| Content | Abstract
Body Mass Index (BMI) is a measure of adiposity and has been used in many countries for assessment of overweight and obesity. The prevalence of obesity in children is increasing and is recognized as risk indicator of cardiovascular disease in adulthood. The study aimed was to document the Body Mass Index of school children aged 4-10 years. The study also determined the prevalence of overweight and obesity. This is a descriptive study of obesity prevalence in Nigerian Children. The weight and heights of the sampled children were measured and their BMI was calculated as weight/height (m2). Overweight and obese children were identified using charts from pooled internationally accepted data age and sex specific cut -off points for BMI. The BMI ranged from 09.25kg/ m2.to28.20Kg/m2 with a mean BMI of 15.10 kg/m2. The mean BMI for males was 15.64 and the females 14.56. The prevalence of Underweight, Healthy weight, overweight, and obesity were 16.33%, 64.34%, 12% and 7.33% respectively. More males were significantly overweight than females. Prevalence of overweight and obesity were highest in the highest socioeconomic class. Most children had BMI within the normal range. The prevalence of overweight and obesity though predominantly low should be taken seriously, especially as it appears to be associated with improving socioeconomic status. School health education (physical activity and nutritional education) is recommended as preventive measures. | ABSTRACT
The project work study relationship between saving and loans between the periods of 5 years 20092013. Chapter one explains the historical background, scope and coverage with aims and objective. Chapter two analyse regression and correlation. Chapter three dealt with research methodology while chapter four compute the relationship between the variables under study. The rate of increase in loans was found to be 0.968098348.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The term regression was originally used by FRANCIS GALTON 1822 1911 in a statistical examination of human inheritance to denote certain hereditary relationship very often in practice, a relationship is found to exist between these variables and often this make it possible to predict one or more variables in terms of others. For instance, studies are made to predict the future sales of a new product with respect to its price, family expenditure on feeding in terms of the family income, the consumption of certain food items in relation to the amount spend on its advertisement, quality of a product depending on the temperature of the product at production etc.
In this study, the focus is to examine the relationship between savings and loans with reference to EDE COMMUNITY MICRO FINANCE BANK NIGERIA LIMITED ECB.
The group of data to be used involved only two variables; savings and loans, hence the simple linear regression and correlation analysis shall be used. The saving is taken to be independent variable X on which the loans Y depend.
The statistical model for sample linear regression assumes that for each value of X, the observed value of the response variable Y are normally distributed about a mean that depends on X. we use my to represent these means. Rather than just two m1 and m2, we are interested in how many means my changes as X changes. In general the my changes according to any sort pattern as X changes. In linear regression, we assume that they all line on a line when plotted against X. the equation of the line is given by
Y a bx
Where,
y dependent variable
a constant parameter which is autonomous intercept
b parameter which shows the rate of change y with respect to x slope.
With intercept a and slope b; this is the regression line. It describes how the mean response change with x. actually observed ys will vary the mean. The model assumes this variation measures by the standard deviation r is the same for all the value of x. the response y to a given x is a random variable that will take different value if we have several observations with the x value.
The strength of this relationship is determined by the amount of effect that any change in one variable may cause on the other hand.
1.1 Historical Background of Regression and Correlation Analysis
The fundamental philosophy of Regression and Correlation were first proved and applied by SIR FRANCIS GALTON 1822 1911.
Galton was engaged in the study of heredity one of his observation was that the children of tall parents tends to be taller than average but not do tall as their parents. Whereas children of unusually short person tends to be shorter than their parents. This regression toward mediocrity gave these statistical method their name.
In a sense, the successive generation of offspring from tall person regress downward toward the mean height of population and reverse is true of the offspring from short families. Since Galton used one variable i.e. height of the parent to predict another i.e. height of the child the original term regression was eventually applied to general analysis by which the unknown variables are predicted through the known variables.
Correlation analysis also tell us the degree to which two variables are related. It is useful in expressing how efficiently one variable has estimated the value of the other variable. The word that is used to describe relationship between two categorical variables is association.
If two variables are found to be either associated or correlated, that doesnt necessarily mean that a cause and effect relationship exist between the two variables whether two variables are found to be casually associated depends on how the study was conducted.
1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT
One of the aims of writing this project is to best the ability of the writers to apply theoretical knowledge acquired in the study of statistics at OND level with a particular application of Regression and correlation to real life practical and condition.
The objectives of the project are stated below:
i. To study the relationship between two variables savings and loans
Ii. To estimate the dependence of loans on savings
iii. To estimate the trend of the savings and loans over five years 200032007
iv. To predict the future behaviour of these two variables and lay the attitude of the banks towards loans in future
v. To apply all necessary statistical tools in order to explain the variables on how savings affect loans and loans affecting savings
vi. To design an hypothesis to test the significance or reliability of the regression and correlation coefficient
1.3 SCOPE AND COVERAGE OF THE PROJECT
Regression and correlation analysis are common methods of analysis data to provide useful decision and information. We are to examine the relationship that exists between savings and loans made and recorded by Ede Community Micro Finance Bank Nigeria Limited ECB.
The project covers a period of five years 20032007. The prediction shall be made. It will cover the behaviour of these variables within the period given. The total savings every month in Naira as independent variable shall show the minimum accuracy of loan given out as dependent variable. To estimate the expected value Yloan recorded and its behaviour towards independent variable X savings.
Finally correlation will also be used to measure the degree of association between the two variables and all essential test will be employed to establish these facts.
1.4 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF EDE COMMUNITY MICRO FINANCE BANK NIGERIA LIMITED ECB EDE
The federal government of Nigeria in the 1991 budget proposals further reiterated their commitment to the even development of Nigeria by concentrating on developing the rural areas a long side the urban centres.
Many attempts had in the past been made to force the big financial houses to establish the rural braches. The government realising that the banks and others, compelled by their own economic considerations are not willing to take up the challenges of rural development, introduced the idea of communities coming together to form their own bank. This effort is believed to have a dual advantage of bringing the banking culture to all and sundry.
To this end some interested and enthusiastic members of the Ede Community initiated the idea that culminated into what we know as Ede Community Bank Nigeria Limited.
1.5 TARGET OF THE BANK
The bank operates on target savings scheme such as Ileya saving fund, Christmas savings fund, educational funds and housing and house equipping funds.
The bank has several sections such as savings and current department, loan recording department, marketing department, administration department and entry department.
The savings and current department are called the operational system i.e. they deal with clearing of cheques and keeping of the summary of the daily activities.
1.6 RANGES OF SERVICES PROVIDED
The following are the services that the bank has planned for the benefit of people.
I. Saving account
II. Current account
III. Private banking
IV. Fixed deposit account
V. Short term finance
VI. Community project financing
VII. Equipment leasing
VIII. Cooperative development financing
IX. Special loans and other credits
X. Bank guarantees
XI. Financial Advisory services
XII. Safe deposit services
XIII. Investment banking
Other services include:
1 Overseas customer: People can send draft in foreign currencies the naira value of which would be paid to credited into the account of the owner with the bank.
2 Foreign Remittance: The bank through their chain of correspondence bank abroad could abroad could easily purchases from abroad or remittance of funds.
1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Below are the definitions of some term used in this project for easy comprehension.
Correlation coefficient: This is referring to the degree of association between a bivariate distribution
Correlation: This is the measure of degree of association that exist between two variables considering one as independent x and another dependent
Regression: This is also referred to as the slope of a regression equation. It is the measure of the rate of changes between two or more variables.
Analysis of Variance ANOVA: This is a common method of analysis experimental data. It attempts to analysis the total variation of a response by decorposing it into independent and meaningful portion attributed to each of the variable independent sop as to chance variable.
| Abstract
This project looks at Statistical analysis on distance of students’ residence and academic performance. In this study, an attempt was made on assessing the effect of students’ place of residence on academic performance in the Delta State Polytechnic, Otefe-Oghara. A sample of 300 students was included in the study to which questionnaires were distributed to and their responses were adequately examined using simple percentages and chi-square test. The result indicated that most students believe that their current place of residence affects their academic performance and most students who live within the school environment performed better than those who live outside town. The study, therefore, conclude that upon holding other factors constant, the residence of students greatly influences their academic performance, as long as the student maintains their residence within the school environment, they can easily access the library and other extra classes or tutorials and the other polytechnic facilities, with better friends with whom they share course study with and this results to higher academic outcomes being expected than those students residing at home or away from the polytechnic environment. | CHAPTER ONE 1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY Crime is like other concepts in social sciences, which have no generally accepted definition. According to Oxford Dictionary of Sociology (2009), ?a crime is held to be an offence, which goes beyond the personal and into the public sphere, breaking prohibitory rules or laws, to which legitimate punishments or sanctions are attached, and which requires the intervention of a public authority? for crime to be known as such, it must come to the notice of, and be processed through, an administrative system or enforcement agency. It must be reported and recorded by the police (or other investigator); it may then become part of criminal statistics; may or may not be investigated; and may or may not result in a court case.? Dambazau (1994) defined crime as an act or omission against public interest and which is prescribed by law enacted by the legislature in the overall interests of the society, and to which prescribed punishment is attached in the event of violation and it involves four major principles which are public wrong, moral wrong, law and punishment for the criminal. Crime is also seen as a violation of the rules agreed to be respected by all members of the society, and upon which the rest members of the society mete sanction upon those guilty of the violation. It is for the same reason that the legal system views crime as a public and moral wrong. The prevalence of crime in the world today is a cause for serious concern for all and sundry. It undermines the social fabric by eroding the sense of safety and security. Crime impacts on society in a variety of ways according to the nature and extent of crime committed. It constitutes a problem when its incidence is as rampant in the society as to constitute a threat to the security of persons and property, as well as social order and solidarity (Onoge, 1998). Crime is a threat to the economic, political and social security of a nation and a major factor associated with underdevelopment; because it discourages both local and foreign investments, reduces the quality of life, destroys human and social capital, damages relationship between citizens and the states, thus undermining democracy, rule of law and the ability of the country to promote development. The development in societies with particular references to westernization has not helped matters; instead, it has been destructive to the social and cultural values of the society. Reasons for the increase in crime in Nigeria include urbanization which is spreading more widely and rapidly than improvement in the social and economic condition. Crime is a huge threat to public safety. Our study focus only on a State (Oyo State) in Nigeria. In categorizing crimes, crime do varies even within States of a nation. For instance, in Nigeria today (2003-till date), Bombing, Terrorism, Suicide bombing, Religion war& killings, vandalism etc., is a crime peculiar in the Northern part of Nigeria particularly in the states like Borno, Adamawa, Kano and Yobe whereas, Kidnapping, Pipeline vandalism, Armed robbery and Oil theft are order of the day in Niger-Delta part of Nigeria. In the South west and in the Eastern part of Nigeria, we have heard of cases of Ritual killing, Theft &Stealing, Kidnapping, Assaults, Wounding, Armed robbery etc. 1.2 RESEARCH QUESTIONS ? Research Question 1: What is the nature of crime commonly committed in the state ? Research Question 2: Which local government of the state has the highest crime rate ? Research Question 3: Which age group is more involved in the criminal activities most ? 1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The significance of this study is mainly to ascertain the level of crime in Oyo state, to know if crime is age, gender related. Another importance of this study is to know if there is a relationship between crime and educational background, to discover which age group is more involved in criminal activities. Another very cardinal significance of this study is to know the frequently committed crimes in Oyo state and causes. 1.4 SCOPE OF STUDY This study is centered on the statistical analysis of the crime offenses recorded in Oyo state. Another scope of the study is to know if crime in Oyo state is age and gender related. Thirdly, to know the frequently committed crimes in Oyo state. 1.5 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY It is necessary to mention some of the limitations in this research work. The chief limitation is the difficulty in obtaining relevant information in that a few of our values gotten from the police divisional headquarters Oyo state were missing but these missing values were not statistical significant enough to be noticed. Another limitation is the difficulty in administering questionnaire and retrieving in that respondents were not prompt in filling out the questionnaire. Notwithstanding, in the highlighted limitation above, it is hoped that this research will be useful to Oyo state and the general public. 1.6 BRIEF ABOUT THE CASE STUDY Nigeria?s southwestern state of Oyo calls itself Nigeria?s ?pace setter,? reflecting a deeply held pride in the state?s reputation as a leader in the fields of commerce and education. Oyo?s capital city of Ibadan is one of the largest commercial centers in West Africa. But in recent years, Oyo has also pushed the frontiers of violence and corruption that characterize Nigeria?s nascent ?democracy.? This is where democracy starts in Nigeria. Everything started here. But the situation is deteriorating and now we have a government of illiterates, we have a politics of hooliganism, of violence, of moneybags. 1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS Crime: activities that involve breaking the law. Criminal: the illegal act of somebody or group of people failing to do something that they should do. It also means connected with or involving crime. Criminal activity: an act committed in violation of the law where the consequences of conviction by a court are punishment, especially where the punishment is a serious one such as imprisonment. 1.6.1 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES The research hypotheses are as follows: HYPOTHESIS 1 H0: there is no significant relationship between age and criminal offences in Oyo state. H1: there is a significant relationship between age and criminal offences in Oyo state Level of significance: 0.05 Decision rule: reject H0 if p-value is less than the level of significance. Accept H0 if otherwise. HYPOTHESIS 2 H0: there is no significant relationship between gender and criminal offences in Oyo state. H1: there is a significant relationship between gender and criminal offences in Oyo state Level of significance: 0.05 Decision rule: reject H0 if p-value is less than the level of significance. Accept H0 if otherwise. HYPOTHESIS 3 H0: there is no significant relationship between educational background and criminal offences in Oyo state H1: there is no significant relationship between educational background and criminal offences in Oyo state. Level of significance: 0.05 Decision rule: reject H0 if p-value is less than the level of significance. Accept H0 if otherwise of the reports of their victimization? | Abstract Continue survival of chemical industry in the face of advancement in processing technology must change for better performance. Using mathematical models to determine the level of contaminant in a workspace is a vital role in the country. This includes the chemical laboratory, offices, air condition, fan, residential building etc. This project, therefore, applied the fundamental differential material balance equation to develop a mathematical model to determine the level of contaminants within any given workspace over a given period of time. Model for three cases of the concentration level of contaminants within any given process was considered. Model for three cases of the concentration level of contaminants within any given process was considered. | CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
Maternal and child health are crucial measures of progress in developing nations especially in the monitoring and evaluation of various developmental agenda such as Millennium Development Goals 4 and 5 (MDG-4 & MDG-5). Poor maternal health remains a major concern in sub-Saharan Africa with Nigeria occupying a position among the countries with the highest maternal and child mortality rates in the world. The effect of inadequate care on maternal health in the face of poor provision of amenities, illiteracy, poverty and infrastructural decay ravaging developing countries, particularly those of sub-Saharan Africa, have seldom been recognized as important factors in maternal health. Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), government health ministries and international organizations such as WHO, have adopted many strategies in an attempt to improve maternal health outcomes around the world. These have mainly been through the provision of maternal and child health (MCH) programmes, aimed at improving primary prevention through education and services, early detection and treatment. Specific programme interventions include emphasizing prenatal attention, clean and safe deliveries, postnatal care, family planning, and essential obstetric care (Fadeyi, 2007; Lubbock & Stephenson, 2008). While these programmes encourage women’s access to maternal health services, women continue to be susceptible to health complications due to some extraneous social and cultural factors.
Inadequate health care of pregnant women is not a problem common to only the rural areas often dominated by illiterate women without adequate access to social amenities and infrastructures as many would assume. Various studies have increasingly pointed out that urban health conditions are not as rosy as many people may assume (Friel et al, 2011; Takano, 2003). Takano (2003) specifically noted that urbanization triggers new problems and issues bearing on multiple aspects of urban life, including food security, housing, living environment, health of future generations, etc. The conditions of the diverse health determinants in urban areas are becoming increasingly complex especially in developing nations. On the whole, the varied health problems challenging cities are intricately interrelated with the background of general urban problems. The fast pace of urban growth has affected different groups of people in different ways. Urban life is most fascinating but it is also demanding especially on pregnant women who do not only contend with their own health but also with the life they are foisted to carry for nine months.
Endemic maternal health has been a major concern in Nigeria as the country has one of the highest poor maternal health care and maternal & infant/child mortality rates in the world. Although there are Health care facilities and services available in Nigeria, but hospitals do not necessarily improve people’s health. For example, Maternal mortality rate in Lagos State – hosting some of the biggest and most equipped hospitals in Nigeria - was put at 650 per 100,000 live births in 2012 and this high rate is a source of concern to the government. Health care is about identifying the health problems of a population and designing an integrated health policy to improve the challenge (National Mirror, 2012; Radio Lagos 2009).
The health of a pregnant woman could be compromised by a wide range of factors. However, these factors differ among the urban and rural areas. A common factor which affects women in the urban areas includes:
- Economic Factors: On one hand, economic pressures on the households have led more women to seek paid work. Many households find that two incomes are required in order to sustain a desired lifestyle (Giddens, 2002). Countless women lack access to decent work and work in unsafe conditions that would enable them to rise above poverty. Many women workers have traditionally been concentrated in poorly paid, routine occupations many of which fall outside traditional legal and social protection systems that safeguard against vulnerability and provide access to health care (ILO, 2010). Regions in which the highest rates of pregnancy related disease and maternal mortality are reported have more than 80 percent of women workers considered to be working in precarious and vulnerable conditions, mainly; either in the informal economy, lacking maternity protection at work, or certain industries that are always predominantly staffed with women. The nature of these jobs is part time and they are such that women work longer hours for less pay. The need to bring in or supplement family income forces women to submit to these conditions and this is nothing but double exploitation (Cheeqitita, 1999; ILO, 2010). This unfavourable work conditions exposes these women to various health challenges which become doubly evident on the pregnant women who are more susceptible to stress and diseases then their non pregnant counterparts.
The condition of poverty has forced women to increase the number of hours in extra-domestic activities and household task. The International Labour Organization (ILO) has noted that, while most attention to maternal health and mortality has justifiably focused on health services and family planning, mothers are also workers, with particular need of support to protect their health while working and to ensure their economic security during pregnancy and after childbirth (ILO, 2010). Available evidence shows that in many developing countries, women, on the average, work more hours per week than men when unpaid work and household activities are taken into account (United Nations, 1991; Basu, 2001). The problems associated with maternity and child birth are closely linked to ignorance, poor hygiene, poverty, inadequate working conditions and gender inequality (ILO, 2010).
For instance, for a working class woman in a typical urban area, work demands more time and the more the time spent at work the less the time available for family life and rest.
Where women have paid jobs, and companies are attempting to become more efficient and streamlined, jobs are cut or ‘downsized’ and many employees experience anxiety about the security of their positions (Giddens, 2002). High expectations for job performance (either self-imposed or imposed from above) mean that employees have to work harder and put in longer hours. The stress on the individual behaviour of women tends to create unrealistic expectations for mothers and can result in increased demands on their time.
The importance of paid work in the lives of so many makes the quality of working conditions paramount to the reproductive health of women as well as men (ILO, 2010). Hostile working environment affects both men and women workers. However, there are gender specific dangers to which women workers, because of their biological makeup, are exposed. These dangers severely affect their physical and reproductive health. Women work in environments and conditions that threaten pregnancy (Cheeqitita, 1999). Indeed, poor working condition; such as low wage, long working hours and lack of adequate weekly and annual rest; in addition to unhealthy and hazardous workplaces and lack of social protection, can have negative effects on maternal health.
Poor utilization of health facilities: Poor utilization of health facilities during delivery by pregnant mothers is still a major cause of maternal and childhood morbidity and mortality in Nigeria.
- Unhealthy Life Style: Oxaal and Baden (1996) have observed that the last three months of pregnancy should be a time when the mother rests and gains weight. However, many women in developing countries continue with their full workload until the time of labour and resume work shortly after giving birth. This is considered to be extremely detrimental to their health and even the baby.
Life style determines health and the environment in which one finds him/herself determines the lifestyle. Most pregnant women in urban areas do not have a healthy life style. Urban areas are often unhealthy places to live in because they are characterized by heavy traffic, pollution, noise and violence (WHO, 1991). According to the United Nations (1991), women who become pregnant in developing regions face a risk of death due to pregnancy.
The reasons are that there are few backup services for pregnancy while malnutrition is endemic among pregnant women. Apart from the fact that many do not seek antenatal care, taking time to rest and eating balanced diet which are essential to safe pregnancy are absent (Lanre-Abass, 2008).
The Word Health Organization’s definition of health suggests a holistic interpretation of health linking the complex interrelationships between social, economic, political and cultural health determinants with the natural environment (Rattle and Kwiatkowski, 2003). Thus, it is evident that day-to-day activities in an imperfect environment have the potential to create significant human health impact, especially for pregnant women whom by virtue of pregnancy are already exposed to risk of health complications.
Common factors which affect women in the rural areas include:
- Non utilization of health facility for delivery
- Long distance to health facility
- Onset of labour at night,
- Unavailability of means of transportation,
- Lack of money for transportation,
- Unsatisfactory services at health facility,
- Unfriendly attitude of staff of the health facility
- Unavailability of staff at health facility,
- Lack of urgency at health facility
Indications are that maternal morbidity and mortality and other related effects of inadequate health care globally every year, reaches over half a million (WHO; 2006). Most of these related conditions are found in urban and rural areas of developing countries (Chiwuzie,Braimoh, Unuige 1985).
Diseases and deaths in pregnant women in Nigeria are among the world highest, ranging from 800-1500 per 10,000 lives births. Despite the observation that traditional societies appear to have accepted the high maternal morbidity and mortality and other maternal diseases as unavoidable, researchers have shown that maternal morbidity and mortality and other pregnancy related problems are preventable (Royston and Armstrong 1989).
In the same vein, many researchers have analyzed the issue of maternal diseases, and problems attributed to child bearing both in developed and developing countries. The conclusions are that they are preventable.
In a bid to find a lasting solution to increasing rate of maternal diseases, governments, international agencies such as (WHO), United Nations Children’s Fund, (UNICF), and non- governmental organisations (NGOs) lunched the worldwide Safe Motherhood Initiative (SMI) at the International Conference in Nairobi in 1987(Onuzulike, 2006).
The components of safe and healthy motherhood initiatives are prenatal care, ante-natal care, nutrition, family planning, personal hygiene during pregnancy, essential obstetric care, emergency care, postpartum care, post abortion care, prevention of sexually transmitted infections (STI’s), prevention of mother – to- child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV and AIDS, child care and the pregnant women’s attitudes towards based on level of education.
The effects of inadequate health care include;
Toxemia : Swelling of feet, hand, face, with headache, dizziness, and sometimes blurred vision, high blood pressure, sudden weight gain.
Edema: This is an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the interstitium, which are locations beneath the skin or in one or more cavities of the body. It is clinically shown as (swelling of the leg).
Anaemia: is usually defined as a decrease in amount of red blood cells (RBCs).It is clinically show as( weakness, or fatigue, general malaise, and sometimes poor concentration).
Malaria for the baby: When the mother is infected during pregnant and it is not treated then the child will be affected as well. Clinically shown as (fever in baby)
Mal-nutrition for the baby after delivery: If the mother is not well nourished there will be sign of mal-nutrition in the baby. Clinically show as (tiny hand and leg, swelling tummy)
Still birth: This is death of baby after birth or seven days after birth.
Miscarriage: Is the natural death of an embryo or foetus in the womb .clinically show as (vaginal bleeding).
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Nigeria, the most populous country in Africa, has the largest number of maternal morbidity and mortality in the world (Udeinya, 1995 and WHO, 1980), and this is a resultant effect of inadequate health care of its pregnant women. According to them, the death is responsible for a total of approximately 80,000 per year (Udeinya, 1995).These figures are of grave concern to a developing country like Nigeria. Maternal morbidity and mortality (a resultant effect of inadequate health care) results in deficient infant care, infant malnutrition and increased infant mortality. These health concerns in pregnant women are indeed the motivation or problem of this study.
The high MMM rate indicates that pregnant women lack Safe Motherhood Initiative positive attitude. Nigeria contributed about 10 per – cent to the world’s annual estimates of maternal death (NASPM, 2003). Earlier high MMM has been identified as a result from poor attitude towards the components of Safe Motherhood Initiative in both urban and rural areas of Nigeria (Onuzulike, 2006).
1.3 Purpose of the Study
` The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of inadequate health care on pregnant women and to examine the attitude of pregnant women towards safe motherhood initiatives in Eruwa, Oyo state.
Specifically; the study ascertained the:
- Causes of Inadequate health care among pregnant women
- Roles of public enlightenment on importance of good health care of pregnant women
- The role of the government in providing and ensuring adequate health care of pregnant women
- The role of families in ensuring adequate health care in pregnant women
- Required measures to reduce diseases and health related problems among pregnant women.
- Attitude of the pregnant woman towards prenatal/ante-natal care;
- Attitude of the pregnant woman towards nutrition;
- Attitude of the pregnant woman towards personal hygiene while pregnant;
- Attitude of the pregnant women towards essential care;
- Attitude of the pregnant woman towards child care and;
- The pregnant women’s attitude towards safe motherhood initiative based on level of education.
1.4 Research Questions
The following research questions were posed to guide the study in Eruwa, Oyo state.
- What is the attitude of the pregnant women towards prenatal/ante-natal care?
- What is the attitude of the pregnant women towards nutrition?
- What is the attitude of the pregnant women towards personal hygiene while pregnant?
- What is the attitude of the pregnant women towards essential obstetric care?
- What is the pregnant women’s attitude towards safe motherhood initiative based on level of education?
1.5 Hypothesis
A null hypothesis was postulated and verified at .05 alpha levels.
- The pregnant women’s attitude towards safe motherhood initiative components is not dependent on their level of education.
1.6 Significance of the Study
The present study shows the level of awareness on the effects of inadequate health care on pregnant women and attitude of pregnant women towards safe motherhood initiatives in Eruwa of Oyo state Nigeria. The anticipated data on effect of inadequate health care and attitude of pregnant women towards Safe Motherhood Initiative that emerged from the present study are significant not only to child bearing woman but also Oyo State ministries of Health and Information, Oyo State hospitals Management Board, Policy makers, health educators and all female reproductive health intervention researchers and pregnant women to adapt to SMI positive attitude.
Data generated will help child bearing women and Oyo State ministries of health to educate the pregnant women on the need to ensure priority is given to their health and to know the appropriate place to seek medical help and attention for their pregnancy complication. In addition, the data generated will help the pregnant women to go to hospitals with skilled personals ,equipments and facilities on time for essential obstetric care immediately they noticed pregnancy complication danger signs at appropriate time without any delay for appropriate action
Pregnant women should inculcate attitude of going to hospitals with skilled personals, equipments and facilities on time for essential obstetric care immediately they noticed pregnancy complication danger signs at appropriate time without any delay for appropriate action and child care. This will help to prevent health related problems and infant mortality and morbidity rate in Eruwa, Oyo state.
Again, the data generated on effect of inadequate health care and attitude of pregnant woman towards safe motherhood initiative based on level of education will be useful to the Ministry of Health and Information to have sufficient centres for the management, care and support for the orphans, motherless, people living with HIV and AIDS and host of others in the urban areas.
The data generated will enable the policy makers to have a policy that can withstand the light of the day for better performance of those that are vulnerable and disable by pregnant complication. This will also help the government to extend their hand of fellowship to them.
Data on attitude of pregnant women on prenatal/ante-natal care from pregnant women attending MCH and TBA centre in Eruwa will ever remain a reference point. This is because they denote the first concerted effort to empirically elucidate pregnant women’s attitude on prenatal/ ante- natal care as one of the basic components of SMI in Maternal and Child Health (MCH) clinics and traditional birth attendants (TBA) clinics in Eruwa.
Furthermore, this study considered very significant because data that will emanate from the study will be relevant and useful to adolescent and female reproductive health workers and researchers to educate pregnant woman with low level of education to inculcate positive SMI attitude ensuring they seek adequate health care during pregnancy. Pregnant women who may eventually utilize child bearing women’s acquisition of attitude of benefits inherent in
SMI components, attitudinal change and eventually eradication of reproductive health hazards among child bearing women attending various MCH and TBA clinics in Nigeria and Eruwa in particular. The significance of such initiatives attitude cannot be overemphasized because it specifically aims at upgrading pregnant woman’s attitude towards SMI components like nutrition, personal hygiene while pregnant, essential obstetric care, child care and pregnant women attitude based on level of education. This will help them to improve their life style and way of life.
The data generated will help health educators in teaching the pregnant women to know how to attend for their personal hygiene for their healthful living and longevity. It will also help them to shun all the misconceptions about SMI negative attitude which contrast with the ideal.
In addition, the data generated on the attitude towards essential obstetric care will help the pregnant women attending MCH and TBA’s only to go to hospitals with skilled personals ,equipments and facilities on time for essential obstetric care immediately they noticed pregnancy complication danger signs at appropriate time without any delay for appropriate action
The study is also significant to child bearing women as an operational models in the sense that some theories and findings of the present study, such theory will be incorporated and adopted as operational model in the positive attitude and care due to its relevancy in Nigerian context.
Finally, within the field of public health education, maternal and child health, reproductive health in general and female reproductive health in particular, the data generated on attitude of pregnant women towards SMI and socio demographic factors like influence of level of education on pregnant women attitude towards SMI will be useful to all health educators, researchers, ministries of health and information and will augment the pool of available data in the field of reproductive health.
1.7 Scope of the Study
The study focused on effects of inadequate health care of pregnant women in Eruwa, Oyo state. The study examines the attitude of pregnant women towards Safe motherhood initiatives Eruwa. The study was limited to pregnant women in Eruwa only .The high MMM are more in rural communities. The location of Health facilities are far to their homes .Due to logistics problems they seem to patronized MCH and TBA’s closer to their homes only. They are quiet ignorant of the benefit of both secondary and tertiary institutions and the importance of difference between skilled and unskilled personal. They have little or no interest in attending teaching or federal medical centres which have skilled personals, equipments and facilities. Their attitude of patronising both TBA’s and MCH more leaves them with the negative interest to SMI, fate, high rate of MMM and attitude very contrast with the ideal are inimical to SMI positive attitude
The pregnant women were those who attended hospitals, Maternal and Child Health (MCH) and TBA’s clinics in Eruwa, Oyo Sate Nigeria .
The components of health care and safe motherhood initiative which are covered include: prenatal/antenatal care, nutritional care, personal hygiene while pregnant, essential obstetric care, child care, attitude towards SMI based on level of education and null hypothesis postulated to verify pregnant women attitude towards SMI.
1.8 Research Methodology
In this research, the use of primary data (questionnaire) will be adopted.
Chi-Square statistics is used to investigate whether distributions of categorically variable differ from one and other. It will be deduced that there is significant difference in the effect of inadequate health care on pregnant women in our society which will affect us positively.
Chi-Square will be used in measuring the discrepancies between observed end expected values. This hypothesis shows that Chi-square analysis will enhance the significant difference in our society positively (+)
1.9 RELEVANT TERMS:
HEALTH CARE: Health care is a service provided to people or community by agents of the health service or profession for the purpose of promoting, maintaining, monitoring or restoring health.
MATERNAL HEALTH: This is the health of women during pregnancy, childbirth, and the post partum period. |
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