Abstract
Tibia plateau fractures are complex injuries produced by high- or low-energy trauma. They principally affect young adults or the”third age” population. These fractures usually have associated soft-tissue lesions that will affect their treatment. Sequential (staged) treatment (external fixation followed by definitive osteosynthesis) is recommended in more complex fracture patterns. But one should remember that any type of tibia plateau fracture can present with soft-tissue complications. Typically the Schatzker or AO/OTA classification is used, but the concept of the proximal tibia as a three-column structure and the detailed study of the posteromedial and posterolateral fragment morphology has changed its treatment strategy. Limb alignment and articular surface restoration, allowing early knee motion, are the main goals of surgical treatment. Partially articular fractures can be treated by minimally-invasive methods and arthroscopy is useful to assist and control the fracture reduction and to treat intra-articular soft-tissue injuries.
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| Settings | Management of fracture of tibia plateau - case study of University of Ibadan Teaching Hospital remove | AN IN-VITRO STUDY OF SOME SPICES FOR REDUCING METHANOGENESIS IN RUMINANTS remove | Management of fracture clavicle. case study of University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital remove | THE PREVALENCE OF POULTRY DISEASE AND IT'S MORTALITY RATE remove | EFFECT OF PARITY ON LITTER SIZE AT BIRTH AND AT WEANING IN RABBITS remove | PERFORMANCE INDICES AND WATER CONSUMPTION OF TORTOISE (kinixyx erosa, Schweigger, 1812) FED BOILED UNRIPE PLANTAIN UNDER DIFFERENT WATERING REGIME IN CAPTIVITY remove |
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| Name | Management of fracture of tibia plateau - case study of University of Ibadan Teaching Hospital remove | AN IN-VITRO STUDY OF SOME SPICES FOR REDUCING METHANOGENESIS IN RUMINANTS remove | Management of fracture clavicle. case study of University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital remove | THE PREVALENCE OF POULTRY DISEASE AND IT'S MORTALITY RATE remove | EFFECT OF PARITY ON LITTER SIZE AT BIRTH AND AT WEANING IN RABBITS remove | PERFORMANCE INDICES AND WATER CONSUMPTION OF TORTOISE (kinixyx erosa, Schweigger, 1812) FED BOILED UNRIPE PLANTAIN UNDER DIFFERENT WATERING REGIME IN CAPTIVITY remove |
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| Content | Abstract Tibia plateau fractures are complex injuries produced by high- or low-energy trauma. They principally affect young adults or the"third age" population. These fractures usually have associated soft-tissue lesions that will affect their treatment. Sequential (staged) treatment (external fixation followed by definitive osteosynthesis) is recommended in more complex fracture patterns. But one should remember that any type of tibia plateau fracture can present with soft-tissue complications. Typically the Schatzker or AO/OTA classification is used, but the concept of the proximal tibia as a three-column structure and the detailed study of the posteromedial and posterolateral fragment morphology has changed its treatment strategy. Limb alignment and articular surface restoration, allowing early knee motion, are the main goals of surgical treatment. Partially articular fractures can be treated by minimally-invasive methods and arthroscopy is useful to assist and control the fracture reduction and to treat intra-articular soft-tissue injuries. | ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to systematically evaluate and compare the effect of selected spices on methanogenesis using in vitro cultures. Some of the spices selected are Allium cepa, piper nigrum. Aframonum melegueta, Dennttia tripetala,, syzygium aromaticum, Gongronema latifolium among others were dried and milled for chemical analysis and in vitro gas fermentation study. The results showed that the organic matter was highest in Allium crispum (97.98%) and lowest in Allium cepa (96.77%) ash content ranges from 4.2% to 2.34% for Allium cepa and Allium crispum respectively. The crude protein (CP) also was found to vary from 24.50% in Allium cepa to 11.19% for Gongroneme latifolium. NDF values ranges from 52.00% for Capsicum annuum to 14.43% for Allium ascalonium and ADF values was 40.50% for Capsicun annuum to 4.25% for Allium crispum, also hemicelluloses was noticed to be highest in Allium crispum (39.00%) and lowest in Allium cepa(white) (2.75%). The effect of spices was also observed on the dry matter digestibility (DMD), methane gas production and reduction and short chain fatty acid production. For digestibility shea butter gave the highest value of 96.15% while the lowest was noticed in Vernonia amygdalina (61.54%). Dennttia tripetala which had the least % methane production (25.02%) also had the highest percentage of methane reduction (47.69%) and short chain fatty acid (0.66mmol). This reduction in methane gas could be attributed to the bioactive substances such as tannin(0.09%) and saponin (0.20%) present in the spices. These results reveal that spices could be used to enhance digestibility, increases the energy value of feed and reduces methanogenesis which is of great concern worldwide. Spices such as Aframonum melegueta, Allium cepa, Vernonia amygdalina, Allium crispum, Cymbopogon citratus, Dennttia tripetala, Allium cepa(white), Syzygium aromaticum, Gongronema latifolium, Capiscum annuum that have the same degree of methane reduction potential like Dennttia tripetala are recommended for this purpose TABLES OF CONTENTS Title Page - --------- i Abstract - - - - - - - - - - - - - ii Acknowledgement - - - - - - - - iii Certification - - - - - - --- v Dedication ----------vi Table of contents ---------- vii List of tables ----------ix List of Plates-----------xi CHAPTER ONE 1.0Introduction----------1 1.2Thesis Objectives------- --2 CHAPTER TWO 2.0Literature Review---------3 2.1What is Tannin ---------3 2.2Properties of Tannin --------3 2.3 Tannin And Rumen Fermentation-------4 2.4Saponin----------5 2.5Saponin And Rumen Fermentation-------6 2.6Spices ----------7 2.7In Vitro Gas Production Techniques ------10 2.7.1History of In Vitro Gas Production Techniques-----10 2.7.2Effect Of Venting Gas During The Incubation -----11 2.7.3Effect of Agitation of the Medium -------12 2.7.4Effect of Inoculum ---------12 2.7.5Use Of Blanks---------13 2.7.6Effect of Medium Composition-------13 2.7.7Effect of Apparatus---------14 CHAPTER THREE 3.0Materials And Methods --------15 3.1Experimental Materials and Its Preparation Collection of Spices ---15 3.2 Preparation for In Vitro study-------21 3.2.1 Preparation of Buffer--------21 3.2.2 Preparation of Inoculums --------22 3.3Determination of Methane Gas -------24 3.4 Cell Wall Fraction Determination (NDF & ADF)-----25 3.4.1 Crude Protein Determination-------26 3.4.2 Ash determination ---------27 3.4.3 Tannin Content Determination -------27 3.4.4 Saponin Content Determination -------28 3.4.5 Moisture Content Determination -------29 3.5Short chain fatty acids---------30 3.6Experimental Design---------30 CHAPTER FOUR 4.0Results----------31 4.1In Vitro Gas Production at Different Hours Of Incubation Treated With Different Spices---------31 4.2 Effect of Spices on Dry Matter Disappearance, Absolute Methane And Short Chain Fatty Acid Production -------34 4.3Chemical Composition of some of the spices used in the study Data of the Chemical composition of the ten spices selected by grading are several in 4.3.36 4.4 Tannin and Saponin Content of Some of the Spices-----39 CHATER FIVE 5.0 Discussion----------40 5.1In-Vitro Gas Production At Different Hours Of Incubation Treated With Different Spices--------40 5.2Effect of spices on dry matter disappearance methane and short chain fatty acid production--------40 5. 3Chemical Composition of Some of the Spices Used in the Study ---41 5.4Tannin and Saponin Content of Some Of The Spices Used ----42 CHAPTER SIX 6.0Conclusion And Recommendation-------43 REFERENCES----------44 LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1: List of spices and there active ingredients as well as medicinal uses -9 Table 3.1: While their pictures are shown in plate 3.1. -----15 Table 4.1: Effect of Spices on the Volume of Gas (ml/130mg) Produced at Different Incubation Hours -------33 Table 4.2: Effect Of Species On Dry Matter Disappearance, Methane And Shortchain Fatty Acid Product -------35 Table 4.3 Chemical Composition of Some of the Spices Used In the Study (%) --37 Table 4.4 Tannin and Saponin Content of Some of the Spices (%)----38 LIST OF PLATES Plate 2.1: Tannin powder---------4 Plate 3. 2: Collection of rumen fluid from a goat with a suction tube into a Thermoflask---------23 Plate 3.3: Filtration of rumen liquor with cheese cloth ----23 Plate 3.4: Measuring of 20ml of buffered solution into syringes ----24 Plate 3.5: Syringes containing buffered rumen fluid being kept in an incubator at 39 o C-24 CHAPTER ONE 1.0INTRODUCTION Livestock is one of the longest sources of methane emission with 80 – 115 million tons produced per year, equivalent to 15 – 20% of total anthropogenic methane (IPCC, 2001). Ruminants are major contributors to biogenic methane formation. It has been estimated that preventing methane formation from ruminants would stabilized atmospheric methane concentrations and improve animal performance (Johnson and Johnson, 1995). The global cattle population is responsible for 73% of methane emissions of all livestock and methane produced during ruminal fermentation represents a loss of 2-15% of gross energy intake and may also known as a great contributor to global warming which is a primary environmental concern world wide (moss et al., 2000). Recent studies have shown that plant secondary metabolites such as tannin, essential oils and Saponin at lower concentration could be used to manipulate rumen fermentation favorably. Plant bioactive (PB) or plant secondary compounds are chemicals synthesized in plants but are not involves in the primary biochemical processes of plant growth but acts as a protective agents against predators. Plant extracts from spices and medicinal plants with high concentrations of secondary compounds such as tannin and saponin are good candidates for reducing ruminal methanogenesis (Teferedegne, 2000). Therefore altering dietary formulation can have great impacts on environmental performance from dairy operations. Many studies have reported that feeding forages containing tannin decreases ruminal protein degradation (Min et al., 2003) and also have the potential to reduce enteric CH4 emissions (Carulla et al., 2005; Animut et al., 2008). It was also reported that saponins or saponin-like substances had the potential to suppress the methane emission, reduces protozoa counts and change fermentation patterns (Hristov et al., 1999). At appropriate dose tannin and saponin decreases methane production and increases the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis (Min et al., 2003). Therefore this experiment is planned to ascertain the effect of plants extracts such as tannin and saponin from different species and their effect on methane are other in vitro fermentation parameter. 1.2Thesis Objectives The study of tannin and saponin content of some species and its effect on in vitro rumen fermentation have been designed with the following objectives. To determine the tannin, crude protein, cell wall and saponin, contents of some spices in Edo State, Nigeria. To determine the effects of adding spices as additives on in vitro ruminal methane production and other fermentation parameters. | Abstract Clavicle fractures are very common injuries in adults (2.5%) and children (10-15%) and residents the 44-66% of all shoulder fractures (2). Despite the high frequency, the choice of proper treatment is still a challenge for the orthopedic surgeon with this review. I want to focus on the orthopedic management of clavicle fractures. Both conservative and surgical management is possible and surgical must choose the most appropriate management modality according to the biologic age, functional demands and types of the lesion (Paolo Paladin MD). Conclusions were made upon completion of the research. Clavicle fractures management is very paramount. | CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study Agriculture in Nigeria has remained the largest sector contributing nearly 39% to the gross domestic product for the past two decades and employing nearly 60% of its workforce. Over 80% of the country’s population in the rural areas is directly or indirectly dependent on agriculture for its livelihood (NBC,2005). The Nigeria livestock resources consist of 13,885,813 cattle; 34,453,724 Goat; 22,092, 602 sheep; 3,406,381 pigs; 104,247,960 poultry (Rim, 1992). From these figures, poultry is about 58. 72% of the total livestock production which indicates the place of poultry sub-sections in the livestock industry. Poultry plays an important economic, nutritional and socio-cultural role in the livelihood or rural household in many developing countries including Nigeria. Poultry are birds that include fowl, turkey, duck, goose, ostrich guinea fowl, pigeon etc. which render not only economic services but contribute significantly to human food as a primary supplier of meat, egg, raw materials for industries (feathers, waste products), source of income and employment to people compare to other domestic animals (Avila 1985; Demehe, 2004). Poultry meat and eggs play a very useful role in protein production in Nigeria. They are palatable and generally acceptable. This acceptability cuts across nearly all cultural region boundaries in Nigeria. Poultry industry plays important role in the development of Nigeria economy. Poultry production has become a full time job for many Nigerians and significantly contribute to the Groose National Product (GNP) (Umeh and Odo; 2002). Poultry products mainly meat and eggs represent important food for improving the nutritional status particularly of the most vulnerable populations-children and pregnant women. Poultry production is an important part of farming in many parts of the world. The major attracting factor in poultry production is probably the tendency of providing a fairly rapid return on capital (Abdulkali; 2002). The poultry industry in Nigeria has recorded considerable expansion in recent time (FAO, 2000). For example, the creation of Akwa Ibom State in 1987 and the increased activities of oil and gas companies in the area with the resultant improvement in the demand for animal protein especially in the form of poultry products. This has led to the establishment of poultry farms which are located in Uyo agricultural zone of the state. While overall national increase in poultry production has probably triggered off vigorous research into alternative and cheaper feed resources urgently needed to sustain such growth: there is the need to continually focus attention on the health of the animals in other to realize the full potential of the industry (Fasami; 1990). Poultry diseases remain one of the major threats to boosting poultry production in Nigeria (Halle et al., 1998; Laseinde, 2002). Poultry diseases continue to play major central role in hampering its development (FAO, 1998; Rushton et al, 1999) The impact of diseases on animal agriculture is typically assessed in quantitative terms. In poultry industry examples of these terms include lost revenues, costs of vaccination/prevention, eradication decontamination and restocking. These have been referred to as a negative input (Unrusfield, 1995). In Nigeria, diseases are among the major factors that hinder poultry development (Alanargot, 1987; Alemu, 1995). A lot of losses in poultry have been linked to diseases causing agents such as viruses, bacteria and parasites. It has been estimated that more than 750 million chicken, guinea fowls and duckling in Africa die each year as a result of various infections (Sonaiya 1990). Although somewhat in birds parasitic has been achieved by commercial production system mostly due to improved housing hygiene and management practices, the prevalence of infectious diseases is still very rampant (Pandry et at: 1992). Nigeria has a comparatively well developed poultry industry for West African Nation. Apantaku (2006) described this trend to the low level of poultry production in comparison to the level of poultry technologies being generated by Nigerian poultry researchers. The prevailing situation became worsen in 2006 by the reported outbreak of highly pathogenic and viral diseases like Avian influenza, Newcastle disease, infectious bursal disease and coccidiosis. Obayelu (2007) reports that the diseases outbreak led many poultry farmer into psychological breakdown due to losses incurred and also affected animal protein intake of a large sector of Nigeria population. Major limitations confronting the industry are numerous. The problems confronting the poultry industry in Nigeria include disease, low egg production, poor chick quality, poor weight gain, lack of capital, management problems etc (Van et al.; 1995; Apan taku et al; 1998; Ojo; 2003). Other problems include high cost of drugs and equipment such as battery cases, high cost of feeding, increasing cost of medications, marketing and lack of storage facilities as well as unfriendly government policy and finance. Sources of economic losses in poultry include lack of technical know-how, poor quality feed, poor housing, mismanagement and of great significance, disease outbreak which had received tremendous attention (Adekumisi et al; 1996; Torimiiro et. al., 2002). Despite the economic significance of the diseases to the commercial and small scale poultry producers in the country, no substantial research has been done to asses its economic losses. With the increasing interest in poultry production evidenced by the proliferation in poultry farms, it is pertinent to continually evaluate the prevalence rate and management issues associated with common poultry disease such as Avian influenza, Newcastle disease, infectious bursal disease and coccidiosis. 1.2 Statement of the Problem The incidence of poultry diseases in Nigeria has led many poultry farmers into psychological breakdown due to losses incurred. Poultry diseases has a gross attack rate on commercial poultry production. Culling birds in order to eradicate and control the spread of the diseases has negatively affected the livelihoods of all classes of poultry owners and producers. Such an impact is most serious on the smaller family producer and commercial producer whom poultry production is their sole of income generation. Effects of poultry diseases on the economy. Where market is lost through the reduced rate to export, restriction of movement of birds and the closing of some domestic markets is especially the constraint which affect the income generating ability of smaller producers in the zone (Mettzer et al., 1999). The non consumption of poultry meat as well as its products has also affected animal protein intake in the large sector of the population. The most pronounced affect is the sharp decline in demand as people avoided eating and demanding for poultry product out of fear of being infected (WHO, 2004a). The survivability of poultry industry in Nigeria is very low due to poor management techniques embarked upon by rural poultry farmers, and outbreak of seasonally defendant diseases that can account for high chick losses and mortality. 1.3 Purpose of the Study The study is aimed at examining the prevalence rate of poultry diseases and mortality of flock in the study area. Specifically the study seeks the following objectives. To determine the prevalence rate of Avian influence and its mortality rate on poultry in Uyo Local Government Area. To determine the prevalence rate of Newcastle Disease and it mortality rate on poultry in Uyo Local Government Area. To determine the prevalence rate of infectious Bursal disease and its mortality rate on poultry in Uyo Local Government Area. To determine the prevalence rate of coccidiosis and its mortality rate on poultry in Uyo Local Government Area. 1.4 Research Questions What is the prevalence rate of Avian influenza and its mortality rate on poultry on Uyo Local Government Area? What is the prevalence rate of Newcastle diseases and its mortality rate on poultry in Uyo Local Government Area. What is the prevalence rate of infectious Bursal disease and its mortality rate on poultry in Uyo Local Government Area. What is the prevalence rate of coccidiocsis and its mortality rate on poultry in Uyo Local Government Area. 1.5 Significance of the Study The finding of this study will motivate the farmer to produce quality and disease free products capable of meeting the nutritional requirement of address the problems of malnutrition, food insecurity low income and poverty as a whole. Nigerian policy makers and Animal Health Professionals will benefit from the study as the studies will expose them to the cause of major epidermis seen each year resulting in death of many birds, and this knowledge will enable more precise disease control planning. The study will provide valuable data to the scientist for epidemiogical studies both logically throughout Nigeria through collaboration. The data will also assist them with a role informing animal health and disease control policy. The study will be significant in the training of farmers on improve livestock breeds for the gradual upgrading of local breeds. This study will help to increase productivity of poultry farms which in turn will create job opportunity to the community and reduce the cost of production. Also the more progressive or productive the poultry farm is, the more produce will be supplied to the market for distribution. The study will help the community dwellers and those practicing poultry on subsistence level in Uyo Local Government Area by teaching them poultry management practices and approaches which can be used to achieve improved performance in their business. | ABSTRACT Data on 100 litters from different parities were used to study the effect of parity on litter size at birth and at weaning in rabbits. The data were subjected to statistical analysis and the significant mean differences separated using student Newman Keul’s test. Traits considered were litter size at birth and at weaning. Results obtained showed that litter size at birth increased slightly from the 1st to the 2nd parity before declining with age. Litter size at birth in sixth parity was significantly different from those in other parities. Rabbit does with total number of litter size of five at birth had the highest percent occurrence of 24%. Also, rabbit does with total number of litter size of four at weaning had the highest percent distribution of 23% on the farm. The highest number of litter size at birth obtained was eight, the lowest was one and the average was approximately five. For litter size at weaning, the highest number obtained was seven, the lowest was one and the average was four. The predicted estimates showed that litter size at birth for the 1st and 2nd parities were generally slightly higher than for the 3rd to the sixth parity. This may suggest that 1st parity may be better in predicting doe performance than 3rd parity, although single records are not preferable in selection/culling policy. TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTENTS PAGE Title Page………………………………………………………………………….ii Abstract…………………………………………………………………….……..iii Acknowledgement………………………………………………………….…….iv Certification………………………………………………………………….…...v Dedication………………………………………………………………………...vi Table of Contents…………………………………………………………...........vii List of Tables……………………………………………………………………ix List of Figures……………………………………………………………………..x CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………...1 1.1 Objectives of the study……………………………………………………..2 CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW………………………………………………………....3 2.1 Origin…………………………………………………………………........3 2.2 Morphology and Ecology……………………………………………….....3 2.3 Reproduction…………………………………………………………...…..5 2.4.0 Breeding traits of Rabbits………………………………………………….6 2.4.1 Litter size at Birth……………………………………………………….....6 2.4.2 Litter size at Weaning…………………………………………………...…7 2.4.3 Doe Weight………………………………………………………………...8 2.4.4 Parity of Does……………………………………………………………...9 2.4.5 Kindling Interval………………………………………………………….11 2.4.6 Age at first Mating…………………………………………………..……12 CHAPT ER THREE MATERIALS AND METHODS…………………………………………….....15 3.1 Location………………………………………………………………......15 3.2 Experimental Animals……………………………………………………15 3.3 management and Feeding of the Animals………………………………...15 3.4 Breeding…………..………………………………………………………16 3.5 Experimental diet and Feeding……………………………………….......17 3.6 Data collection and Analysis………………………………………..……19 3.7 Statistical Analysis…………………………………………………..……19 CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS…………….………………………………………………………….20 CHAPTER FIVE DISCUSSION…….……………………………………………………………...24 CHAPTER SIX SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION…………………..27 Summary……………………………………………………………........27 6.2 Conclusion………………………………………………………………..27 6.3 Recommendation………………………………………………………....28 REFERENCES………………………………………………………………….29 APPENDIX…..………………………………………………………………….34 LIST OF TABLES TABLE TITLE PAGE 3.1 Estimated Composition of Experimental Diet……………………………18 4.1 Means of Parity effect on Litter size at birth and at Weaning…………....20 4.2 Predicted Estimate of Litter size of Rabbits at Birth in different Parities..21 LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE TITLE PAGE 4.1 Percentage distribution of Litter size at birth…………………………..…22 4.2 Percentage distribution of Litter size weaning……………………………23 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Owing to the increasing cost of animal protein sources in the developing Nations, leading to animal protein deficiency especially in Nigeria, it will be wise for farmers to embark on the production of livestock species which will give high protein turn over within a short period interval. Rabbit, a mini livestock fits into this description. All these benefits can be annexed with effective breeding programme such as selection of animals from reputable does and this should not be approached half hazardly. It should be done from litters in parities that have proven to perform outstandingly. This study was therefore carried out to evaluate the effect of parity on litter size at birth and weaning in order to identify parities with higher litters. Selection on litter size has had a lower than expected success as a consequence of its low heritability ( Baselga, 2004). A reduction in the environmental variance of litter size would increase the heritability and consequently its response to selection. Besides, homogeneity in litter size reduces cross-fostering, facilitating management with a consequent reduction of costs. Pre-weaning mortality is a major cause of wastage in rabbit production. Filiz et al. (2009) stated that birth weight variation within litters affects kits survival and weight gain. Parity and litter size are some of the factors affecting birth weight. Milligan et al. (2002) indicated that parity influences birth weight and generally, does in first parity kindled litters with lower birth weight than does in other parities. Litter size at birth increases as parity increases. Yamani et al. (1991) reported that effect of parity on litter size at birth did not show any consistent trend. Litter size at weaning increased as parity advanced up to the sixth one. The differences in this character due to parity were significant (P ≤ 0.01). Ouyed and Brun (2008) reported that rabbits from second parity were heavier at weaning (0.69 kg) and had the highest commercial carcass weight. This was in agreement with the result reported by Prayaga and Eady (2003). Litter size, parity and birth weight are some of the factors affecting survival rate. Higher litter size may cause elevation in mortality rate in first 10 days (Filiz et al., 2009). Recent studies have reported evidences for an additive genetic control of environmental variance on litter size (Sorensen and Waagepetersen, 2003) in pigs; (Gutiérrez et al., 2006) in mice and in uterine capacity; (Ibañez-Escriche et al., 2007) in rabbits, and in litter weight at birth (Garreau et al., 2004, in rabbits). According to Armero et al. (1995), litter size at birth and weaning have been the traits of choice to select specialized dam line. Parity have been reported to affect litter size which thus suggest that at some parities, litter size will be better than others. 1.1 Objectives of the Study The objectives of this study are therefore: - To determine the body weight of rabbits from different parities -To determine the relationship between litter size and parity. | ABSTRACT This experiment was carried out using a total of 16 tortoises (Kinixys erosa) weighing between 172.5g and 180g to determine their performance indices and water consumption of tortoise fed unripe boiled plantain mixed with palm oil under different watering regime in captivity. The tortoises were randomly divided into four Treatments with four replicates such that there were one animals per replicate. Treatment 1 was 24 hour (0700-0700 hr) watering, Treatment 2 was 12 hour “day” (07000-1900 hr) watering, and Treatment 3 was 12 hour “night” (1900-0700) watering and Treatment 4 was 6 hour “afternoon”. The experimental period lasted for 9 weeks. The proximate composition of boiled unripe plantain was determined. The mean weekly weight (g) change for Treatments 1, 2, 3 and 4 were 1.3, 2.5, 4.0 and 0.5 respectively. The mean feed consumption (g) of the tortoises for Treatments 1, 2, 3 and 4 were 9.73, 9.92, 9.63 and 9.55 respectively and were not significantly (p > 0.05) different. The mean FCE for Treatments 1, 2, 3 and 4 were 0.03, 0.26, 0.48 and 0.02 respectively and were not significantly (p >0.05) different. The mean weekly water intake (ml) for Treatments 1, 2, 3 and 4 were 10.11, 9.68, 9.55 and 9.98 respectively and were also not significantly( p > 0.05) different . The mean weekly feed to water ratio for Treatments 1, 2, 3 and 4 were 0.985, 1.035, 1.014 and 0.980 respectively and they were not significantly( p > 0.05) different. The mean Dressing Percentage of the tortoises was 24.46, 24.18, 26.43 and 26.2 for Treatments 1, 2, 3, and 4 respectively. |
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