| Description | | CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Public relations has become a potent marketing tool in modern business management in recent times. Its influence is being felt on both big and small firms with the influence of even greater expansion. It is important for management organization including tertiary institutions to understand its potential and limitations.
Nwokoye (1984:212) defined public relations as the activities of co ? operations, union, government or other organisations in building and marketing sound and productive relations with special public such as customers, relations employees or stock holders and with public at large so as to adopt itself to its environment and interpret itself to the society.
Bush and Houston (1995:200) noted that public relations is management functions which evaluate public attitude, identifies policies and procedures of an individuals or an organisations with the public interest and execute a programme of action to earn public understanding and acceptance.
Chukwu (2000:3 ? 4) stated that public relations practice is a management philosophy aimed at doing everything possible to create good relationship between one organization and its publics.
Public Relations is aimed at making friends for the organization and building internal and external good will on the reasonable assumption that these are strongly needed for an organization to remain in business and make profit with the increase in the activities of an organization. The need for an adequate communication between the organization and those who in one way or the other are affected by these activities of the organization becomes more imperative. An organization while wanting to remain liable, need to have good relations with its employees, consumers of its products and services, future investors, stock ? holders and infact that is the general public. As an organization specialized in manufacturing to potential customers that is up to date, forward looking concerned to produce and offer the best goods and services for the rice it charges and make sure that its customers are really satisfied.
Edoga and Ani (2001:287) noted that a company should deliberately plan and execute a continuous public relations programme to develop a good relation between it and that various publics, amongst sought with public relations.
Stressing the position of public relations in the country, Olakunori (1999:194) noted that most officials occupying the public relations of various organizations in the country today are not professionals; they generally have a fair knowledge of what they are supposed to do.
Federal polytechnic uwana ebonyi state (aifp)(AIFP) as an institution or organization has the students, members of its staff, parents- teachers association, the management, the host society, the state and the federal government, Nigerian Universities commission (NUC) etc. as its relevant publics. This implies that the activities performed by AIFP in one way or the other affect those aforementioned various public. Therefore, in order to maintain its public relations with those bodies, AIFP must at all time try to create a rapport and understanding or goodwill with all those bodies. This it will do through proper information circulation between itself and those various relevant publics to it. This can be done by allowing the free flows of information, paying of salaries as and when due to its staff, engaging in proper and standard academic work, abiding by the rules and regulations of NUC in the performance of its activities.
Manufacturers and producers of goods and service are now aware that public relations does not only ensure good relations with the public but can strive towards profit making through increased customers patronage. It is in the light of the importance attached to public relations that the researcher seeks to appraise the effectiveness of public relations in service industries in Federal polytechnic uwana ebonyi state (aifp)(AIFP) as a case study.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
A good corporate image is usually regarded to be essentials for the existence of an organization. The success or failure of a corporation depends on its relationship with its publics, consumers, employees, stock-holders, government, community, distributions, supplies and others. A favourable corporate image create confidence in an organisations or institution.
There has been occupational troubles in tertiary institutions as become the order of the day. But AIFP as always remained in sector despite the occasional occurrence of these ugly incidents. The questions that called for answer are:-
Why has this problem of internal wrangle in our tertiary institutions?
Why has AIFP not witness the major break down of law and order despite the increase in school fees?
Why has AIFP been able to maintained peace despites the facts that there are some polities that do not go down well with the staff, lecturers and the students of the institute?
To what extent has public relations contributed in maintenance of peace and harmony in the institutions these and many more are the central task of this research work.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
To give focus to the study the following objectives are formulated:-
1. To find out the level of attention given to the publics in Federal polytechnic uwana ebonyi state (aifp)(AIFP).
2. To find out whether the institution have good relationship with the press.
3. To examine the level of students, lecturers, staff and management relations in AIFP.
4. To know how public relations help in improving communication between people and the organization.
5. To recommend solution to problems on public relations identified.
6. To determined the impact of public relations on consumers (students) patronage
7. To appraise the public relations activities of Federal polytechnic uwana ebonyi state (aifp)(AIFP).
1.4 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
Public Relations activities of AIFP
Ho: Public Relations activities of AIFP does not lead to increase the awareness of their services
Hi: These lead to increase the awareness of their services.
Ho: Public Relations activities of AIFP does not give
attention to the student of the institution
H2: Public Relations activities of AIFP gives attention to the student of the institution.
Ho: Public Relation activities of AIFP does not lead to increase (students) patronage.
H3: Public Relation activities of AIFP lead to increase (students) (students) patronage.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The most outstanding hope of this study is that, its finding will be of immense benefit to students, lecturers and staff of management of tertiary institutions. These will help to minimize conflicts in this institutions.
The study also gives an insight into the problem and practice of public relations in Nigeria Institutions of higher learning. This study by its objectives will not only assess the effectiveness of classified public relations, but all its application and uses generally. Therefore, when successfully carried out and documented, this study will serve as a source of relevant information to many institutions and organisations on ways of using public relations.
Finally, public relations practioners have been deprived of excellent performance in the operations because of scanty and insufficient data and adequate literature availability in this area.
This study when successfully completed and adequately supervised will be an addition to the essentials literature needed in public relations. Practitioners and consultants will therefore use it extensively for reference.
Based on forgoing, it becomes indisputable that the need for this study is worthwhile.
1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The study covers public Relations activities in service industries and it will equally cover an over view of public relations in service industries. The role of public relations activities in improving the image of service industries especially tertiary institutions. Due to limited time and other constraints, emphases was placed on Federal polytechnic uwana ebonyi state (aifp)(AIFP). Despite the fact that Enugu State University is the only institution use as a case study, but the researcher believes that whatever happens to Federal polytechnic uwana ebonyi state (aifp)(AIFP) will equally apply to other institutions in the state. |
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| Abstract
This study determines the influence of Economics teachers effectiveness and academic performance of senior secondary school student in Owerri Municipal Council. The researcher focused on how the teacher?s effectiveness helps in the academic performance. And why the researcher carried out this research was because many opinions were made from the population and many agreed to each questions been given and few disagreed like in research question 180 percent of the 222 questionnaire agreed on how the effectiveness of the teacher affects the academic performance of the students while 40 percent disagreed. This research has three research questions and different questions were asked, sources were gotten from the Owerri Municipal students which consist of 222 population of students. The data collected were analyzed using weighted mean method and presented in the tables or tabular forms. In my findings, I found out some problems that face the academic of the students which include: lack of interest, poor socio-economic background and illiteracy. In all government should make provisions for their educational stability. Moreover the researchers found out that the government has policies that is guiding the teaching and learning is area. The researchers also made some recommendation. The researchers also made some recommendation which if implemented will help the future upcoming teachers and student. | ABSTRACT
This study was carried out in order to determine Health Implications of Divorce among Children and Mothers in Jaba Local Government Area of Kaduna State in Nigeria. A total of three hundred and forty three (343) questionnaires were distributed to respondents in Jaba Villages within the local government jurisdiction of Kaduna State. The sample size of 300 was arrived at after using the spearman?s rank of correlation for sample size determination. The statistical tool used in the study is known as Spearman?s Rank Order Correlation Coefficient to test the level of significance of hypotheses, and if there exist a relationship between the variables under investigation. The study shows that majority of respondents were of the opinion that mothers and children?s wealth have health effects due to divorce, while others argued against this opinion. It also shows that majority of the respondents acknowledges that divorces has an implications of women and children and others disagreed of this opinion. The study shows that majority of the respondents were of the opinion that problem of finance and sexual problem results to societal menace of divorce, while others disagreed of these opinions. Other effect that may occur due to divorce includes societal problem, problem of infertility on the bearing of child, negative effect of child education, in-laws-intrusions, alcoholism, assaults, slapping, bitting amongst others. The study concludes that a marriage devoid of problems is said to be happy marriage, unlike those marriages with problems. The survival of any marriage life goes with deep level of understanding. The study recommends that Government should set up agencies where marital-related issues can be resolved, so that if there exist breakdown of marriage agreement it can be done on a peaceful ground
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study.
Marriage is as old as man himself. It is a socially recognized and approved union between individuals, who commit to one another with the expectation of a stable and lasting intimate relationship (Ahron Constance, 2004). It begins with a ceremony known as a wedding, which formally unites the marriage partners. A marital relationship usually involves some kind of contract, either written or specified by tradition, which defines the partners? rights and obligations to each other, to any children they may have, and to their relatives. In most contemporary industrialized societies, marriage is certified by the government. In addition to being a personal relationship between two people, marriage is one of society?s most important and basic institutions. Marriage and family serve as tools for ensuring social reproduction. Social reproduction includes providing food, clothing, and shelter for family members; raising and socializing children; and caring for the sick and elderly. In families and societies in which wealth, property, or a hereditary title is to be passed on from one generation to the next, inheritance and the production of legitimate heirs is a prime concern in marriage. However, in contemporary industrialized societies, marriage functions less as a social institution and more as a source of intimacy for the individuals involved. When the primary purpose of this sacred union is defeated and no longer seen as an ideal agreement by the partners involved, an annulment of the marriage vows is embarked on which is divorce and this exonerates both partners of their marital rights and vows. Divorc which is the legal dissolution of a marriage contracted between a man and a woman. It is legal in the sense that its dissolution is affected by a reputed court of law. It is the court of law that determines the end of marriage by the term ?divorce?. Divorce is quite different from separation between a husband and wife that are not legally married. It then means that, Divorce is distinguished from annulment, which declares a marriage void from the time of its celebration.
Barlet (2004) posited that Divorce is so widespread in our society that an intelligent study of divorce is necessary if one is to have the attitude and understanding that will help him/her build a good marriage and avoid eventuality of divorce. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), Health is a state of complete physical, social and mental well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. Based on this definition, it is virtually impossible to attain complete state of health in divorce. This correlates divorce and its health implication generally on men, women, children and also its adverse effects on the society at large. Studies have shown that divorce has its massive effects more on women and children since it is believed that women are the weaker sex although this research is not based on that ideology but at the same time on the health implications on women and children.
According to a New York Times article, ?More Americans Rejecting Marriage in 50s and Beyond?. In the past 20 years, the divorce rate has increased over 50% amongst the baby boomers. More and more adults are staying single and according to an analysis of census data conducted at Bowling Green State University in Ohio, they say the divorce numbers will continue to rise. Baby boomers that remain unmarried are five times more likely to live in poverty compared to those who are married. According to the statistics, it will also be three times as hard to receive food stamps, public assistance or disability payment
According to Lawson (2002) Sociologists believe that the rise in the number of older Nigerians who are not married is a result of factors such as longevity and economics. Women, especially, are becoming more and more financially independent which allows them to feel more secure with being alone. In previous generations, being divorced or single was seen differently than it is now. This has resulted in less pressure for baby boomers to marry or stay married. Therefore the study seeks to explore health implications of divorce among children and mothers in Jaba Local Government Area of Kaduna State in Nigeria.
1.2 Statement of Problem
According to Bramlet (2001) divorce no longer seems a hard decision to come by due to the intensive increase in divorce rate. In Nigeria, between 2003 to 2005 divorce had risen by 70% as estimated by court statistics. Individuals tend to see divorce as an escape route to marital issues and incompetence when in the actual sense divorce expands the issues and make them complex exposing them to more dangers than is already experienced. Many years ago, the mere mention of divorce aroused massive attention but with the level exposure and association with the western world where divorce seem to be as easy and instant as marriage vows. The health implications of divorce on children amount to their the effects it has on the education, relationship with parents and peergroup ,religious effects, social effects, psychological effects amongst others. This observations motivated this study and is carefully analyzed.
1.3 Purpose of the study
The main purpose of the study was to determine the health implications of divorce on children and mothers in Jaba LGA of Kaduna state
Objectives of the study
Specifically, the objectives were;
1. To determine the physical health implications of divorce on mothers and children
2. To determine the emotional health implications on children and mothers.
3. To determine the social health implications of divorce on mothers and children
4. To determine the predisposing factors to divorce among couples in Jaba LGA.
5. To determine if the social health implications differ according to women of different religious background.
6. To determine if the physical health implications of divorce is related to the age of the children.
1.4 Research Questions
1. What are the physical health implications of divorce on children nd mothers?
2. What are the emotional health implications of divorce on children and mothers?
3. What are the social health implications of divorce on children and mothers.
4. What are the predisposing factors to divorce in Jaba LGA.
5. Are there differences in social health implications among women according to different religious backgrounds?
6. Are the physical health implications of divorce related to the age of children?
1.5 Research hypotheses
There is no significant difference in social health implications among women according to religious background.
There is no relationship between the physical health implications on children according to age.
1.6 Significance of study
The findings and recommendations from this study will be of immense value to these various groups:
ú The women of Jaba Local Government Area of Kaduna State who are in a better position to outline their differences in life as both married and divorcees.
ú The children in Jaba Local Government that will share their experiences a children of divorcees or married parents.
ú The children in Jaba Local Government share their experiences a children of divorcees or married parents.
ú The women and children will be made to understand the various health implications of divorce on them.
ú The People of Jaba Local Government generally and the society at large will be informed about the health implications of divorce ,preventive measures against divorce as an ultimatum.
ú This study will be a reference point for some students who may wish to carry out research work on similar topics in the future.
ú To health workers, social workers and the public generally, it will unfold the negative health effects surrounding divorce.
1.7 Scope of study
The study focuses on health implications of divorce among children and mothers in Jaba Local Government Area of Kaduna State in Nigeria. Specifically, villages like Sabonsarki, Sabangida, Habori, Kwaturu, Gidantagai and Jibir of Kaduna State will be investigated to find out the relationship between the independent and the dependent variable. | ABSTRACT
Instructional materials enhance the teaching/learning process by exhibiting information necessary to acquire knowledge and skills. The acquisition of basic vocational knowledge, skills and attitudes to facilitate occupational efficiency requires skill oriented teaching and learning activities. Over the years, the poor performance of students in public examinations has been blamed on the wrong choice of teaching methods by teachers. Teaching and learning activities have a lot to do with other variables, such as instructional materials, school environment variables, students? factors and so on.
In this study, instructional material utilization is the main focus in order to determine their effects on the performance of the students. Instructional materials are the devices developed or acquired to assist or facilitate teachers in transmitting, organized knowledge skills and attitudes to the learners within an instructional situation.
Teachers use different instructional materials to motivate learning. The success in the skill and knowledge acquisition in an instructional situation depends on the suitability of the instructional material, adequacy and effective utilization of the available materials. Also, the relevance of instructional materials to the objective of the lesson and the ease of use of the instructional materials are serious considerations in instructional materials utilization to better the learner?s performance.
The role of instructional materials in the teaching/learning process cannot be overemphasized. They facilitate and encourage self-study or independent study in students. The finding of this study has shown that inadequate use or lack of use of instructional materials in the teaching/learning situation (lecture method) negates the objective of teaching. Teachers who do not make use of instructional materials hide in the cover of none supply of the teaching resources. Therefore, as a matter of policy implementation, the governments at all levels should supply regularly standardized instructional materials, some useful hard and soft ware?s for use in schools. The vocational, technology and science teachers should be trained retrained and exposed regularly to make them to be up to date in the effective selection and utilization of instructional materials for effective teaching. |
| Content | 1.0 INTRODUCTION
Ugba also called ukpaka is a popular food delicacy in Nigeria especially among Ibo ethnic group. It is rich in protein and is obtained by a solid state fermentation of the seed of African oil bean tree Pentaclethra macrophylla Benth. It is essential food item from various traditional ceremonies where it is mixed with slices of boiled stock fish ugba and okpoloko. The natural fermentation of the seed which at present is still done at the household level, renders the production nutritious, palatable and nontoxic Enujiugha, 2002.
Its production, like many African fermented foods depends, entirely on mixed fermentation by microorganism from diverse source.
Some of these seeds have been exploited as soup bases such as Gbegiri from Vigna unguicuata Akanbi, 1992. Others are fermented and used as condiments and seasonings such as okpei from Prosopis africana Achi, 1992 and ogiri from Ricinus cummunis Odunka, 1989. Another of such seeds is the African oil bean seed Pentaclethra macrophylla Benth, a highly nutritious leguminous crop seed abundant in the rain forest areas of west and central Africa.
Pentaclethra macrophylla Benth is a large woody plant abundant in the rain forest areas of west and central Africa. Its origin in Nigeria is believed to be around 1937 Ladipo, 1984; where it is found in the South Nigeria, Mbajunwa et al, 1998.
Ugba Pentaclethra macrophylla Benth belongs to the Family Leguminosae and subfamily microsoideae Keay, 1989 and NFTA, 1995.
Ugba seeds are irregular and oval, they are flat, black and hard pods. It is composed of oil, protein and small amounts of carbohydrate Obeta, 1982.
Production of Ugba is still on age old traditional family in the rural area. The fermentation depends on random inoculation of boiled slices of the oil bean seed by microorganism within he immediate environment. Earlier report attribute the sources of the microorganism to the leaves used in packaging, human handling, container and utensils used in processing Obeta, 1993, Odunfa amp; Oyeyiola, 1985.
A number of researches have been carried out to know what causes this fermentation, and was attributed to microorganisms that are probably introduced through the air, water, and banana leaves. Organisms such as Micrococus roseus, Micrococcus luteus, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus substilis, Bacillus megaterium and Bacillus circclans, EColi
Fermented African oil bean seed ugba, has a high rate of susceptibility to microbial spoilage and therefore has a very short self life of 12 weeks Enujiugha amp; Olajundoye, 2001.
Manifestation of food spoilage are many and vary typically resulting in an off smell, colour, taste and texture.
Reports by Mbajunwa 1998 Obeta, 1983 and Nwagu et al. 2010 indicates that micrococcus species do not play an active role during microbial fermentation of Ugba.
However, further work on spoilage association of ugba by Nwagu et al 2010 showed that the population of Micrococcus sp increased with increase in keeping time of ugba. This indicates the ability of micrococcus to thrive in the alkalophilic environment while constituting as a spoilage organism of ugba. This may be attributed to the ability of microorganism to produce lipase, lipase, or protease able to utilize protein, carbohydrate or lipid content of ugba as source of nutrition Njoku et al., 1990.
Lipase are defined as glycerol ester hydrolases EC3.1.1.3 hydrolyzing tridi and monoglycerides present at oilwater interface Saxena et al, 1999. Some lipases are also able to catalyze esterification, transesterification and enantioselective hydrolysis reaction Nine et al, 2001, Shintre et al, 2002. The interest in microbial lipase production has increased in the last decades, because of its large potential in a wide range of industrial applications and additives in food processing flavour modification.
1.1 Aims and Objectives
This work is aimed at the following;
a. isolating micrococcus from fermented ugba
b. producing lipase from the micrococcus from ugba | | Embodying the Raw, Wayward Spirit of Rock 'N' Roll
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INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
The issues of poor academic performance of student in Nigeria have been of much concern to all sundry. The problem is so much that it has led to the widely acclaimed fallen standard of education. Education has been described as the key that unlock the door to modernization. Observation has shown that the story is different at the national level. Over time students academic performance in both external and internal examinations has been used to determine excellence in teachers and teaching (Taya, 2001).
Teachers have been shown to have an important influence on students? academic achievement and they also play a crucial role in educational attainment because the teacher is ultimately responsible for translating policy into actions and principles based on practice during interaction with the student. (Eze E.N. 2011). Both teaching and learning depends on teachers. No wonder an effective teacher has been conceptualized as one who produces desired results in the course of his duty as a teacher.
Nigeria secondary schools lack dedicated and qualified economic teachers, especially since 1989 when secondary school student population started to increase astronomically in many states of the federation. It should be noted that no educational system could rise above the effectiveness of its teacher and for any society to change the citizens must be dedicated.
This is so because education helps one to acquire knowledge and skill, which enables him to understand his problem and look for way of solving these problems. It is an ironic coincidence that while developed countries would love and cherish economics in their schools, the Nigerians in the secondary and tertiary institution are scared of the subject economics because of mathematics and statistics aspect of it. This hatred has also led to the poor performance in senior certificate examination.
The Ashby commission set out in 1959 observed that a well qualified teaching staff is the first important step to be considered in an attempt to train skilled manpower. The commission asserted that one out of every two teachers in secondary schools should be a graduate. The commission also recommended the introduction of Bachelor of Arts degree in Education B.A (Education) in all Nigerian Universities. It is a universal agreement that teachers are the main determinant of the quality of education one receives. The kind of teachers trained and posted to our secondary schools may well determine what the future generation will be.
Economics is as old as human race, the early agricultural, manufacturing, weaving, trading, industrial and mercantile activities brought the civilization which started in Egypt, Greece and Rome. One group acquiring culture and knowledge from the other, whenever and wherever people have this type of relationship, there exist the need for transaction. So economics is indeed not a new subject though it is still difficult to say the exact data, economic events were translated into significant manner in monetary terms to create room for informed judgment, therefore the need for practicing economics. (Udo, 1995) views the study of economic as a pursuit toward understanding those fundamental concepts and issues which economics as a subject aspire to find solution to such as wants, scarcity, choice, scale of preference and opportunity cost etc. which are of great importance to man?s existence hence, proper analysis and documentation of their functional rehire is of paramount importance. It is not correct to assume that economic data need to be kept only by profit making organizations. They are equally important in non-profit making organization such as social clubs and motherless babies home etc. As of the increase in business activities, demands for economics and data in the labour market rises above the supply of relevant economic data. This is as a result of poor performance in economics in senior school certificate examination which is due to inadequate qualified teachers.
1.2 Statement of Problem
In recent times, more attention has been given to the performance of students on economics in the senior secondary schools. The performance has been poor; this is being attributed to the unqualified teachers that teach economics, lack of instructional material, poor method of teaching, attitude of learners and teachers towards teaching and learning. Furthermore, due to these poor performance of students enrollment on economics at senior secondary school examination has been low, which in turn affected the number of students that would study pure economics in higher institution.
Amafula E.U. (2001), views the problem as mainly due to inadequate teachers? preparations.
1.3 Purpose of Study
The purpose of this research therefore is to determine the influence of the level of effectiveness of teacher on the students academic performance in economics also in some other subject in our secondary school.
1. To investigate how the qualification of economics teachers in senior secondary schools affect the performance of the students.
2. To ascertain how the teachers method in teaching economics affect the student in senior secondary schools.
3. To find out how the motivation of the teacher affect the academic performance of the students in senior secondary school.
1.4 Delimitation of Study
The study would be limited to testing the impact of teacher?s effectiveness on student performance in economics and some other subject in senior secondary certificate examination in the government owned senior secondary school in Owerri Municipal Council of Imo State.
1.5 Significance of Study
The project would be of immense benefit to the government because it will be a working document for policy formulation in relation to the training of teachers. It will contribute to the existing literature on students performance and teachers qualification; hence it will be important to both teachers and student.
It would go a long way in helping curriculum planners make some adjustments in some of the topics in the syllabus. It should be of great important to economics teachers to implements the curriculum and seek for further improvements on the subject through in service training such as attending seminars and work shops, which will help in improving their method of teaching.
In this part of country, there has been a great increase in the number that enroll knowledge of economics in order to run his business affairs then the question is how effective is the teaching and learning of economics in secondary schools to make the understanding of economics a reality for the average student? This study would also find out whether the reason for increasing economics in the curriculum is being achieved. This is because economics is aimed at providing vocational skills that will be necessary for industrial and economic development in Nigeria as a whole.
1.6 Research Question
The following research questions are formulated as a guide to the study:-
1. To what extent does the qualification of economic teachers in senior secondary school affect the performance of the student?
2. To what extent does the teachers method in teaching economics affect the student academic performance?
How often does the teacher motivation affect the academic performance of the student? | CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study.
This research is on Health implications of divorce among children and mothers in jaba local government area of kaduna state. Marriage is as old as man himself. It is a socially recognized and approved union between individuals, who commit to one another with the expectation of a stable and lasting intimate relationship (Ahron Constance, 2004). It begins with a ceremony known as a wedding, which formally unites the marriage partners. A marital relationship usually involves some kind of contract, either written or specified by tradition, which defines the partners’ rights and obligations to each other, to any children they may have, and to their relatives. In most contemporary industrialized societies, marriage is certified by the government. In addition to being a personal relationship between two people, marriage is one of society’s most important and basic institutions. Marriage and family serve as tools for ensuring social reproduction. Social reproduction includes providing food, clothing, and shelter for family members; raising and socializing children; and caring for the sick and elderly. In families and societies in which wealth, property, or a hereditary title is to be passed on from one generation to the next, inheritance and the production of legitimate heirs is a prime concern in marriage. However, in contemporary industrialized societies, marriage functions less as a social institution and more as a source of intimacy for the individuals involved. When the primary purpose of this sacred union is defeated and no longer seen as an ideal agreement by the partners involved, an annulment of the marriage vows is embarked on which is divorce and this exonerates both partners of their marital rights and vows. Divorcé which is the legal dissolution of a marriage contracted between a man and a woman. It is legal in the sense that its dissolution is affected by a reputed court of law. It is the court of law that determines the end of marriage by the term “divorce”. Divorce is quite different from separation between a husband and wife that are not legally married. It then means that, Divorce is distinguished from annulment, which declares a marriage void from the time of its celebration.
Barlet (2004) posited that Divorce is so widespread in our society that an intelligent study of divorce is necessary if one is to have the attitude and understanding that will help him/her build a good marriage and avoid eventuality of divorce. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), Health is a state of complete physical, social and mental well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. Based on this definition, it is virtually impossible to attain complete state of health in divorce. This correlates divorce and its health implication generally on men, women, children and also its adverse effects on the society at large. Studies have shown that divorce has its massive effects more on women and children since it is believed that women are the weaker sex although this research is not based on that ideology but at the same time on the health implications on women and children.
According to a New York Times article, “More Americans Rejecting Marriage in 50s and Beyond”. In the past 20 years, the divorce rate has increased over 50% amongst the baby boomers. More and more adults are staying single and according to an analysis of census data conducted at Bowling Green State University in Ohio, they say the divorce numbers will continue to rise. Baby boomers that remain unmarried are five times more likely to live in poverty compared to those who are married. According to the statistics, it will also be three times as hard to receive food stamps, public assistance or disability payment
According to Lawson (2002) Sociologists believe that the rise in the number of older Nigerians who are not married is a result of factors such as longevity and economics. Women, especially, are becoming more and more financially independent which allows them to feel more secure with being alone. In previous generations, being divorced or single was seen differently than it is now. This has resulted in less pressure for baby boomers to marry or stay married. Therefore the study seeks to explore health implications of divorce among children and mothers in Jaba Local Government Area of Kaduna State in Nigeria.
1.2 Statement of Problem
According to Bramlet (2001) divorce no longer seems a hard decision to come by due to the intensive increase in divorce rate. In Nigeria, between 2003 to 2005 divorce had risen by 70% as estimated by court statistics. Individuals tend to see divorce as an escape route to marital issues and incompetence when in the actual sense divorce expands the issues and make them complex exposing them to more dangers than is already experienced. Many years ago, the mere mention of divorce aroused massive attention but with the level exposure and association with the western world where divorce seem to be as easy and instant as marriage vows. The health implications of divorce on children amount to their the effects it has on the education, relationship with parents and peergroup ,religious effects, social effects, psychological effects amongst others. This observations motivated this study and is carefully analyzed.
1.3 Purpose of the study
The main purpose of the study was to determine the health implications of divorce on children and mothers in Jaba LGA of Kaduna state
Objectives of the study
Specifically, the objectives were;
- To determine the physical health implications of divorce on mothers and children
- To determine the emotional health implications on children and mothers.
- To determine the social health implications of divorce on mothers and children
- To determine the predisposing factors to divorce among couples in Jaba LGA.
- To determine if the social health implications differ according to women of different religious background.
- To determine if the physical health implications of divorce is related to the age of the children.
1.4 Research Questions
- What are the physical health implications of divorce on children nd mothers?
- What are the emotional health implications of divorce on children and mothers?
- What are the social health implications of divorce on children and mothers.
- What are the predisposing factors to divorce in Jaba LGA.
- Are there differences in social health implications among women according to different religious backgrounds?
- Are the physical health implications of divorce related to the age of children?
1.5 Research hypotheses
There is no significant difference in social health implications among women according to religious background.
There is no relationship between the physical health implications on children according to age.
1.6 Significance of study
The findings and recommendations from this study will be of immense value to these various groups:
- The women of Jaba Local Government Area of Kaduna State who are in a better position to outline their differences in life as both married and divorcees.
- The children in Jaba Local Government that will share their experiences a children of divorcees or married parents.
- The children in Jaba Local Government share their experiences a children of divorcees or married parents.
- The women and children will be made to understand the various health implications of divorce on them.
- The People of Jaba Local Government generally and the society at large will be informed about the health implications of divorce ,preventive measures against divorce as an ultimatum.
- This study will be a reference point for some students who may wish to carry out research work on similar topics in the future.
- To health workers, social workers and the public generally, it will unfold the negative health effects surrounding divorce.
1.7 Scope of study
The study focuses on health implications of divorce among children and mothers in Jaba Local Government Area of Kaduna State in Nigeria. Specifically, villages like Sabonsarki, Sabangida, Habori, Kwaturu, Gidantagai and Jibir of Kaduna State will be investigated to find out the relationship between the independent and the dependent variable. | CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM IN EACH BACKGROUND
Introduction
Lack of classroom materials is one of the problems that our public school has. Because of these problems, teachers are spending their own money in buying materials that will sustain the productivity of the classroom. Lack of classroom materials has a big impact in the process of Teaching and Learning. Through this problem teaching learning process will not become productive and conducive. Classrooms lack basic materials that the teacher need. Many classroom lacks of enough books, art supplies and technology to provide same instruction offered at schools with greater resources. Lack of books translates into an inability for students to take books for homework. Lack of classroom materials is a negative cycle. Without materials, the work doesn?t get done, and without the work there is little incentive to buy into school at all supplies don?t get purchased.
?Everything sends a message. When school doesn?t have supplies, the message is that the students are not important people doing important work. Our students already have doubts about their importance and the value of school. The children without pencil learn to pretend that they don?t care about being prepared, but it is clearly a source of stress. When you?ve lost your last pencil, it?s hard not to feel like a loser. Conversely, having a pencil to lend is a social plus. I have purchased countless supplies for mystudent over the years. Receiving these things from a teacher feels special to students. It?s a practical and tangible expression of care and affection?. Said by Lynn Yellen. It means that these problem calls an attention to our government. We must be a resourceful teacher to find out alternate solution. In this case we are the one who provides the materials that are not available to maintain a learning environment of the classroom.
Elementary teachers spend more of their own money on materials and resources than middle and high school teacher. This is because they do more hands on activities that involve the construction paper, paint, glue, and much more. Teachers already aren?t the most paid workers, but they spend the most money out of their pocket. This is true dedication. They see the need that these students need. Teachers are taking away from their selves and their family to pay for your students. They are provided the supplies that your children need and the parents aren?t picking up the slack. When the economy is in a recession like it is now, the schools systems are lacking more and more. Teachers today are buying supplies for their student in order for their student to get the best education that they believe that their students deserve.
This research will be an avenue for the reader to know the lack of school supplies in the school. The students? personal school supplies and the teachers? access to supplies are both included in this research. I want to discuss how by not having certain school supplies the students are not receiving the best possible education that they could be. I choose this topic as my main focus for my research because I am studying to be a teacher and to know the effects of it happening. This topic is very dear to me and I see the effects on the students. I hope to influence all who read my research to think about helping the school system and how one supply in the school could change the learning experience for a student. I suggest in this problem is to have a Teacher Mini Grants Program. In this program or charitable it gives a funds for them to buy the needed classroom materials. In a practical way our government should focus on this issue and to find solution in this problem. So we can be able to have a quality education.
Statement of the Problem
The General Problem of this study;
How does lack of school supplies affect Teaching LearningProcess?
Specifically the study will seek to answer the following question;
1. What are the condition of pupils in Kaypian Elementary School in facing lack of school supplies in terms of;
1.1 Books
1.2 Chairs
1.3 Visual aids
1.4 First aid kit
1.5 Technology
2. What is the level of the mode of manifestation of lack of school supplies as to;
2.1 Examination
2.2Performance
2.3 Interest
2.4 Otheroutputs
3. Is there a significant effect between lack of school supplies and the process of teaching and learning?
Significance of the study
The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of lack of school supplies in teaching learning process.
The following will be benefited the study like students, parents, administrators, teacher and future researcher.
Students are the most important person in teaching. Without students teaching learning process will not take place. Students are the one who receives information and knowledge on their teacher. But if the school is facing lack of school supplies, then education will not become market place of idea. Even we lack school supplies if the students are not listening to their teacher, then they cannot be able to learn. That?s why the teacher tells to his/her students to pass different materials like cartolina, Manila paper, colored paper etc. Through this strategy, lack of school supplies is being sustained with the help of his/her students. The students should know the importance of education. Even we encounter different problem in school like lack of school supplies. The students should have a right values and work, so they can gather lots of information.
Parents are the one who provide the needs of her children. In school parents are monitoring the growth and development of their child. The parents can help the school by donating different instructional materials. In this way they are showing their support. The parents should know these problems. In a sense that they are aware that lacking of school supplies is the most problem that the school have. Through this way there are not just aware on their child?s performance but rather the school condition. It is important that they know this, so at least they can help the school in a simple way. These small things are a big help for the improvement of the school. The involvement of the parents to the teacher up to the school is an important matter that they should know.
Administrators are the one who administer the school. The role of administrators is to know, the problems that the teacher encounter. Administrators are the one who make solution on a particular problem. A good administrator will lead to a good school. Even though we have good administrator, lack of school supplies is the hardest problem to solve. We know that we also lack funds to buy the needed materials in teaching. If the administrator will call help to other person, then this problem will be possible to solve. In this thing, the administrators are doing something to sustain the needs of the school. Administrators are the one who maintain the productivity of the school. That?s why they arecalledadministrators, because they are the one who leads the improvement of education in their school.
Teachers are a key factor in teaching. Without teacher the learners will not gain and gather information. In this problem the teacher is the most affected person. If the teacher is a resourceful person, then this problem will be solved. It is important that we us a teacher must make an alternate solution or ways on how to sustain our needs in teaching. Through this ways teaching learning process will become productive and conducive. The teacher is the one who buy materials that are not available in school. Teachers are spending their own money not just for the materials, but also the things of her pupils. Through this way the teacher are showing love and care to his/her students and to the profession that he/she have now. We know that classroom supplies are the important material in teaching. Without these materialslearning cannot take place.
Future researcher is the one who gather and know the problems that he/she seen in a public school. The future researcher can use this study to become his/her guide in conducting research work. It is important that this study will know the future teachers, so they can easily embrace and accept teaching as their profession.
Scope and Limitation
The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of lack of school supplies in teaching learning process.The condition of pupils in Kaypian Elementary School in facing lack of school supplies in terms of books, chairs, visual aids, first aid kit and technology.The level of the mode of manifestation of lack of school supplies as to examination, performance, interest and other outputs.
The respondent of the study is the grade five (V) of Kaypian Elementary School.
The study will be conducted for five months (5) from November to March |
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