Abstract
Clavicle fractures are very common injuries in adults (2.5%) and children (10-15%) and residents the 44-66% of all shoulder fractures (2). Despite the high frequency, the choice of proper treatment is still a challenge for the orthopedic surgeon with this review. I want to focus on the orthopedic management of clavicle fractures. Both conservative and surgical management is possible and surgical must choose the most appropriate management modality according to the biologic age, functional demands and types of the lesion (Paolo Paladin MD). Conclusions were made upon completion of the research. Clavicle fractures management is very paramount.
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| Settings | Management of fracture clavicle. case study of University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital remove | A survey on the uses and effectiveness of oscillating saw in the removal of circular cast at University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital remove | INFLUENCE OF GENOTYPE AND FEED RESTRICTION ON POST-WEANING GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF DOMESTIC RABBIT remove | THE IDENTIFICATION AND ISOLATION OF NERMATODE AFFECTING TOMATOES GROWTH remove | ASSESSMENT OF THE DEFENSE SYSTEM IN DIABETIC RATS TREATED WITH AQUEOUS LEAVES EXTRACT OF TERMINALIA CATAPPA remove | EFFECT OF PARITY ON LITTER SIZE AT BIRTH AND AT WEANING IN RABBITS remove |
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| Name | Management of fracture clavicle. case study of University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital remove | A survey on the uses and effectiveness of oscillating saw in the removal of circular cast at University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital remove | INFLUENCE OF GENOTYPE AND FEED RESTRICTION ON POST-WEANING GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF DOMESTIC RABBIT remove | THE IDENTIFICATION AND ISOLATION OF NERMATODE AFFECTING TOMATOES GROWTH remove | ASSESSMENT OF THE DEFENSE SYSTEM IN DIABETIC RATS TREATED WITH AQUEOUS LEAVES EXTRACT OF TERMINALIA CATAPPA remove | EFFECT OF PARITY ON LITTER SIZE AT BIRTH AND AT WEANING IN RABBITS remove |
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| Content | Abstract Clavicle fractures are very common injuries in adults (2.5%) and children (10-15%) and residents the 44-66% of all shoulder fractures (2). Despite the high frequency, the choice of proper treatment is still a challenge for the orthopedic surgeon with this review. I want to focus on the orthopedic management of clavicle fractures. Both conservative and surgical management is possible and surgical must choose the most appropriate management modality according to the biologic age, functional demands and types of the lesion (Paolo Paladin MD). Conclusions were made upon completion of the research. Clavicle fractures management is very paramount. | Abstract The orthopedic technician believes in a safer and faster method in the removal of the orthopedic cast. They also believed that the orthopedic process has much more room for improvement. The easy orthopedic cast has several benefits first, it enhances the application and removal procedure. Second, it replaced the existing cast process to reduce the injuries to the patients and physicians. Finally, it decrees the number of laws units against hospitals and clinics by cast injuries. The removal seems easy but the sensitivity of operating the oscillating saw such as cut, burns, and nerve damage in some cases. The removal of the circular cast with the oscillating saw is accomplished with other equipment like plaster, scissors, plaster knife, blade etc. the patient’s skin should be gently washed and clean after the removal of the circular cast. | ABSTRACT Data on 102 progeny of New Zealand White (NZ), Chinchilla (CH) and Dutch (DU) breeds of rabbits and their crossbreds obtained from birth to 14 weeks were used for this study. Genotype and feeding regime were the factors of interest. The genotypes were New Zealand White x New Zealand White (NZxNZ), Chinchilla×Chinchilla (CHxCH), Dutch×Dutch (DU×DU), New Zealand White x Chinchilla (NZxCH), New Zealand White x Dutch (NZxDU) and Chinchilla×Dutch (CHxDU).The feeding regime consists of ad libitum feeding (A), 14 hours feed restriction/day (B), 10 hours feed restriction/day (C) and 6 hours feed restriction/day (D). The experiment was conducted at the National Agricultural Extension Research and Liaison Services (NAERLS) Skill Acquisition Farm, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria-Nigeria. The traits studied at pre-weaning were litter size at birth (LSB), litter weight at birth (LWB), litter size at week 2 (LSW2), litter body weight at week 2 (LBW2), litter size at week 4 (LSW4), litter body weight at week 4 (LBW4), litter size at week 6 (LSW6) and litter body weight at week 6 (LBW6). Traits studied after weaning were body weight (BW), body length (BL), chest girth (CG), head-to-shoulder(HS), shoulder-to-tail drop (ST), length of hind leg (LHL), ear length (EL) and height at withers (HTW). Data collected were subjected to Analysis of variance and correlation procedure in SAS and a fixed effect model was used for the analysis with significant means separated using Duncan Multiple Range Test. There were significant (P<0.05) differences among the genotypes for LWB, LBW2, LBW4, LBW6 and post-weaning growth performance at the different ages. Chinchilla x Chinchilla was superior over other genotypes for most of the post-weaning growth traits studied at different ages (480.00 g, 650.00g, 941.30 g, 1206.00 g and 1401.75g mean body weights at week 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14 respectively). This was followed by CHxDU (476.30 g, 601.30 g, 751.00 g, 910.00 g and 1086.25 g for the same parameters. The coefficients of correlation were from low to high (0.00-0.99) and were positively and negatively correlated in all the genotypes except for CHxDU which were all positive. The results indicated that CHxCH and CHxDU genotypes could be most suitable for optimum genetic improvement. The mean body weights obtained were 772.67±38.72 g, 688.62±32.16 g, 730.75±35.24 g and 705.37±33.45 g for feeding regime A, B, C and D respectively which were not significantly different (P>0.05). It can be concluded that CHxCH genotype performed better in most of the post-weaning growth traits and rabbit farmers can use any of the feeding regimes especially during scarcity of feed and forages for rabbit feeding. The CHxCH is recommended for higher litter size and body weight at weaning while any of the feeding regimes can be adopted. | Nematodes are tiny, thread-like worms measuring 0.0 15 inch to 0.187 inch in length. They are either free living parasitic or saprophytic, identified on the basis of shapes, size and special structures. The females become swollen and flask-shaped as a result of accumulation of eggs with the anus virtually terminal in position, while the males are vermiform (Sherf and Macnah, 1986; Chitwood, 1949; Taylor and Sasser, 1978; Idowu, 1979 and Idowu, 1983) Nematodes are known for causing destructive diseases of crops as they have a wide range of feeding habit, constitute about 80% of all multicellular animals, attacking nearly every crop that is grown in the field and as a result crop yields is greatly affected reducing quantity and quality of crops on field, orchard, home garden and green houses (Mai, 1985; Symth, 1994; Sasser, 1952). Among the favoured host in Nigeria as a whole include tomato, yam, tobacco, papaw, citrus and sweet potato (Sasser, 1954). 1.1 Tomato: Tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum) belongs to the family Solanaceae and subilass polypetalae of the dicotyledenous group of plants. Tomato is a slight modification of tomato the name used by the Indians of Mexico, who have grown the plant for food since prehistoric times. Other names reported by early European explorers were tomato, tumatle and tomatas, probably variants of Indian words (Wener, 2004). 1.2 Origin: The precise origin of tomato remains a mystery but there is reason to believe that the original tomato came from Peru called tomato, it was taken to Mexico by migrating Peruvians. It found its way to Italy through the explorations of Christopher Columbus. Tomatoes were taken back to Europe along with silver and gold and they were grown on the continent as a pretty curiosity (Fallagatter, 1999. | CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION The prevalence nature of micro-organisms caused the human body to develop a natural defense system against the adverse effects of these organisms (Pick et al, 2008). A complex network of specialized cells, glands, organs, specialized proteins and molecular messengers make up the body defense system which is typically known as the “IMMUNE SYSTEM”, and this immune system prevents bacteria, fungi, viruses, parasites and any other external antibodies from over multiplying inside the body and inflicting harm to the body system and processes (Godfrey et al, 2006). The immune system which is the body’s natural defense system against invading pathogens protects the body from infection and works to communicate an individual well being through a complex network of interconnected cells and cytokines (Tang et al, 2009). This system has the power to initiate a wide range of cellular responses with the ability to directly attack an invading organism or signal cells to begin the healing processes (Gartner and Hiatt, 2007). Although this system is an associated host defense, an uncontrolled immune system has the potential to trigger negative complications in the host (Walter 2007; Kushner, 2003). Therefore, well controlled regulation of the immune system is necessary in order to prevent autoimmune responses from occurring (Morran et al, 2008). In order to protect the body against foreign pathogens, the immune system has developed throughout evolution to recognize the difference between the ‘Self and non-self’ cells. The ability to become self – tolerant toward the body’s own proteins and antigens is critical to maintaining a properly functioning immune system (Bruce et al, 2010). An immune system that loses tolerance to the “Self” cells loses ability to differentiate between “friends” and “foes” in immunological battles (Kushner, 2003; Walter, 2007). This loss of tolerance leads the immune system towards autoimmune responses, in which the body attacks itself, thereby causing substantial damage to the self, even inflicting irreversible damage (Litman et al, 2005). The immune system is composed of two unique components or branches, each with its own responsibilities. The innate immune system is the body’s first-line of defense against invading pathogens. This system recognizes common structural components of pathogens and elicits immune response to signal the presence of pathogens and infections (Mayer, 2006). The adaptive immune system is the body’s second-line of defense and especially targets identified pathogens. This system is antigen – specific and generates immunological memory within the host, which allows for more efficient pathogen clearance upon repeat exposure to the same pathogens (Agerbeth and Gudmundson, 2011). Although, these two immune systems are termed different branches of the immune system, they must work together as one unified system to protect the body (Ogawa and Calhoun, 2010). The immune system protects the host, but it also posses the ability to harm the host as well. Numerous autoimmune diseases have been characterized overtime (Godfrey et al, 2006; Pick up et al, 2008; Morran et al, 2008). The result of the autoimmune system leads to alternations in the functioning of the immune system, due to genetics, cellular malfunctions or cell signaling functions and this in turn, leads to the development and pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases like diabetes mellitus (Von and Oldstone, 1997). Diabetes mellitus is a disease characterized by the body’s inability to accurately maintain normal blood glucose levels, leading to multiple detrimental effects (Shoback et al, 2011). Insulin is an important hormone in glucose metabolism. When insulin is released, it signals cells to take up glucose. If the body is unable to produce insulin, blood glucose level remains elevated and this is termed hyperglycemia (Rother 2007). Diabetes mellitus is an autoimmune disease, in which the immune system targets and destroys the insulin – producing beta cells found in the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas (Delovitch and Singh, 2012). Without insulin, individuals develop the clinical syndrome of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes mellitus is characterized by auto-antibody production and progressive infiltration of immune cells into the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas, followed by the destruction of the Islets cells (Bardsley and Want, 2004). Studies using human and murine models of diabetes have demonstrated that, the autoimmune destructive process in diabetes mellitus occurs in a cell – mediated organ – specific manner (Nepom, 1995; Yoon and Jun, 2001). Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease, for which there is no known cure except in very specific situations (Janeway, 2007). Medically, the management of diabetes mellitus concentrates on keeping the blood sugar levels as close to normal (euglycemia) as possible, without causing hypoglycemia (Delovitch and Singh, 2012). This can usually be accomplished with diet, exercise and the use of appropriate medications (insulin). Diabetes mellitus is typically managed with a combination of regular neutral Protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin or Synthetic insulin analogs (Ripson et al, 2009). Despite the medical development to curb the increased cases of diabetes, it in still prevalence in the society, hence, this project work “Assessment of the defense system in diabetic rats treated with aqueous leaves extract of Terminalia catappa”, to find out if there is a curative agent in the leave of Terminalia catappa based on the recent report of Ahmed et al,( 2005) on the leaves. The universal role of plants in the treatment of disease is exemplified by their employment in all major systems of medicine irrespective of the underlying philosophical premise (Cunningham et al, 2005). There is a great wealth of knowledge concerning the medicinal, narcotic and other properties of plants that is transmitted orally from generation to generation by tribal societies, particularly those of Tropical Africa, Asia, North and South America and the pacific countries (Duke, 2002). Ahmed et al (2005) reported that, the leaves of Terminalia catappa contain several flavonoids, tannins, saponins, triterpiniod and phytosterols. Due to the above chemical richness, the leaves are used in different traditional medicines for various purposes worldwide. They also reported the biochemical effects of administering Terminalia catappa Linn aqueous and cold leaf extracts, orally and showed that it caused the regeneration of the Beta cells of the Islets of Langerhans, decreased blood sugar, serum cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein (LDL), creatinine, urea and alkaline phosphatase levels, while increasing the high density lipoprotein (HDL) level in diabetes mellitus (Nyarko and Addy, 1997). However, not much is reported about the various blood cells involve in the body defense system. AIM OF THE STUDY Considering the development of diabetes mellitus to be immune system related, it become of interest to find out what could be the possible state of the body defense system comparatively in diabetic and non-diabetic conditions. SCOPE OF THE STUDY The study will cover the aspect of differential white blood cell count and serum globulin levels as a preliminary investigation on the body defense system. | ABSTRACT Data on 100 litters from different parities were used to study the effect of parity on litter size at birth and at weaning in rabbits. The data were subjected to statistical analysis and the significant mean differences separated using student Newman Keul’s test. Traits considered were litter size at birth and at weaning. Results obtained showed that litter size at birth increased slightly from the 1st to the 2nd parity before declining with age. Litter size at birth in sixth parity was significantly different from those in other parities. Rabbit does with total number of litter size of five at birth had the highest percent occurrence of 24%. Also, rabbit does with total number of litter size of four at weaning had the highest percent distribution of 23% on the farm. The highest number of litter size at birth obtained was eight, the lowest was one and the average was approximately five. For litter size at weaning, the highest number obtained was seven, the lowest was one and the average was four. The predicted estimates showed that litter size at birth for the 1st and 2nd parities were generally slightly higher than for the 3rd to the sixth parity. This may suggest that 1st parity may be better in predicting doe performance than 3rd parity, although single records are not preferable in selection/culling policy. TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTENTS PAGE Title Page………………………………………………………………………….ii Abstract…………………………………………………………………….……..iii Acknowledgement………………………………………………………….…….iv Certification………………………………………………………………….…...v Dedication………………………………………………………………………...vi Table of Contents…………………………………………………………...........vii List of Tables……………………………………………………………………ix List of Figures……………………………………………………………………..x CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………...1 1.1 Objectives of the study……………………………………………………..2 CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW………………………………………………………....3 2.1 Origin…………………………………………………………………........3 2.2 Morphology and Ecology……………………………………………….....3 2.3 Reproduction…………………………………………………………...…..5 2.4.0 Breeding traits of Rabbits………………………………………………….6 2.4.1 Litter size at Birth……………………………………………………….....6 2.4.2 Litter size at Weaning…………………………………………………...…7 2.4.3 Doe Weight………………………………………………………………...8 2.4.4 Parity of Does……………………………………………………………...9 2.4.5 Kindling Interval………………………………………………………….11 2.4.6 Age at first Mating…………………………………………………..……12 CHAPT ER THREE MATERIALS AND METHODS…………………………………………….....15 3.1 Location………………………………………………………………......15 3.2 Experimental Animals……………………………………………………15 3.3 management and Feeding of the Animals………………………………...15 3.4 Breeding…………..………………………………………………………16 3.5 Experimental diet and Feeding……………………………………….......17 3.6 Data collection and Analysis………………………………………..……19 3.7 Statistical Analysis…………………………………………………..……19 CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS…………….………………………………………………………….20 CHAPTER FIVE DISCUSSION…….……………………………………………………………...24 CHAPTER SIX SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION…………………..27 Summary……………………………………………………………........27 6.2 Conclusion………………………………………………………………..27 6.3 Recommendation………………………………………………………....28 REFERENCES………………………………………………………………….29 APPENDIX…..………………………………………………………………….34 LIST OF TABLES TABLE TITLE PAGE 3.1 Estimated Composition of Experimental Diet……………………………18 4.1 Means of Parity effect on Litter size at birth and at Weaning…………....20 4.2 Predicted Estimate of Litter size of Rabbits at Birth in different Parities..21 LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE TITLE PAGE 4.1 Percentage distribution of Litter size at birth…………………………..…22 4.2 Percentage distribution of Litter size weaning……………………………23 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Owing to the increasing cost of animal protein sources in the developing Nations, leading to animal protein deficiency especially in Nigeria, it will be wise for farmers to embark on the production of livestock species which will give high protein turn over within a short period interval. Rabbit, a mini livestock fits into this description. All these benefits can be annexed with effective breeding programme such as selection of animals from reputable does and this should not be approached half hazardly. It should be done from litters in parities that have proven to perform outstandingly. This study was therefore carried out to evaluate the effect of parity on litter size at birth and weaning in order to identify parities with higher litters. Selection on litter size has had a lower than expected success as a consequence of its low heritability ( Baselga, 2004). A reduction in the environmental variance of litter size would increase the heritability and consequently its response to selection. Besides, homogeneity in litter size reduces cross-fostering, facilitating management with a consequent reduction of costs. Pre-weaning mortality is a major cause of wastage in rabbit production. Filiz et al. (2009) stated that birth weight variation within litters affects kits survival and weight gain. Parity and litter size are some of the factors affecting birth weight. Milligan et al. (2002) indicated that parity influences birth weight and generally, does in first parity kindled litters with lower birth weight than does in other parities. Litter size at birth increases as parity increases. Yamani et al. (1991) reported that effect of parity on litter size at birth did not show any consistent trend. Litter size at weaning increased as parity advanced up to the sixth one. The differences in this character due to parity were significant (P ≤ 0.01). Ouyed and Brun (2008) reported that rabbits from second parity were heavier at weaning (0.69 kg) and had the highest commercial carcass weight. This was in agreement with the result reported by Prayaga and Eady (2003). Litter size, parity and birth weight are some of the factors affecting survival rate. Higher litter size may cause elevation in mortality rate in first 10 days (Filiz et al., 2009). Recent studies have reported evidences for an additive genetic control of environmental variance on litter size (Sorensen and Waagepetersen, 2003) in pigs; (Gutiérrez et al., 2006) in mice and in uterine capacity; (Ibañez-Escriche et al., 2007) in rabbits, and in litter weight at birth (Garreau et al., 2004, in rabbits). According to Armero et al. (1995), litter size at birth and weaning have been the traits of choice to select specialized dam line. Parity have been reported to affect litter size which thus suggest that at some parities, litter size will be better than others. 1.1 Objectives of the Study The objectives of this study are therefore: - To determine the body weight of rabbits from different parities -To determine the relationship between litter size and parity. |
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