| Description | | ABSTRACT
This project is on Office equipment and their contributions to the success of a business organization(a case study in NNPC, Enugu). The major purpose of this study was to determine the management constraints of the office equipment and their contribution to the success of a business organization, as well as the problems and modern office equipment. We have been putting forward the argument that for the need of office machines, but it is important that I equally take of the problems associated with secretaries and office equipment and machines in their places of works. The purpose of this study is to identify the contributions of office machines to an organization. The following questions have been asked as a guide to the question of the study. What are the contributions of modern equipment to the organization? etc. The population of the study consisted of 100 employees of NNPC Enugu. The sample size for the study was 50 out of the population of 100 employees found in NNPC Enugu. The major findings of the study were (1) The problems they envisage in the cause of using these machines and the prospects associated with the use of modern office equipment. (2) It was found that modern office equipments have impacts on secretaries. It was concluded that the researcher were convinced that the secretarial staff of NNPC Enugu, needed some extra training in other to coherent with the manipulation of operations of some of the modern office equipment. | ABSTRACT
In today?s competitive global environment, employee productivity is an essential element of a company?s success. Employee productivity can be significantly hindered by high levels of stress and frustration experienced in the work environment. Stress and frustration is a universal element and persons from nearly every walk of life have to face stress and frustration. Employers today are critically analyzing the stress management issues that contribute to lower job performance of employees. The main aim of the study was to evaluate stress and frustration with its effect on employees? productivity. The study was conducted at ?The Polytechnic, Ibadan. Descriptive survey was adopted as the research design. Purposive and simple random sampling techniques were used. Questionnaires were used as data collection instrument. From the results obtained, it was evident that there were many stress factors that the respondents endured, and the enquiry proved that frustration had an effect on productivity. Majority of the respondents reported to work under pressure and that they feel uncared for by the organization. The fact that majority of respondents thought of leaving their job, and felt that the organization did not care about them was a reflection of huge dissatisfaction that undoubtedly lowered productivity.
It was recommended that Management must conduct an analysis of the organizational mood and climate by assessing the reasons why the employees think THE POLYTECHNIC, IBADAN does not care about its employees and what they can do to change it. It was also suggested that an Employee Assistance Programme be introduced for early identification and intervention on problems so that productivity levels do not decrease | CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY
This research is on Effect of television viewing on the moral behavior of Nigerian children: (a study of Gaius Benton schools). Television is a sight and sound medium through which messages and information ideas are communicated to a wide range of audience.
Television viewing is a common activity engaged in by children, especially in this era of proliferation of television as a medium for communication.
To this end, television messages are broadcast for certain purposes, this implies that television through it’s programmers’ has certain influence on individuals as including children.
This chapter presents an overview of television and a brief history of television. It also encapsulates the statement of problem of this research work, the objective of this study, significance and the scope of study, research question as well as operational definition of certain terms.
Television has made tremendous impact on Nigeria society and in the world at large. It possesses immense power to influence the viewer and sharpen his sensitivity in all spheres of life. Various theories have been propounded by different scholars, some of which support the fact that the media possess immense power in influencing the viewer, while others have consistently countered the notion.
Television as one of the world’s most amazing inventions has come to stay and has over the years been a veritable channel for communication in the world.
The effects of television on adults can be significant but its influence in children goes much deeper. The increasing rate of immoralities in the society today among youths can be easily attributed to inventions of technologies like television, internet, films and motion pictures by an average Nigerian.
This study therefore is an examines the influence television viewing exacts on Nigerian children. Gaius Benton schools; cut across all sections of children from nursery, primary to secondary school.
It x-rays how the moral behavior of children can be affected by television viewing which can be positive or negative.
Television is viewed in almost every home by people of all ages, the senile, parents, youths, children even infants.
The intensity of viewing by children and the extended periods of time over which they view television raises concern for their moral development.
The world today is said to be a global village thus issues, events and experiences going on in one part of the world can be seen instantly by people in other parts. People have more information about what is going on in world’s events than any other generation in human history.
Television over the years has played a pivotal role in the lives of individuals particularly children. The rapid growth of television after the World War II brought entertainment and information into the homes of many.
Large space communication was achieved in 1962 when a space probe radioed data, was moved back to the earth as it speed past the planet venues. The satellite made possible the broadcast over television between Europe and the United States of America and today, the rest of the world.
Cable television arrived in the 1970’s to most areas of the United States and now, to other parts of the world”. Akpan (2002, p.19) the use of television was expanded by the use of home videos and dick system.
Television uses a person-to-person communication gestures, facial expression to effect communication to it’s audience.
Television as a broadcast medium has its main functions of information, education and entertainment on a wide range of subjects. An average child has access to but a small part of such information but it’s influence cannot be over emphasized for a look they say is worth more than a thousand words.
Television programmes may contain historical, scientific social, religious, economic and other matters. Those programmes when viewed especially by children broaden their cosmological perspectives thereby giving them better insight into happenings around him.
Television has served as a viable tool for instruction on religions matters. It has also served in experimental purposes. When properly used, quality television introduces children to a world beyond their classroom and motivate them to learn. Because children relate easily to television as a medium they are familiar with, they are more apt to absorb the material they learn from it.
The amount of television programmes watched by children has caused considerable concern for parents and educators alike. It is thought that children remain glued to the television set for long periods of time, viewing unsuitable programmes which a=mat adversely affect not only their cognitive but emotional development. No doubt, children are susceptible to the images which they see on the television. This therefore stress the fact that immoral programmes can to a large extent affect the morality of children all over the country and the would at large.
Communication through the television can be referred to as purposive because the information disseminated are meant to affect the audience positively or negatively. That is, it has a variety of consequences which may be direct or indirect.
Such effects or consequences include such factors as emotional response, attitudinal shift or changes in a child’s view of the world after exposure to certain kinds of media.
Children have the capacity to give themselves over completely to the world created by pictorial media (television). Such intense involvement often leads to storing emotional response and to a large extent affect the moral behaviour of children.
1.2 Statement of Problem
Many people think that television viewing does not have lasting positive or negative effect on children. Studies have shown through analysis of the effects of television programmes over the years that the effects of television viewing on children is great.
This study seeks to find out the degree or extent to which the children of Gaius Benton schools have been affected by television viewing and to establish if there are programmes on television that can enhance or mar the moral behavior of the children match.
There have been cases where children fold papers and light them up with attempts to practice cigarette smoking, having watched the action on the screen of television.
The kinds of clothing children see on television seems to shape their demands on parents who purchase clothes for their children, especially at festive periods. All these acts and more are caused as a result of visuals on the screen of television.
1.3 Objectives of Study
The major objective of this study is to determine the impact of television viewing on the moral behaviour of Nigerian children.
- To examine the benefits derived by children from television viewing.
- To determine the negative as well as the positive affects of television on the lives of Nigerian children.
- To determine how the effects affect other members of the family and the Nigerian society at large.
- To encourage television stations to promote generally acceptable social values and norms, foster the spirit of self discipline and generally accepted moral standards through the programmes watched by children.
1.4 Significance of Study
This study is immensely important especially to Nigerian parents because it will help to inform them on the effects of television on the moral behavior of their children as it will help them determine what programmes to expose their children to.
This study will serve as a means of future research for media researchers, scholars and students.
It will also help media ie television stations know the right type of programmes to air for children consumption so as to build morals and not kill morals in children.
1.5 Research Questions
The researcher of this work has prepared certain questions to help in the course of his study.
- Do children derive benefit from television viewing?
- Does it have positive or negative effect on the moral life of the children?
- How does this affect other members of the family and the society at large?
- Can television programmes maintain standards that can ensure acceptable moral behavior of children?
1.6 Scope of the Study
This study covers the effect of television viewing on the moral behavior of Nigerian children. Gains Benton Schools as a representation of children of all ages serves as the case study of this research work.
Although, the main function of television as a sight and sound medium is to inform, entertain and educate its audience. This study will reveal the extent it does these with respect to the effects of viewing habit of children of Gains Benton Schools where the work is countered.
This research work is based on a sample of children between the ages of two (2) to eighteen (18) years of age (Nursery to secondary school age).
1.7 Limitation of Study
The greatest limitation to this study is time factor. There is limited time for the researcher to explore the topic.
Secondly, some of the children are too small and can neither read no write or even respond to questions through interview. Also, some of the respondents, students/pupils are too naive as they feel that the questions will be used against them.
Finally, financial constraint is another set back encountered by the researcher.
1.8 Operational Definition of Terms
The contextual definition of certain terms are considered important on this study by the research.
Television: Television is an electronic device that utilizes motion pictures, sound and light in disseminating information to a wide and diversified audience to create an effect. Television is the medium that possess credibility audio visual qualities and can be utilized in virtually development communication (Nwosu, 2005, p.164).
Moral: The word moral comes from a Latin word “Moralis” which means custom or manner (Okunna, 2003, p.1). Morals are principles and beliefs concerning right and wrong behavior.
Effect: This means a cause, a result or an outcome. It is a change produced by an action.
behavior: This means the way a child acts or function.
Children: This is the plural of the noun child. A child is a young person (a boy or a girl) within pre primary, primary and post primary school age, (2 – 18 years). | ABSTRACT
This project was designed to know the roles of secretaries in Higher Institution of Learning five (5) Research Questions were used in the this study and they serve as guideline for investigation.
The design for the Case Study are questionnaire, oral interviews and observation method used to gather information. Thirty (30) questionnaires were distributed and admistered by the respondent on who a secretary is? Categories, qualification of a secretary e.t.c. Therefore, there should be improvement in the promotion of saving secretaries and a good secretaries should be promotion into management cadre after seven (7) or move years. | |
| Content | JOB OPPORTUNITIES FOR GRADUATE SECRETARIES IN THIS NEW MILLENNIUM (A Case Study Of Enugu Metropolis)
ABSTRACT
This study has its main of identifying the extent of job opportunities available to graduate secretaries within Enugu Metropolis and to see whether there are problems militating against them.
The need for the study stems form people’s wrong notion that secretarial studies is synonymous with typewriting and shorthand and therefore secretaries are mere typists and stenographers and because f this level of training they cannot hold managerial and administrative positions.
Office automation has also brought it own problems while some areas are yet to be appropriate due to lack of training. The researcher’s study is to obtain the true position of things.
Related literatures were reviewed and opinions of others in this respect were obtained. Working class, applicant graduate secreted from five organizations formed the population.
The total number of 200 was trimmed down to a sample size of 133 using the simple random sampling technique. Structured questionnaire was used for the collection of data and analysis was done using tables and simple percentage method.
The findings show that secretaries study other management and Administrative courses, apart form the professional courses. Many tertiary institutions offering secretarial studies do not have sophisticated secretary – job related machines for their training.
Job opportunities exist for secretaries in set-up, oil companies and international organizations. However, in the areas of legal, medical, technical and linguistic secretary ship, employment opportunities are yet to be exploited by secretaries due to lack of training.
Based on the findings, the researcher recommended a broadening of the course curriculum, equipment of tertiary institutions with modern office machines.
Finally, the researcher concluded that secretary ship us lucrative course and sky is the limit of the secretary who knows.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Title Page
Approval Page
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Abstract
List Of Table
Table Of Content
Chapter One
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Background Of The Study
1.2 Statement Of The Problem
1.3 Purpose F The Study
1.4 Delimitation Of The Study
1.5 Significance Of The Study
1.6 Research Question
1.7 Definition Of Terms
Chapter Two
2.1 Review Of Related Literature
2.2 The Graduate Secretary
2.3 Categories Of Secretaries
2.4 Responsibilities Of The Graduate Secretary
2.5 Academic Qualifications Required For One To Train As A Secretary In Nigeria Universities Polytechnics
2.6 Course Studied By Graduate Secretaries
2.7 Job Opportunities For Graduate Secretaries
2.8 Sources Of Employment Information
2.9 Office Automation And Graduate Secretaries
Chapter Three
3.1 Research Methodology
3.2 Research Methodology/Design
3.3 Are/Location Of Study
3.4 Population Of The Study
3.5 Sample Size
3.6 Sources Of Data
3.7 Research Instrument Used
3.8 Method Of Data Analysis
Chapter Four
4.1 Data Presentation And Analysis
Chapter Five
5.1 Discussion Of Findings, Summary, And Recommendations
5.2 Summary Of Findings
5.3 Conclusion
5.4 Recommendations
Appendix
Questionnaire
Reference
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
In the new millennium, modern business environment has witnessed a lot of sophistication in operation and organization Graduate secretaries of various cadres are very essential for the efficient and smooth running of business organization.
In any organized set up or office, there has to be proper flow of communication and correct presentation for such establishment to achieve its corporate goals.
In the light of the above, ideas, suggestions, thoughts, information and messages must be orderly and properly presented in printed forms. Records are to be preserved in offices in respect of the external and internal dealings of the establishment. Also visitors should be handled with sound business etiquette to create the necessary goodwill and healthy public image required of an enterprise. The professional discharge of all these functions lies with the graduate secretaries.
It takes about five to six years to train graduate in secretarial students in most Nigeria Universities and polytechnics. There are some basic academic qualifications that one has acquire before one could be eligible to be trained as a graduate secretary. These include credit level passes in English language and in four other art subjects plus a pass in Mathematics at the senior schools certificate Examinations. The graduate programme of the Nigerian polytechnics is in two tiers – the National Diploma and the Higher National Diploma disjoined by a one-year industrial work experience. However, only the later could be wisely regarded as the full graduate students. If a secretary after completing the two-year National Diploma abandons the Higher National Diploma proramme she could better be referred to as half-baked graduate in the profession. For the full graduate of secretarial studies. She has been trained up to managerial position in the office as she tool courses in industrial psychology, Business law, personnel management business communication etc. There are the Administrative secretary and company secretaries who perform very minimal secretarial functions, but are involved in managerial organization of the various establishments where they work.
Considering the kind of training given to graduate secretaries, it is evident that most office functions revolve around the secretary – handling of mails, filling and indexing taking down dictations and transcribing same, receiving and making telephone calls on behalf of the electiveness’ itinerary, arranging appointments and maintaining the diary of activities etc on behalf of her boss.
For the graduate secretary to be in a better footing to execute these functions, she needs some business and personal attributes. “A sound knowledge of English language is quite relevant to a secretary who cannot express himself or herself well (orally and in writing) is worthless in the labour market”. Nweke (1986) she is the diplomat, ambassador and mirror of the organization. She needs great diplomacy and tact in handling enquires, telephone calls and visitors, hostess; qualities are indispensable in order to perform her reception duties. Discretion and confidentiality must not lack in her and these are the major ethics of the profession.
Personal attributes should include good personality, integrity, pleasing temperament, initiatives, charming manners, understanding and sympathy towards others, self control and good humour in order to absorb the heat of the day work.
The introduction of sophisticated machines, the operation/manipulation of such machines such as computers, word processors, fax machines such as computers, word processors, fax machines etc the handling of information and organization of other business activities have diversified in this millennium.
Moreover most of them do not have the machines and where scarcely available they are faulty. It now follows that for the graduate secretary to be efficient in the use of the machines. Post graduation training is required. Other machines such as fax, radio communication gadgets, etc are never exposed to the secretaries at school.
Job opportunities abound for graduate secretaries in the public service and big private companies such as banks, insurance and oil companies, engineering and manufacturing companies, international organizations, tertiary institutions, secondary schools and even in self employment.
In the Western Countries like United State of America (USA) and Britain Secretaries are thriving in these fields. Infact a general review of the NBTE curriculum and course specification for secretarial studies by the researcher reveals in adequacy for the new millennium’s job demands on the secretaries and a poor state of affairs for the secretary of the paperless office. Time is auspicious for the graduate secretaries who are distinguished from graduates in other fields of learning for their versatility, to rise up to the challenges of the profession, tap new employment prospects and debunk the erroneous impression held by some people that secretaries are mere servants whose growth potentials on the job is unenviable and restricted to particular area.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
There is this wrong notion held by some people that secretarial studies students are synonymous with typewriting and shorthand. A trained graduate secretary is expected to be very versatile and knowledgeable in Business management and Administration because the modern secretary is looked up as a manager rather than as a typist or stenographer. The researcher has, therefore, identified inadequacy in the course content as specified by NBTE (National Board for Technical Education) from the graduate programme in secretarial studies, to equip the secretary in order to meet up with the current demand of discharge of managerial and administrative functions. Special training in areas such as technical medical liquates and legal, secretary ship has remained a mirage in Nigerian Polytechnics and universities. These areas, if appropriated, are veritable employment for secretaries.
The automaton of most office functions has created trip? Problems for the graduate secretary, viz. unprecedented surge of persons which did not train as secretaries in the tertiary institutions, into short training on the manipulation of operations of secretary job related machines, thus giving room for non-professional or quacks who today work in business offices as secretaries.
In the past, secretaries are not associated with unemployment after training but today, “Unemployment gnaw many Nigerian graduate secretaries in the face” Ogunlade, (1986).
The training received at school is no longer adequate for the present day job demand on the secretary.
The researcher will, therefore, strain every nerve to investigate the foregoing problems, till new employment ground and discover ways of improving the abilities and level of efficiency of graduate secretaries.
1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
1. To ascertain the extent to which the course contents of the graduate programme is adequate for the job requirements on the graduate secretaries.
2. To investigate employment prospects available to secretaries, project new employment horizon and tackle unemployment problems among graduate secretaries.
3. To determine the positive and negative effects of automation of modern office functions on the job prospects of graduate secretaries.
4. To ascertain the perception of people on the job potentials of the serving graduates secretaries, and make appropriate recommendations.
5. To evaluate the relationship between the secretary and the boss.
1.4 SCOPE/DELIMITATION OF STUDY
This research project “Job opportunities for graduate secretaries in the new millennium has been delimited t the following areas: Study of Enugu metropolis among all the other metropolitan cities in Nigeria. So many instruments for data collection are available, but only secretarial job opportunities. Descriptive Questionnaire (SJODO) will be used as the research is of descriptive nature.
The working class and applicant graduate secretaries of Nigerian universities and Polytechnics will be studied (the population) amongst all the other categories of secretaries.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
At a time like this when almost all fields of human endeavour are discovering new things and new ways of doing things or practicing their professions, a study of this nature becomes very important to announce new dawn in secretarial practice.
The National Board for Technical Education (MBTE), which species the course curriculum of secretarial studies in our tertiary institutions, will particularly find this study very useful. It would enlighten the Board on possible areas t be incorporated in secretarial studies, to meet up with the current job demands on graduate secretaries.
Tertiary institution offering secretarial studies would see the need to acquire modern sophisticated office machines such as computers, word processors, fax machines, etc and put these machines always in good working condition and use them in training secretaries at school.
Employers of labour would realize the mistake of engaging persons who had not been trained up to graduate level as secretaries and see the benefits of engaging graduates in this field.
Applicant graduate secretaries will also benefit from this study, as it would provide sources of employment information. The study will equally make up the serving secretaries to the appropriate potentials on the job, brace up to the challenges of the time in order to recreate the true image of secretarial practice which has soc much suffered misconceptions.
1.6 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
1. To what extent are the courses contents of the graduate programme adequate for the job requirement on the secretaries in the new millennium?
2. What areas do you think employment opportunities abound for secretaries and are there other areas you believe secretarial training in Nigeria is yet to embrace?
3. What are the positive and negative effects of automation of modern office on the job prospects of graduate secretaries?
4. What is your perception of the employment prospects and potentials of the graduate secretaries?
5. How do people see the relationship existing between secretary and her boss?
1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS
1. SECRETARY:
A secretary has been defined by the National Secretaries Association (International) as an executive assistant who possesses a mastery of skill, who demonstrates the ability to assume responsibility without direct supervision, who exercises initiative and judgment and makes decisions within the scope of assigned authority.
2. SHORTHAND
This is a method of writing rapidly using special written symbols
3. EMPLOYMENT
This refers to occupation especially regular paid work.
4. EMPLOYEES
These are persons who work for somebody or for a company in return for wages.
5. STENOGRAPHER
This refers to one who can write shorthand.
| CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
This project is on Office equipment and their contributions to the success of a business organization(a case study in NNPC, Enugu). Office machines and equipment's being used in business office today have accounted tremendously to the present and provide less fatigue work for secretaries in modern business organization.
The growth of modern business fiends has made it mandatory that all manner of practitioner in business fields should be well informed on the various aspect of office equipment and machinery that are used in daily performance of office functions. the usage of these machines and equipment must be dependent on, various factors namely:- the type of job, how sophisticated the job requiring the machine is, the amount of capital at the disposal of the organization in the purchase of such equipment, the range of equipment at the disposal of the user etc.
There are now, wide variety of modern office equipment which serves secretaries purpose.
Eze (1983) says that the increasing demand of modern industrial, political and social engineering technology have compounded information, expanded unimaginably the scope and depth of human knowledge and rendered the gathering far beyond traditional human labor and tools. To this end, the introduction of a new technology in the form of modern office equipment precipitates change in the nature of office work.
Ajakemo (1995) sated that the tremendous growth of business coupled with their complexities and ever-keener completion among various business organization among others have increased the need for modern office machines and equipment. Today, increasing technological dependence, high volume, information requirements and the importance and value of the human resource have mounted a lot of pressure on the management of most business organization to look elsewhere for shaper tools which not only relievers man from both physical and mental strain but help to enhance productivity.
As industries are growing every day, manual labor alone can no longer contain the requirements of office work requiring high volume data collection, analysis and communication. Beside, some machines prevent fraud like the cheques writing machines and also help to increase efficiency, accuracy, and appearance of documents such as memo, graphs, letters etc. Hence, no office can exist and function effectively without modern office machines and equipment.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
We have been putting forward the argument that for the need of office machines, but it is important that I equally take of the problems associated with secretaries and office equipments and the machines in their places of works.
Secretaries usually perform a variety of tasks requiring different skills. The need to improve the quality of information has are created wide speed interest at present office technology and hence more sophisticate equipment are being used increasing in office.
Obviously growth in size, complexity of business and ever-keener competition of business organizations are mounting a lot of pressure on the management of these organization to look for shaper tools in physical production and in mental work, such as problem recognition, analysis, memory and communication to achieve understanding. Besides, technological advances in office machines and related equipment to meet administrative needs are now progressing with amazing speed.
Secretaries see increase in information technology as a challenge and also as a threat to their job or profession.
This problem and anxiety in the minds of office workers, it is likely to lead to a drastic reduction in production in most office.
Finally, this situation calls for serious policies by management deal with the problem, which psychologically destroys the mental and emotional state of workers.
1.3 PURPOSE OF STUDY
The purpose of this study are:-
1. To identity the contributions of office machines to an organization.
2. To identity the problems associated with modern office equipment.
3. To identity the prospects associated with the use of modern office equipment.
4. To identity what should be considered before purchasing a new machine.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
The following questions have been asked as a guide to the questions of the study.
1. What are the contributions of modern equipment to the organization?
2. What are the problems associated with the use of modern office equipment on secretarial staff of NNPC Enugu?
3. What are the prospects of using modern office equipment in an organization?
4. What are the items to be considered before purchasing a new machine?
1.5 DEFINITION OF MODERN OFFICE EQUIPMENT
Modern office equipment is the name given to all the newly invented electronic machines that are being introduced in the offices as a result of additional increase in production. Office equipment includes all terms of machines and furniture that facilitate office operations. | CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background To The Study
In today?s world, stress has become a worldwide phenomenon, which occurs in various forms in every workplace. In today?s work life, secretaries are generally working for longer hours, as the rising levels of responsibilities require them to exert themselves even more strenuously to meet rising expectations about work performance. Omolara (2008) described occupational stress as the adverse psychological and physical reactions that occur in an individual as a result of their being unable to cope with the demands being made on them.
According to Swanepoel et al (1998) work related stress has been a topic that has received increasing attention, in the area of occupational health, over the last three decades. These authors were of the opinion that the world, especially the world of work and business, has become increasingly subject to fast changing forces like increased competition, the pressure of quality, innovation and an increase in the pace of doing business. The demands on employees grew equally dramatically and this created stress within sectaries. Apart from stress that arose from the work situation, other sources of stress could relate to personal factors such as relationships with others and use of free time.
Stress can therefore be described as the adverse psychological and physical reactions that occur in an individual as a result of his or her inability to cope with the demands being made on him or her (Moorhead and Griffen, 1998). That is tension from extra-ordinary demands on an individual.
It is noted that, stress is not necessarily bad; it is an opportunity when it offers potential gain. But whatever its nature, it usually begins when individuals are placed in a work environment that is incompatible with their work style and or temperament. It becomes aggravated when sectaries find out that they have or can exercise little control over it. ?Many organizations in the world are witnessing an alarming increase of the negative effects of stress on sectaries productivity. Typical examples are organizations in America, the United Kingdom, the Caribbean, East and Central Africa, West Africa and in other parts of the world. The American Academy of family Physicians reported that, about two-thirds of the visits to family physicians are the results of stress-related symptoms? (Henry and Evans 2008).
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Most organizations with the aim of attaining higher productivity end up saddling sectaries with overload of work in order to meet deadline and this might have psychological and physical effects on the sectary which may result in something contrary to what these organizations want to achieve. Although organizations are paying more attention than in the past to the consequences of the shock their sectaries go through when they place extra-ordinary demands on them, there is still more room for improvement. Again to generate enough revenue to be self-sustaining and to be able to fund the acquisition of modern equipment meant efficient service provision and optimal employment of resources.
For some reasons there has been the need for a continuous change in management strategies and administration, and the demands on employees to perform have been increasing. This has brought a lot of pressure on the employees, who are expected to deliver a world class service without the corresponding increase resources and training, yet those who fail to deliver are threatened with dismissal and other forms of punishment. With jobs very difficult to come by these days, many employees are crumbling under this pressure. Cases of employee stress are therefore on the ascendancy.
It is in this view that this study is being conducted to identify the causes of stress and frustration among the secretaries has of The polytechnic, Ibadan.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The objectives of the study are to:
i. Ascertain the causes of stress among secretaries in of The polytechnic, Ibadan
ii. Find out whether stress has any effect on the productivity of Secretaries in The polytechnic, Ibadan.
iii. Find out how Secretaries of The polytechnic, Ibadan handle stress.
1.4 Research Questions
The following questions guided the study:
i. What are the causes of stress in polytechnic, Ibadan?
ii. Does stress and frustration have any effect on the productivity of secretaries in polytechnic, Ibadan?
iii. How do secretaries at polytechnic, Ibadan handle stress and frustration?
iv. What stress management strategies have been employed by secretaries of polytechnic, Ibadan to help them to manage stress?
1.5 Significance Of The Study
The purpose of the study was to find out the causes and remedies of stress and frustration among secretary?s productivity. The researcher believes that this study was very important and would go a long way to notifying all organizations, most especially those in the service sector on the need to ensure the effective management of stress for their secretaries. The study will also add to existing store of knowledge. Thus, the findings will add to studies that have been done, so that people in other part of the country can also appreciate the problem. It will also provide suggestions on how to reduce the effects of stress and frustration on output.
1.6 Scope of the Study
The study focused on polytechnic, Ibadan as one of the major institution that can be focused on so as to get an in depth and comprehensive understanding of what is happening and makes the research meaningful.
Drawbacks are an inevitable part of almost every venture individuals carry out and overcoming them prepares or fortifies one for other tasks ahead. Even though these challenges to some extent hampered the progress of the study, they also helped in putting researchers on their toes to work tirelessly around the clock in making the success of this study a reality.
In as much as lots of commitment and zeal was employed in conducting an intensive and thorough study, certain impediments were encountered.
1.7 Limitation of the Study
This study was necessarily limited in scope due to series of resource limitations as well as practical research limitations and notable ones were:
? Time constraint, in the sense that time allocated for conducting this study was very short to allow for adequate data collection and this short time had to be divided between the main academic work which included preparation for face to face and examinations.
? The reluctance of respondents to answer the questionnaire during the data collection process which was critical in providing the needed inputs for the research work.
1.8 Definition of Terms:
The following terms are defined in the specific sense in which they were used in this research study. They are as follows:-
i. Stress
ii. Frustration
iii. Secretary
iv. Job
v. Performance
a) Stress: This is the state of the secretary?s disposition when she had been affected by the stressor.
b) Frustration: A feeling of anger or annoyance caused being prevented from succeeding or doing secretarial job.
c) Secretary: This is an executive assistant who possess mastery of office skills, is also personal assistant, or administrative assistance whose work consist of supporting management who demonstrates the ability without direct supervision, he exercised in the two and judgment on his own within the scope of assigned authority of that organization.
d) Job: This is referred to as a particular piece of work or task being carried out by a secretary.
e) Performance: This is the ability a secretary has to operate efficiency or react quickly. | ABSTRACT
This research is on Effect of television viewing on the moral behavior of Nigerian children: (a study of Gaius Benton schools). The deterioration of the moral life of children who grow into youthful age and then into adulthood in the face of immoralities has become an issue which needs urgent action in today’s Nigerian society. This can be attributed to a lot of reasons but the mass media with us Persuasive messages cannot be exonerated. Television being a viable medium of the mass media stands at the fore in shaping the attitudes of children. This research work has therefore made a good attempt at unrevealing the various effects of television programmes on Nigerian children using Gaius Benton schools as a pivot. In this regards, a historical background of events owing to this study and analysis of findings and recommendations are duly presented. It is found in this research work that television programmes affect children’s moral behavior both positively and negatively depending on the moral standards of the programme. The appraised and critical examination of issues are the mainstay of this research work thus, if the recommendation are heeded it will help in enforcing and maintaining good, upright and acceptable moral behavior in Nigerian children. | CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
This Secretary has gone a long way in the business world. This profession is not a new one in Nigeria today and occupied a very unique position in our business officers over the years.
The secretary is a person who works in an organization, hand with someone who regards as ?Boss?. Also, the duties of a secretaries are diverse in nature numerous as regard public enterprises. It is not uncommon to refers secretaries as the ?backbone? of the various institution where they work at any point in time.
Therefore, Nigeria being a developing country, in terms of economy, inevitably, needs the service of secretary in his/her institution for smooth and growth of it. This is primarily because a secretary is the first point of contact on getting to an organization and has the first chance to create a good impression to any visitor who needs the intention of his/ her boss.
In addition, the secretary?s work course a variety of jobs ranging from performing secretaries only perform secretarial work in the office, but it is important to note that their work caries according to the kind of product or services rendered by the firm serve.
A secretary can also be described as a highly placed staff whose responsibilities include the preparation and filling of correspondence, the presentation of the executive on concise forums a neat package, everything that may be needed for each report of other items of want in is daily routine, the organization of meeting including the preparation or agenda, their distribution to those concerned the seating in the meeting room, the minutes of meeting and the following of decision deliberation of he meeting.
1.1 HISTORICAL INFORMATION ON THE POLYTECHNIC IBADAN
An institution that used for this case study, the polytechnic, Ibadan was established in 1970 as a successor to the erstwhile Technical College, Ibadan under the provisions of a principle edit citied as the polytechnic Ibadan Edict 1970. This Edict has under gone several amendments on order to make the polytechnic relevant to present day needs of Oyo State, the proprietor in particular and Nigeria in general.
The primary functions of the polytechnic is to provide for students, training, development of techniques in Applied Science, Engineering science and commerce. The polytechnic has been making valuable contributions to the social and development of the country over the years, The Polytechnic has also produced high level man power in some areas such as urban and regional planning Mass Communication etc. the primary focus of the polytechnic is training that practical oriental, most especially in an area of secretary ship. The institution has been performing this function creditably well for almost thirty years, the graduates of the polytechnic, Ibadan are found in all areas endeavor all over the and even outside the country. In fact most of the institutions throughout the world because an institution can not leaden out the employment of secretaries to improve. Its to day activities and thereby faster it growth.
By the amendment of the principal edict of the polytechnic, which come into force on the 17th March, 1987, four satellite campuses of the polytechnic were created. They look off during,1981/82 session and sited at Eruwa, Saki, Iree and Esa oke. A director who is responsible to Rector for the administration and discipline of the campus at ire and Esa Oke has become the property of osun state Government. Since 1975/76 academic session, the polytechnic, Ibadan has been operating on faculty system for easier work. Coordination and management. At present, there are six faculties name: Engineering, Science, Environmental studies, financial and Management studies, Business Studies and Diploma programmes. The student enrolment of the institution has continued to grow. During the 1997/98 session population was about 19,000.
13. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
It is quite known that some of the members of the members of this institution today refers to the studies who take up Office technology and Management as a course, having no future.
This can be future said that people in the profession took up the course, because they were dropouts and unintelligent and that the people who studies the could not cope with their chosen careers, and therefore, had to takes up secretarial profession.
In addition, an averagely, educated member of the institution who intends to refers to a role of secretary uses the world ?Typist? for a secretary and vise versa. The two professions are different from others but it seems to perform the same tasks and functions.
On the other hand , the researcher of this project endeavors to differentiate between the secretary and the typist, and their duties and tasks as well.
Moreover, the secretary?s duties in a lot of easy different from that of the typist, as his task in an institution.
1.4. DEFINITION OF TERMS
BACKBONE: the chief support of an institution boss is an executive with the secretary works with.
TYPIST : - Is the person deals with typing jobs
TYPING: - This involves the use of typewriter
ROLES: - these are the tasks and responsibilities which secretary assume in an organization by the confident secretary.
SHE/HE: - This has been used to confidential secretary in this project.
STENOGRAPHER: - A secretary who transcribes shorthand into longhand.
1.5 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
This study broadens the knowledge of most people especially those carrying out
business functions in an institution in the roles of secretaries. In the following
areas.
i. That due to the abuse on employment as some private organization or
institution , utilization of unqualified and ill-equipped personal to perform the roles of
secretary?s functions, their functioning have been trading.
ii. Ability to take responsibilities it is probably that this quality distinguishes the private
secretary form the shorthand typist who is concerned mainly with the routine work of an
office, but it is not as a rule expected to take responsibilities.
iii. To correct the wrong image to a secretary and as certain the rightful position it in the
society.
1.6 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The scope of this study is limited to some institution and the general roles of secretary.
Other institution may even have better prospects, which therefore will change the roles of secretary in which institutions.
1.7 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The significance of the study is exceptionally based on the roles secretary in an institution. Their duties embrace a lot of works ranging from supervising the day to day activities within the institution attending meetings on behalf of the institution and taking proper records of all the meetings.
This research project would therefore.
i. Examine the different roles of secretary in an institution.
ii. Identify the roles of secretaries and how these roles can be carried out
iii. Being enlightenment to people who have the belief that secretaries are just messengers in the offices.
iv. To enable the secretary to contribute the economic development of Nigeria.
v. To enable the boss to realize other important roles of the secretary. | CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
The world of business is changing rapidly as a result of technological development. This is very wide departure from the traditional business enterprises to the evolution of international and multinational organizations in Nigeria economy. Some of these establishments have acquired and installed modern communications equipment.
Thus, information technology and an ultimate fully electronic office is fast becoming a reality. In effect, information and communication technology pose a lot challenges to office employees. The impact of technological improvement in the office demands that the development of a successful secretarial career today depends of upon the secretary to acquire information and communication technology (ICT) based skills and expertise as well skills required for each category of staff.
Technology changes in our environment coupled with competition within a particular industry or in the society account for the reason why secretaries should engage in training and development to meet up with the challenges. This is as a result of the need to match changes in structure, policies, technology, processes and producers with the needed performance, attitude and behaviors. This study will provide a sight into the present day technological realities in and office and how a secretary could fit into it.
1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
Firms ought to understand the underlying sources of threats in its industry. These threats result from competitive pressure from other firms in the industry. Understanding these forces is imperative if the firm is to formulate appropriate strategies to respond; which boils down to the firm selecting products, or services to offer and the markets in which to offer them. This makes strategy a deliberate plan of action that the business will adopt in order to develop and grow its competitive advantage. There has been an increasing reliance on Information Communication
Technology (ICT) systems for managing business processes as well as driving business strategy across the banking industry. Firms have no option but to comply with globalization trends and to find a fit between globalization and organization strategies.
The firms in the banking Sector continue to face a myriad of challenges, from globalization, competition, volatile market dynamics, competition from both bank and non-bank institutions all seeking more innovative ways to add value to their services.
Birch & Young (1997) argued that consumers look for products and services that are convenient and efficient to attain. They also seek for a wide array of products to choose from at competitive rates and which offer maximum returns. Customers have become more sensitized to expect better customer service standards, better products and services as a result of the internet. Banks have to adopt strategies that would ensure their profitability and resilience against the forces that determine industry competition. This study revolves around three theories, the first being the industrial organization (IO) theory which emphasizes the influence of the industry environment upon a firm.
The second is the resource-based theory, which views performance primarily as a function of a firm?s ability to utilize its resources. This theory focuses on the specific organization with respect to the competitive environment. The third is the innovation diffusion theory which is concerned with how an innovation adopter?s perception of the characteristics of an innovation impacts his or her decision to adopt it. This affects all users of the innovation, from the employee adoption of the innovation to the customer.
In the past decade, there has been a monumental growth of Nigeria banking industry, which has led to increased competition as the banks strive to gain and retain their market share. The banking industry and the wider financial sector have undergone tremendous changes as a result of ICT?s rapid advancement. Increased competition, tighter budgets, regulatory requirements are some of the factors that put more pressure on the banking industry further adding to the hostility of the industry. Banks have had to come up with strategies that would give them a sustained competitive lead over their competitors. ICT as a strategy to achieve this has been adopted by majority of the banks in the quest to achieve lasting competitive advantage through differentiation of products and cost leadership.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Commercial banks have to come up with competitive strategies in search of favourable competitive positions in the industry in order to adapt to the changed environment and attain competitive advantage. ?Electronic banking systems have become the main technology driven revolution in conducting financial transactions. Banks have made huge investments in telecommunication and electronic systems, users have also been validated to accept electronic banking system as useful and easy to use?, (Adesina & Ayo, 2010).
Organizations encounter a myriad of challenges towards achieving competitive advantage through the use of ICT. Current research shows that organizations are not able to sustain a competitive edge for a long time, (Wiggins & Ruefli, 2005). Increasing global and domestic competition, economic downturns and volatile financial markets have all added to the pressure on organizations to come up with effective responses to survive to counter this. As a result, each bank is developing a strategy unique to its corporate culture, leading to the industry being in a state of constant change.
A number of researches have been undertaken in the banking sector. Gan et al. (2006) predicted that e-banking is necessary for banks to stay profitable in the future.
However, the lack of trust by customers on the systems, or online processes remained a barrier to growth in the adoption of e-banking services. Nitsure (2003) conducted his research on the challenges and opportunities of e-banking and concluded that e-banking substantially lowered the costs of transaction and service delivery and could possibly revolutionize the business of banking. He further explained that developing economies faced similar challenges of poor infrastructure, low literacy levels and poor penetration of information.
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The study was driven by the two objectives below:
(i) To establish the ICT challenges facing Skye bank in Nigeria in achievement of sustainable competitive advantage.
(ii) To determine the strategies adopted by the Skye bank in Nigeria to cope with these challenges.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
1. Does ICT enhance business survival in Nigeria?
2. What factors affect ICTs use in the Nigeria?
3. Will organization strategy affect the use of ICT?
4. Should employees be encouraged in ICT training?
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
To scholars the research will open avenues for further research and analysis of various factors and challenges affecting the application of ICT enabled services in a developing economy. It will also enable researchers to adopt service oriented practices in understanding customer service delivery channels and satisfaction. To the banking world the study would assist in the understanding of the variables and effects of the ICT challenges and how they impact on the banks? success and performance. It will also enable the banks to draft possible policy guidelines in their institutions.
To the government, customers and stakeholders the study would pass on knowledge on the processes, especially the self-serving technologies and their impact to the industry and overall economy. The government can draft policy guidelines using the valuable information gathered. To the stakeholders, the study will reflect the image of the banking industry in terms of its responses to the challenges facing.
1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This research work focuses particularly on the impact of employee participation in decision making and organizational productivity using SKYE BANK PLC, ERUWA BRANCH as a case study.
1.7 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS
Stakeholders: Group of people with a direct interest, involvement, or investment in something.
Information: Definite knowledge acquired or supplied about something or somebody.
Communication: The exchange of information between people, e.g. by means of speaking, writing, or using a common system of signs or behavior.
Technology: The study, development, and application of devices, machines, and techniques for manufacturing and productive processes.
Performance: A presentation of an artistic work such as a play or piece of music to an audience.
Challenges: Problems.
Transactions: Communication or activity between two or more people that influences and affects all of them (formal).
Innovation: the act or process of inventing or introducing something new.
Banks: Where money is kept for individual people or companies, exchanges currencies, makes loans, and offers other financial services.
Organization: Group of people identified by a shared interest or purpose.
Skills: the ability to do something well, usually gained through training or experience.
1.8 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Skye Bank Plc is a product of the merger of five legacy banks as a result of the banking industry consolidation and recapitalization exercise of 2005. The legacy banks were Prudent Bank Plc, EIB International Plc, Bond Bank Limited, Reliance Bank Limited and Co-operative Bank Plc.
Following the merger and the seamless integration of the disparate resources, personnel, IT infrastructure, culture and procedures, the bank has since grown into a formidable financial institution showing strong growth and profitability and providing unique financial solutions to a wide customer base both in Nigeria and in the three West African subsidiaries of Sierra Leone, Gambia and Guinea.
In 2014, in our continuous quest to provide better customer experience, Skye Bank won the bid to acquire the 100 per cent ownership stake of Asset Management Corporation of Nigeria (AMCON) in Mainstreet Bank Limited, a deal which made Skye Bank one of the top four banks in Nigeria.
Main street Bank?s operations has since been integrated into the bank?s operations in one of the smoothest and hitch free integration process recorded in the Nigerian banking industry, enabling it to offer banking services to a wider segment of the Nigerian population and with significant positive impact on the bank?s balance sheet, financial performance and profitability.
Skye Bank is quoted on the Nigerian Stock Exchange (NSE) with over 450,000 diverse shareholders with a shareholding structure that puts no more than 5% in the control of any one individual or company. |
Reviews
There are no reviews yet.