Such vices include tribalism, ethnicity, nepotism, political instability, mass poverty, immorality, drug abuse, disrespect for elders and so on. Social Studies also meet the needs of the society in the areas of social and intellectual skills as well as attitudes and values. The subject is also concerned with acquiring the desirable information in order to be able to achieve meaningful development in all sectors of the economy (Ogunsanya, 1984). The summary of our discussion clearly indicates that Social Studies education is central to nation building. Our leaders and policy-makers need to acquire desirable social and intellectual skills, as well as positive attitudes and values that will enable them to make positive contributions to the process of nation building. They need to appreciate the economic and socio-political diversities of Nigeria, and the need for unity, tolerance and inter-dependence among the various component units of Nigeria. To achieve the above objectives, the subject must be properly taught in our schools. One major characteristic of good teaching of Social Studies is the ability to inculcate in students a spirit of curiosity and self-instruction (Enem, 2002). A great deal has been discovered about what attracts the interest of children, holds their attention and fosters that natural curiosity. Enem (2002) opined that nothing attracts learners? attention faster than the use of relevant resource materials. For example, bright, contrasting colours seem to stimulate them as well as seize their attention. Similarly, interesting shapes and objects are also very important, especially at the lower levels of our education system. The use of adequate and relevant resource materials has numerous advantages. For example, it facilitates teaching and learning, and makes learning faster and more permanent. Teachers do not need to expend a great deal of energy or time in giving out much information or much guidance. Rather, he guides the pupils to find out or discover things on their own. For instance, if a picture of a boy eating a banana is shown to the class and the caption of the picture is: ?This boy is eating his banana?, the teacher could ask his class ?Where do you think the banana came from??. A question such as this forces the pupils to look at the picture critically and study it for contextual clues. Where is the boy standing? (Market, Farm or School?) What has he been doing? What are the commonest ways through which boys obtain banana? In Social Studies, resource materials encourage the pupils to think critically and reflectively about their lives and their surroundings. This helps to build up the students? self esteem and confidence. In addition, resource materials arouse the students? interest on the subject. We all know that interest motivates learning. Social Studies teachers should make effective utilization of instructional materials in teaching because, they make teaching more meaningful, interesting and more permanent. The extent teachers make use of instructional materials in the teaching of Social Studies is not known. Therefore, the need arises for a determination of the extent teachers use instructional materials in teaching Social Studies at the Junior Secondary Schools (JSS). Statement of the Problem Experience shows that many teachers of Social Studies have been teaching for years without using teaching resources and without encouragement by the government. Abdullahi (1982) pointed to poor method of teaching as one of the major factors that cause the poor performance of students in science subjects. Obi (1992) asserted that teachers have resorted to verbalizing their lessons relying heavily on the use of chalkboard, otherwise called ?talk chalk? method of teaching. Those views are in agreement with Mayer?s (1988) that teaching in the African context continues to be dominated by talk and chalk method. This poor method of teaching could be one of the reasons of underachievement of students in Social Studies. There have been many researches directed at evaluating the extent of the use of instructional media in teaching Social Studies. For instance, researchers like Onyekwelu (1995), investigated Availability and Use of Media in Teaching History in Secondary Schools in Anam bra State. Angwe and Idogbe (2004) investigated the Availability and Use of Biology Lab Equipment in the Teaching of Biology in Secondary Schools in Vandeiky a L.G. A. of Benue State. Onuoha (1999) investigated on Students? Perception of Television Religious Programmes in Imo State. Eze and Iloh (1999) researched on Resources Used in Teaching Christian Religious Knowledge in the Junior Secondary School at Nsukka Urban. Agu Emeka (1995) investigated the Status of Media in teaching and learning of Economics in Enugu- North L.G.A. Ukachukwu (1998) researched on Effect of Overlay Technique on Secondary School Students? Achievement in Biology. Using good diagrams, Winn (1982) Projected and Non-projected media; Nwizu (1992), Multimedia Approach; Obi (1992), Different Modes of Picture Presentation (Ofoegbu, 1992). The problem of the study therefore, is the extent of the use of instructional materials in the teaching of Social Studies in Nsukka Education Zone. Purpose of the Study The major purpose of the study is to determine the availability and the extent of use of instructional materials in teaching Social Studies in JSS in Nsukka Education Zone. In order to achieve this major purpose, certain specific investigations will be undertaken. These include: 1. To determine the type of instructional materials available for use in schools in Nsukka Education Zone in teaching Social Studies. 2. To establish the extent of use of the available instructional materials for Social Studies lessons. 3. To identity methods used in teaching Social Studies in the schools. Significance of the Study The findings of this study will be beneficial to the Social Studies teachers in Nsukka Education Zone. It will provide information on the available media which they can use. It will also be beneficial to the curriculum planners. It will help curriculum planners to determin e the type of instructional materials available for use, establish the extent of use and identify methods used in teaching Social Studies in the schools. This is with a view to determining instructional materials to be included in the curriculum of the JSS Social Studies and that of the Teacher Training Colleges. It may provide the justification for emphasizing the teaching of improvisation to trainee teachers in the Colleges. The results of the study will provide information on the available modes for Social Studies instruction. This will be very useful to ministries of education and policy makers by providing them with data on the materials that needed to be acquired for effective Social Studies instruction. The extent of use of these materials will enable the Post Primary School Board to organize workshops, conferences and seminar on the production and use of instructional materials to facilitate the learning of Social Studies. The results of the study will provide information that may be useful for research in this area. Scope of the Study The study is limited to the availability and use of instructional materials in teaching Social Studies in JSS in Nsukka Education Zone. It also includes a determination of the teaching methods teachers adopt in Social Studies instruction. Research Questions The following research questions have been formulated to guide the study: 1. What instructional materials are available in schools for Social Studies instruction in Nsulika Education Zone? To what extent are instructional materials used in Social Studies instruction? What different methods are used in Social Studies lessons?

CHAPTER ONE 1.0 Introduction Back Ground of the study School health services are those services provided in schools by health educator; nurses, physicians; dentist and other health related workers like guidance counselors and social workers to health appraise, promote and protect the health of pupils and that of the personnel. Johnson (1991) observed that school health services are procedures established to: appraise the health status of pupils and school personnel, counsel pupils, parents and others concerning appraisal findings, carryout follow-up services, provide emergency care for injury or sudden illness,help prevent and control communicable diseases and encourage the correction of remedial defects. School health services are designed to determine the physical and emotional status of pupils, to prevent diseases and to secure the cooperation of parents and pupils, for correcting defects and maintenance of health (Mshelia, 1999), in contributing to the concept of school health services, Akinbile (1998) stated that school health services contribute to those school activities directly concerned with the present health status of the school child. Nwana (1988) regretted that what is referred to as school health services in Nigeria may be described as a farce while Kane (1997) noted that although special clinics were established for the welfare of pre-school children, the same cannot be said of the health of school children. Negligence of the school health services can be attributed to the unfounded assumption by Nigerians that once a Nigerian child attains school age be becomes immune to diseases. In Nigeria, Abiodum (1996) conducted a survey of 500 pupils aged between five and fifteen years in a small rural community and seventy five percent (75%) were found to suffer from mental morbidity, disturbances of emotional and conduct disorder constituted sixty seven percent (67%) of the total morbidity rate detected which made him to emphasize the need for a more functional school health services. The most basic functional aspect of school health services is the health appraisal of pupils. According to Freeman (1999), health appraisal involves the continuous and close observation of the school child and the teacher, while Turner, Bandall and Smith (1990) viewed health appraisal of pupils? health as a means that ensures, professional advice to pupils and their families on personal health as well as advice to the school on the adaptation of the school programme to the needs of pupils. Health appraisal should include dental inspection, screening tests for vision, hearing and speech, medical examination, health history and teacher?s observations. According to Tahir (1997), the population of Nomads in Nigeria is 9.3 million and that, out of the estimated population of 9.3 million nomadic people in Nigeria, 3.1 million are children of school age. In the view of Mshelia (1999), these nomadic children of school age do not enjoy good health for a long period of time because of the prevalence of numerous communicable disease, they suffer from multiple infestations and infections. Consequently, the morbidity rate is high among them and the major causes according to him are communicable diseases resulting from poor environmental conditions. Malnutrition, injuries and lack of general health supervision were also implicated in the high morbidity rate. Mshelia (1999) further stated that if school health programmes in nomadic primary schools were vigorously pursued, the incidence of high morbidity rate among school pupils would have been minimized to the barest minimum. From the foregoing, the present study is designed to evaluate the school health programme in nomadic primary schools in Southwestern Nigeria. 1.1 Statement of the Problem The health of primary school pupils is a matter of universal concern as children are the most precious assets any nation can have as their well-being reflects the future of the nation. The school age is a period in which the child undergoes rapid physical and mental development and this calls for a functional school health programme if the overall development of the child is to be achieved. Experts have revealed that nomadic primary school pupils at various times have suffered from communicable diseases, infections, injuries leading to death as a result of tetanus infection, dental caries, rashes, ill equipped first aid boxes for emergency care, reported cases of epidemics resulting from poor environmental conditions. Nomadic school pupils have not shown a high level of positive healthful practices and attitudes, which school health service is aimed to achieve. ISSN Mshelia (1999) asserted that the life expectancy of nomadic children is low due to high death rates, as they do not enjoy good health for a long period of time because of the prevalence of numerous communicable diseases. But if school health programmes in nomadic primary schools are adequately provided for and vigorously pursued, absenteeism in schools as well as high morbidity rates among pupils of nomadic primary schools would be minimized if not completely eradicated. However, from the foregoing, this study is set to evaluate the school health services in nomadic primary schools in Southwestern Nigeria. 1.2 Objectives of the study To create an environment in which countries and their international and national partners are better equipped, both technically and institutionally, to reduce morbidity death and disability through the control, eradication or elimination of these diseases as appropriate. To upgrade health education in Nigeria 1.3 Significance of the Study Since the establishment of the National Commission for Nomadic Education, available records show that the school health services component of the organization programme of activities has not been evaluated. It is envisaged therefore, that the outcome of this study will bring to light areas in the school health services in nomadic primary schools in Southwestern Nigeria that need intervention from the stakeholders (Federal, State, Local Government and Nomadic Communities) to improve on areas where there are lapses for a better school health services. The outcome of the study would also serve as a source of reference material to people who may be interested in similar areas of study in future. 1.4Research Hypotheses The following hypotheses were tested at 0.05 level of significance: 1. Health appraisal is not significantly available for pupils in nomadic primary schools in Southwestern Nigeria. 2. Health guidance and counseling is not significantly available for pupils in nomadic primary schools in Southwestern Nigeria. 3. Follow-up services are not significantly available for pupils in nomadic primary schools in Southwestern Nigeria. 4. Emergency care and first aid is not significantly available for pupils in nomadic primary schools in Southwestern Nigeria. 5. Control of communicable diseases is not significantly carried out in nomadic primary schools in Southwestern Nigeria. 1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS 1. Does good health in Nigeria lead to effective crisis management in Owerri West. 2. Is it proper to invite a third party in setting crisis in Owerri West. 3. What are the roles of staff motivation towards crisis management 1.6 LIMITATION OF STUDY This research work in carried out in Nigeria and as a result it is limited from other countries

Embodying the Raw, Wayward Spirit of Rock 'N' Roll

Embodying the raw, wayward spirit of rock ‘n’ roll, the Kilburn portable active stereo speaker takes the unmistakable look and sound of Marshall, unplugs the chords, and takes the show on the road. Weighing in under 7 pounds, the Kilburn is a lightweight piece of vintage styled engineering. Setting the bar as one of the loudest speakers in its class, the Kilburn is a compact, stout-hearted hero with a well-balanced audio which boasts a clear midrange and extended highs for a sound that is both articulate and pronounced. The analogue knobs allow you to fine tune the controls to your personal preferences while the guitar-influenced leather strap enables easy and stylish travel.

What do you get

Sound of Marshall, unplugs the chords, and takes the show on the road. Weighing in under 7 pounds, the Kilburn is a lightweight piece of vintage styled engineering. Setting the bar as one of the loudest speakers in its class, the Kilburn is a compact, stout-hearted hero with a well-balanced audio which boasts a clear midrange and extended highs for a sound that is both articulate and pronounced. The analogue knobs allow you to fine tune the controls to your personal preferences while the guitar-influenced leather strap enables easy and stylish travel. The FM radio is perhaps gone for good, the assumption apparently being that the jury has ruled in favor of streaming over the internet. The IR blaster is another feature due for retirement – the S6 had it, then the Note5 didn’t, and now with the S7 the trend is clear.

Perfectly Done

Meanwhile, the IP68 water resistance has improved from the S5, allowing submersion of up to five feet for 30 minutes, plus there’s no annoying flap covering the charging port

No FM radio (except for T-Mobile units in the US, so far)
No IR blaster
No stereo speakers

If you’ve taken the phone for a plunge in the bath, you’ll need to dry the charging port before plugging in. Samsung hasn’t reinvented the wheel with the design of the Galaxy S7, but it didn’t need to. The Gala S6 was an excellently styled device, and the S7 has managed to improve on that.

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