CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of study Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) is a tertiary recovery process which is normally applied after primary and secondary recovery, to mobilize oil trapped in pores by vicious capillary forces. Thermal, chemical, solvent and gases are the most common form of various EOR process (Isco, 2007). Due to the decline of oil reserves caused by the rising oil production, and clamours for environmentally friendly practice in EOR techniques, petroleum engineers are currently driving EOR projects towards more efficient techniques. One of such efficient technique is the Air/Flue gas injection which is motivated by inexpensive source of air as well as environmentally friendly carbon-dioxide sequestration. The motivation for the use of air as an injectant in the EOR project is because of its abundance, availability and low cost. It can simply be supplied by the use of a compressor, with overall project having low initial and operating cost in comparison to other EOR methods (JOGMEC, 2011). Air for increasing oil recovery from reservoirs dates back to the 1940?s and early 1950?s (Hvizdos et al., 1983) and by the 1960s and 1970, about forty (40) in-situ full field or pilot projects had been undertaken throughout the world with North America topping such projects (Pwaga et al., 2010). This technique, apart from laboratory studies has been implemented in fields such as West Hackberry in Louisiana, Horse Creek North and South Dakota, Zhongyuan and Liaoche oil fields in China, H field in Indonesia, South Bridge in California and other countries such as Romania, United Kingdom, Japan, Canada, India, Argentina, Venezuela have maintained laboratory and field studies too (Sakthikumar et al., 1996; Ren et al., 1999; Mendoza et al., 2011; Niu et al., 2011; Iwata et al., 2001; Xia et al., 2004; Zhu et al., 2001). Air has also been used in heavy oil recovery and enhancement of this technique can lead to significant light oil production (Surguchev et al., 1998). An alternative to air injection is the flue gas (which contains nitrogen and carbon-dioxide) produced from the combustion of oxygen contained in the air to sweep oil. This EOR technique, when applied to light oil is known as light oil air injection while in heavy oil reservoir, it is called in-situ combustion. (Kuhlman, 2004
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| Settings | EFFECTS OF AIR INJECTION STUDIES FOR ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL remove | REFINING OF SOYA BEAN OIL remove | Analysis of bush pear and its oil remove | Production of briquette from waste materials using locally fabricated equipment remove | Design, fabrication and test run of a single column vegetable oil refiner remove | PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS ON MORINGA OLEIFERA AND AZADRICHTA INDICA LEAVES remove |
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| Name | EFFECTS OF AIR INJECTION STUDIES FOR ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL remove | REFINING OF SOYA BEAN OIL remove | Analysis of bush pear and its oil remove | Production of briquette from waste materials using locally fabricated equipment remove | Design, fabrication and test run of a single column vegetable oil refiner remove | PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS ON MORINGA OLEIFERA AND AZADRICHTA INDICA LEAVES remove |
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| Description | ABSTRACT This project work studied the refining of crude soya bean oil extracted from soya bean seed using alkali /caustic refining method. The work was carried out using phosphoric acid for the degumming /pretreatment process and sodium hydroxide for the neutralization /refining of the oil. Certain tests were carried out on both the crude and refined oil such as saponification value, acidic value, iodine value, specific gravity and viscosity, the results obtained after the tests include 42.075, 164.28, 589.05, 0.8944 and 0.038 respectively for refined oil and 44.88, 109.52, 448.8, 0.8148 and 0.035 respectively for the crude oil. CHAPTER ONE 1.1 INTRODUCTION Refining of vegetable oils is essential to ensure removal of germs, phosphatides and free fatty acids F.F.A from the oil, to impact uniform colour by removal of colouring pigments and to get rid of unpleasant smell from the oil by removal of odiferous matter. Refining is carried out either on batch operation or as continuous operation. With certain oils even physical refining can be carried out instead of chemical. For processing less than thirty tones of oil per 24 hours, and when oil has F.F.A content of 1 percent or less normally batch process is recommended. Batch process involves low capital investments, simplicity of operation and low maintenance, making refining economically a viable proposition even at capacity as low as 10 tonnes per 24 hours. According to Dietary fats and oils in Human Nutrition. Rome 1977. Crude soyabean oil of good quality has a lighter amber colour which upon alkali refining is reduced to the light yellow colour of most vegetable seed oils. Soyabean oil produced from green or immature beans may contain sufficient chlorophyll to have a greenish cast but this is not usually very evident until after the yellow red pigment of the oil have been bleached in hydrogenation G.S Breck and S.C Bhatia, 2008. 1.2 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Crude fats and oils are processed by general scheme shown below with modifications or exceptions for specific species. The soap stock can be dried if refining is done adjacent to an extraction plant or acidified again to remove fatty acids and sold to the olechemical industry. The oil is then water washed and centrifuge one or two times to remove residual soaps. According to GS Breck and S.C Bhatia, a total degumming process for removing essentially all the phosphatide from soyabean oil using first an acid and then an alkali and two centrifuges has shown higher yields than conventional refining. This process however, does not remove prooxidant metals efficiently and for this reason has not found commercial acceptance in the united state. G.S Breck and S.C Bhatia have stated that Dijkstra has described a novel process where the washing water is recycled to the oil feed and use to dilute concentrated alkali. This process does not generate an aqueous effluent and can be used for both acid and alkali refining, thus allowing refiners to change gradually from alkali refining to physical refining. Neutralization of soyabean oil with alkali solution assures elimination of free fatty acids without notable change in the phosphatide content. 1.3 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM In the market today, most vegetable oils solidify at a low temperature of less than 250c. This work is to process and refine edible and quality soyabean oil that will not undergo solidification at a low temperature. 1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The objective of refining and processing fats and oils include: Removal of free fatty acids, phospholipids gums colour and offflavour/odour compounds and toxic substances to produce light coloured and bland products with long shelf lives. Obtaining a mixture of the triacylglycerols with the desired solid content profiles over the range of product use. Preparation and storage of semisolid products with desired textures. 1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY The crude oil extracted from soyabean needs further treatment to convert it to a bland, stable, nutrition products that is used to manufacture margarine, shortening, salad and cooking oil, mayoniaise, food products, Olechemicals. This study entails the process of producing good quality oil through caustic/alkali refining process which is going to becompared with other good quality products in the market like grand product etc. | ABSTRACT Studies were conducted to determine the phytochemicasl present in moringa olrifera and Azadrichta indica leaves. Leaves for this work were washed, room dried ground to powder. The ground leave for both sample were soaked in four different solvent; Ethanol, nHexane, Ethyl acetate and water for 24 hours. After the contact elapsed the solvent were filtered to recover the extract. Qualitative analysis was carried out on the extract; the result showed moringa oliefera to contain saponin, flavonoid, tannin, phenol, steroid and glycoside. Azadrichta indica contains; saponin, flavonoid, tannin, Alkaloid, steroid and glycoside. Quantitative anaylsis were jalso carried on the extract and the result showed moringa oliefera and Azadrichta indica to contain in percentage flavonoid 21.8 : 23.80, Alkaloids 5.00 : 8.20, saponin 0.70 : 1.10 , phenol 0.76 : 1.49 , Tannin 0.08 : 0.57 and Glycoside 0.005 : 0.0062 respectively for moringa oliefera and Azadrichta indica. In the qualitative analysis water was the best solvent for extraction and quantitative analysis; flavonoid, alkaloid, tannin, saponin, phenol and glycoside have higher percentage in Azadrichta indica than moringa oleifera. CHAPTER ONE 1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY From time immemorial, man depended on plants as medicine. From a historical perspective, it is evident that the fascination for plants is as old as mankind itself. The plant kingdom represent a rich store house of organic compounds, many of which have been used for medicinal purposes and could serve as lead for the development of novel agents having good efficacy in various pathological disorders in the coming years.Plants are the richest source of drugs for traditional medicine, modern medicines, nutraceuticals food supplements, folk medicine, pharmaceutical intermediates and chemical entities for synthetic drugs Hammer et al., 1999. The use of plant product as medicines could be traced as far back as the beginning of human civilization. The earliest mentioned medicinal used plant in Hindu culture is found in Rigveda, which is said to have been written between 45001600 B.C. and is supposed to be the oldest repository human knowledge. The active principle isolated, have provided leads in the development of several life saving drugs, which are in use today Rastogi and Mehrotra, 2002. The isolated active compounds of the plants are secondary metabolites chemical compound that occur naturally in plant with no nutritional value to human life. These active compounds are generally called phytochemical. These phytochemicals play protective roles in plants, each chemical labeled phytochemical works in different ways, not all are the same for human, and not all come from the same plants. Some have shown more promise than others in fighting disease and illness in humans. There are some basic types of these active compounds that are found in different fruits and vegetables. We have some of them like antioxidants, they are present in onions and some other fruits and tea, they act as preventive measure for premature cell death and some forms of cancer and aging. Isoflavones or plant estrogen; they are found in soy and soy products; they are helpful in the year just before and after menopause. Capsaicin is found in hot pepper and it has been shown to significantly reduce prostate tumors in size, at least in mice. Taking capsaicin on a regular basis by eating spicy foods with hot peppers may prove an excellent preventative agent to prostate cancer and benign growth of prostate Ahmedabad 382 481. This experiment was carried out on moringaoleifera and Azadirachtaindica leaves. 1.2 Phytochemicals Phytochemicals are nonnutritive plant chemicals which occur naturally in plants that have protective or disease preventive properties. They are nonessential nutrients, meaning that they are not required by the human body for sustaining life. It is wellknown that plant produces these chemicals to protect them but recent research demonstrates that they can also protect humans against diseases. There are more than thousand known phytochemicals. Some of the wellknown phytochemicals are lycopene in tomatoes, isoflavonesin soy and flavanoids in fruits. 1.2.1 Activity of phytochemicals Antioxidant Most phytochemicals have antioxidant activity and protect our cells against oxidative damage and reduce the risk of developing certain types of cancer. Phytochemicals with antioxidant activity includes:allyl sulfides onions, leeks, and garlic, carotenoids fruits, carrots, flavonoids fruits, vegetables, polyphenols tea, grapes. Hormonal action Isoflavones, found in soy, imitate human estrogens and help to reduce menopausal symptoms and osteoporosis.Stimulation of enzymes Indoles, which are found in cabbages, stimulate enzymes that make the estrogen less effective and thus couldreduce the risk for breast cancer. Other phytochemicals, which interfere with enzymes, are protease inhibitors soy and beans, terpenes citrus fruits and cherries. Interference with DNA replication Saponins found in beans interfere with the replication of DNA cell, thereby preventing themultiplication of cancer cells. Capsaicin, found in hot peppers, protects DNA from carcinogens. 1.3 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Moringaoleifera and Azadirachtaindica are plantsleave are claimed to have a lot of economic value such as medicinal, nutritional and pesticidal values. These claims have not been clearly justified.This research and experiment is therefore centered on investigating, analyzing and justifying the claims made on these plants leave. And also to know the chemical composition responsible for the Medicinal value of these plant leave. 1.4 AIM/OBJECTIVE OF PHYTOCHEMICAL i. Phytochemical anaylsis on the Moringaoleiferaand Azadiractaindica. In the other words, identify, isolate and quantify each phytochemical present in the plant material ii. To describe clearly the unit operation Extraction process used on these plant. 1.5 SIGNIFICANT OF STUDY To justify the claims made on these plants for its medicinal and economic values like moringaoleifera is responsible for curing malaria, reducing high blood pressure and reduces blood sugar and Azadirachtaindica is responsible curing fever,malaria, bacteria and fungi disease. 1.6 SCOPE OF STUDY The phytochemical analysis will be carried out only on the leaves of the plant under study. | ||||
| Content | CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of study Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) is a tertiary recovery process which is normally applied after primary and secondary recovery, to mobilize oil trapped in pores by vicious capillary forces. Thermal, chemical, solvent and gases are the most common form of various EOR process (Isco, 2007). Due to the decline of oil reserves caused by the rising oil production, and clamours for environmentally friendly practice in EOR techniques, petroleum engineers are currently driving EOR projects towards more efficient techniques. One of such efficient technique is the Air/Flue gas injection which is motivated by inexpensive source of air as well as environmentally friendly carbon-dioxide sequestration. The motivation for the use of air as an injectant in the EOR project is because of its abundance, availability and low cost. It can simply be supplied by the use of a compressor, with overall project having low initial and operating cost in comparison to other EOR methods (JOGMEC, 2011). Air for increasing oil recovery from reservoirs dates back to the 1940?s and early 1950?s (Hvizdos et al., 1983) and by the 1960s and 1970, about forty (40) in-situ full field or pilot projects had been undertaken throughout the world with North America topping such projects (Pwaga et al., 2010). This technique, apart from laboratory studies has been implemented in fields such as West Hackberry in Louisiana, Horse Creek North and South Dakota, Zhongyuan and Liaoche oil fields in China, H field in Indonesia, South Bridge in California and other countries such as Romania, United Kingdom, Japan, Canada, India, Argentina, Venezuela have maintained laboratory and field studies too (Sakthikumar et al., 1996; Ren et al., 1999; Mendoza et al., 2011; Niu et al., 2011; Iwata et al., 2001; Xia et al., 2004; Zhu et al., 2001). Air has also been used in heavy oil recovery and enhancement of this technique can lead to significant light oil production (Surguchev et al., 1998). An alternative to air injection is the flue gas (which contains nitrogen and carbon-dioxide) produced from the combustion of oxygen contained in the air to sweep oil. This EOR technique, when applied to light oil is known as light oil air injection while in heavy oil reservoir, it is called in-situ combustion. (Kuhlman, 2004 | Abstract The research project studies the analysis of pear and its oil. The mesocarp from edible African pear“DacryodesEdulis” was evaluated for their oil yield. The pulp from this pear was oven dried at 100oC-105oC to a moisture content level of 29%.The mesocarp was subjected to proximate analysis to determine the percentage of the moisture, ash, fat, crude fibre, crude protein and carbohydrate content which resulted to the values of 29%, 2%, 19.6%, 25.5%, 11.9%, and 12% respectively. Then the dried sample was pulverized by using hammer mill and the oil was extracted by solvent extraction using n-hexane. The oil extracted were analyzed for the chemical properties i.e. (Acid value, saponification value, peroxide value, iodine value) etc. the values obtained are respectively 8.41gm/KOH/gm, 185.1gm/KOH/gm, 2.8gm/KOH/gm 3.96gm/iodine/gm and Physical properties i.e. (Refractive index, Ph value, specific gravity) which the values obtained are 1.469brix, 5.7 and 0.92. and the percentage oil yield content is 51.57%. This physio-chemical characteristic and fatty acid composition of this oil show that they have industrial potentials. | Abstract This project looks at Production of briquette from waste materials using locally fabricated equipment. The decreasing availability of fuel wood coupled with the ever-rising prices of kerosene and cooking gas in Nigeria draws attention to consider alternative sources of energy for domestic and cottage level industrial use in the country. This research work was conducted to produce briquette from waste materials for rural and urban communities in Nigeria. Selected agricultural residues (ie rice husk, groundnut shell, shea butter husk). It was observed that the briquette charcoal produced has high calorific value (heating value) of 7,150 to 7300kcal/kg. with this heating value, food can be cooked within a short period of time. Therefore, briquette charcoal saves time and energy in monitoring the cooking material. | Abstract
A single column oil Refiner is designed, fabricated and tested. Some of the prime key components of this refiner are the activated carbon bed, filter bed, neutralization tank, settling tank, heating filaments, thermostat fibre etc. This fabrication is aimed at refining general vegetable oils and fats. In this research, three samples were refined (Groundnut oil, Palm kernel oil and Shea butter) and then physiochemical analysis of the samples was carried out before and after refining. The test running of the refiner was evaluated for settling and heating time of the oil and optimum operating conditions by activated carbon and neutralizing the oil with caustic soda in the neutralization tank after which it has been heated so as to evaporate the available water to the required moisture content for safe storage. The test showed that the maximum efficiency of the refiner was obtained using the caustic soda regent for neutralization and oil recovery which were 78.5% and 87.6% on the average respectively. | ||
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