| Description | ABSTRACT
This project is on statistical analysis of infant and child mortality. Despite the global decline in under-five mortality rate from 90 deaths per 1,000 live births in 1990 to 48 in 2012, Nigeria has failed to record any substantial improvement. Under-five mortality in Nigeria increased from 138 per 1,000 live births in 2007 to 158 per 1,000 live births in 2011 against the Millennium development Goal target of 71 per 1,000 live births. The data used in this research is a secondary one; the data was fetched from the medical records department of the ABUTH, Zaria. The research was carried out to: test for the difference of two means between infant and child mortality rate; estimate infant and child mortality rate; estimate age specific fertility rate; and to determine the trend line and forecast of infant and child mortality. Descriptive statistics, Regression and Correlation analysis are the statistical techniques used for the study. From the regression analysis result obtained, it showed that both infant and child mortality rates has a direct relationship with delivery rates. The correlation analysis result showed that there is a very strong and positive relationship between mortality and delivery rates. The study revealed that infant and child mortality rates will continue to decrease if there can be improvement in the factors under study. | | | CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
Giving birth is one of the most extraordinary experiences of a woman’s life. Yet after all the months of careful preparation and anticipation, the moment of birth is almost never what you had expected. But fortunately, despite what you may have thought when you were pregnant, these are not the issues that will make your child’s birth a success what count is the baby, here at last and healthy.
The child survival at birth will be determined right from the day one of the conception of the baby in the mother’s womb, the process of delivery, the expertise, the needed facilities available and the environment. That is child survival is primarily determined by the social and economic status of the child’s family essentially expressed by two indicators maternal education and some index of economic circumstances of the household Mosley, 1985. Various studies in Kenya have confirmed the significant relationship between socioeconomic factors and infant/child survival Muganzi, 1984; Odhiambo, 1991, Onuma 1991.
In the third World, it is a much riskier proposition: neonatal deaths rates in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia are more than 3.7 and on average 1 in 48 women die during childbirth. The natural mortality rate of childbirth where nothing is done to avert maternal death has been estimated as being between, 1,000 and 1,500 deaths per 100,000 births.
The most important factors affecting mortality in childbirth are adequate nutrition and access to quality medical care access is affected both by the loss of available care, and distance from the health services. Medical care in this context does not refer specifically to treatment in hospital, but simply the presence of an attendant with midwifery skills. Factors that may make a birth high risk include prematurity, high blood pressure, diabetes and previous caesarean section.
One of the most dangerous risks to the fetus is that of premature birth and its associated low neonatal weight. The more premature or underweight a baby is the greater the risks for neonatal death and for pulmonary, respiratory, neurological or other sequelae. About 12 of all infants born in the United States are born prematurely. In the past 25 years, medical technology has greatly improved the chances of survival of premature infants in industrial nations. In the 1950s and 1960s, approximately half of all low-birth-weight babies in the US died. Today, more than 90 survive. The first hours of life for premises are critical, especially the very first hour of life. Rapid access to a Neonatal intensive care unit is of paramount importance.
Age limitation seems not to constitute impediment or barrier to pregnancy. In November 2004 Aleta. St. James, a 56-year-old single mother gave birth to twins conceived through in vitro fertilization. In 2005, a 67-year-old Romanian woman gave birth by caesarean to one surviving twin.
This research considers certain factors that predict survival of a new born baby. These factors include age of the mother, gestational period, baby’s weight, type of delivery and the Apgar score.
1.1 Aims and Objectives of the Study
The broad aim of this research work is to examine the factors that contribute to the survival of newborn babies in Osun state Hospital Asubiaro Osogbo.
The specific objectives are as following:
- To determine the general forms of the logistic and hazards models.
- To identify the factor that most determines Childs survival.
- To predict survival status of a child.
To know the contribution of the type of delivery to the survival of a child at birth.
1.2 Significance of the study
The reason for this study is to know the factors contributing to the survival of a New born baby.
This project work will also help to decrease the mortality rate among the children.
1.3 Scope and Limitation of the Study
The scope of this study is the Osun State Hospital Asubiaro Osogbo. The scope of the study should have been extended to various hospitals like the General Hospital Ede; LAUTECH Teaching hospitals and some other hospital to have a more accurate conclusion and recommendation but due to some limitation like:
Time Constraints: The time that was given for the submission of the project work is very short in various hospitals will:
- Money Constraint
- Confidentially
1.4 Definitions of Terms
BIRTH: This is the process by which individual creates more of their own kind.
BIRTH SPACING: This is the number of months or years between the previous birth and the current birth.
PARITY: This is the reproductive history of the mother.
APGAR SCORE: This is the first test giving to a child at one and five minutes respectively after birth to know the physician estimate of the baby's general condition at birth.
| | |
| Content | This project is on statistical analysis of infant and child mortality
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Infant mortality refers to the death of a child born alive before its first birthday and child mortality is the death of a child aged between one and five years. Demographers have for a long time been interested in the study of mortality which is one of the components of population change. Infant and child mortality are among the best indicators of socioeconomic development because a society life expectancy at birth is determined by the survival chance of infants and children.
Childhood mortality is an important indicator of all heath programs and policies; likewise it contributes to population projection. Childhood mortality measures also help identify specific population that are at increase in health risk. Several measures of childhood mortality are calculated using Demographic Health Survey (DHS) data. During the twentieth century almost all countries experienced decreases in child mortality rate. However, the timing and pace of the decline varied substantially. Sustained reductions in child mortality began in the nineteenth century in Europe, North America, and Japan and continued gradually throughout the twentieth century. Major declines in other parts of the world generally began only after World War II. Mortality reductions in Asia, Latin America and Africa were usually much more rapid that they had been in countries that began mortality declines earlier. By 1999 there were great variations in child mortality among countries for example, although less than 0.5 percent of children died before the fifth birthday in Iceland, more than 33 percent died by age five in Niger. Since the 1960s the decline in child mortality sometimes has appeared to have stagnated as was the period from 1975– 1985, when many poor countries experienced severe crises and other problems such as economic recovery from the 0.1 crisis of 1973 – 1974. Recent evidence suggests that child mortality has continued to decline in most countries since 1980. However, during the 1990s the HIV/AIDS epidemic halted or reversed declines in child mortality in some eastern and southern African countries. For example, in Zimbabwe in the period 1990 – 1994 there were 50 deaths under age five per 1,000 live births.
Statistics therefore as the science of information analysis or scientific method of collecting, presenting or organizing and interpreting numerical data in such a way that valid and useful conclusion will be drawn to clear away uncertainties. It implies in many aspects of studies and life in general one of the aspects is demography. The demography means the study of human population and factors that affect it. These are fertility, morbidity mortality etc. but the scope of these project be centered on analyzing infant and child mortality rate among various age groups we shall consider how genders is also related to death in a particular age group.
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
The incidence of infant and child mortality has been of great concern to both the government and individuals. The needs for policies that may adequately arrest the situation cannot be achieved without some in depth acquaintance with the available dates. This study will address vital issues as the fate of infant mortality, child mortality, and age specific fertility. It will in addition consider the trend of infant and child mortality and the difference between them.
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
1.3.1 AIM
To analyze the reported cases on the incidence of infant and child mortality.
1.3.2 OBJECTIVES
1. To test for the difference of two means between infant and child mortality rate.
2. To estimate infant and child mortality rate.
3. To estimate age specific fertility rate.
4. To determine the trend line and forecast of infant and child mortality.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The finding will also assist the Nigerian government to come up with definite policies on how to minimize infant and child mortality rate.
1.5 DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY
In this study, the number of the mortality considered are two which are the infant and child mortality.
1.6 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
In the process of carrying out the research work time constraint and financial problem are the problems faced during the course of obtaining data from the medical center.
1.7 HYPOTHESES OF RESEARCH QUESTION
1. There is no significant difference between infant and child mortality.
2. There is significant difference between infant and child mortality.
1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Neonatal Mortality: The probability of dying within the 1st month of life.
Infant Mortality: The probability of dying before the 1st birthday
Child Mortality: The probability of dying before the fifth birthday.
Crude Death Rate: This is the simplest and commonest mortality measurement it defines as the number of death in a year per one thousand of the mid population i.e.
CDR = D/P x k
Where;
D =number of death in a given year
P =total population of the mid-year
K = constant
Age Specific Death Rate: This is the number of death of person of a given age during a year per one thousand (1000) populations. It is usually compared 5 — 10 years age range. Though consideration is usually given to the infant because of their relatively great multitude of death rates, hence separate rate are usually shown for the group.
Cause Specific Death Rate: This is the number of death from a given cause or group of causes during a year per ten thousand of mid-year population in cause specific death rate larger constant is used because there are relatively few deaths from many of the cause. | Abstract
This project looks at Statistical analysis on distance of students’ residence and academic performance. In this study, an attempt was made on assessing the effect of students’ place of residence on academic performance in the Delta State Polytechnic, Otefe-Oghara. A sample of 300 students was included in the study to which questionnaires were distributed to and their responses were adequately examined using simple percentages and chi-square test. The result indicated that most students believe that their current place of residence affects their academic performance and most students who live within the school environment performed better than those who live outside town. The study, therefore, conclude that upon holding other factors constant, the residence of students greatly influences their academic performance, as long as the student maintains their residence within the school environment, they can easily access the library and other extra classes or tutorials and the other polytechnic facilities, with better friends with whom they share course study with and this results to higher academic outcomes being expected than those students residing at home or away from the polytechnic environment. | CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
This project is on development of bio data influence of drivers on road accidents. Road transportation is by far the commonest means of transportation in Nigeria when compared to other means like air, rail and water. The technology has made life easy compared to previous means of transportation such as the use of animals during the pre colonial era. Nigerian economy despite its flaws, has afforded a large number of its populace the means to own cars making road traffic a major problem with grave disadvantages.
In Nigeria, road accidents have been a disturbing phenomenon that has constituted a menace. It is generally believed but not statistically proven that the rate of road accidents in Nigeria has geometrically increased. Road accidents are caused by various reasons, ranging from carelessness on the part of the drivers to the deplorable nature of our roads. Put differently, Nigerian roads have become killing fields without protection for their users.
Travelers heave a sigh of relief if they make their destinations. The worrisome trend has tremendous negative impact on the nation’s health system as well as its social and economic aspirations. It was estimated that the total number of registered vehicles in Nigeria rose between 1990 – 2006 from 700,000 to 6,000,000 (Umar 2010).
Despite the happiness this brought and change of quality of family lives associated with owning a vehicle, its possession has made so many families bereaved of their breadwinners or lovely ones due to unprecedented rate of road traffic accidents in Nigeria. According to the Federal Road Safety Commission, not less than 88,520 road users lost their lives between 1991 and 2000 alone, most victims being between 20-40 years. There is need to view road accident as a very major issue requiring urgent attention aimed at preventing premature deaths, reducing the health, social and economic impacts it portends to the average Nigerian. This disturbing assertion will be the bedrock of our statistical study on road accidents in Nigeria.
1.2 STATEMENT OF GENERAL PROBLEM
In Nigeria today, the issue of road accidents have become a teething problem. There has been a major problem of the cardinal factors responsible for road accidents in Nigeria. Another problem is to know if accidents in Nigeria are related to sex, age and educational background of road users. There is also confusion as to the major causes of road accidents in Nigeria. The above problems have been our chief motivators in undertaking this statistical research work.
1.3 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
This study is aimed at establishing the following factors:
- To know if road accidents in Nigeria are gender based, that is, do female road users fall victim of road accidents than their male counterparts?
- To equally know if road accidents in Nigeria are age based.
- To ascertain if there is a statistical significant relationship between educational background and road accidents in Nigeria.
- To know if record of road accidents in Nigeria has increased or not.
- To educate Nigerians and those interested in this study on the outcome of our research
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
One major significance of this study is to educate millions of Nigerians on the main causes of road accidents and ways to prevent or reduce them on our roads. Another significance of this study is to know if the number of road accidents has increased overtime. Thirdly, to know if the reported number of road accidents in Nigeria is gender based and also to know if there is a relationship between educational background and road accidents in Nigeria. We are also interested in knowing the major causes of road accidents in Nigeria so as to educate the Nigeria populace.
1.5 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
For the purpose of this study as the topic depicts, the scope of the essay will be focused on the statistical analysis on the bio data of road users vulnerable to road accidents in Nigeria. To know the relationship between bio- data factors and road accidents in Nigeria, that is, knowing if there is a relationship between age, educational background and gender on road accidents in Nigeria.
1.6 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
It is necessary to mention some of the limitation of this research work. One of the major limitations is in the getting relevant educational materials used in the research work. Another limitation of this research work is the difficulty in obtaining relevant information in that a few of our values were missing but these missing values were not statistical significant enough to be noticed. It is hoped that despite this limitations, the study would still be useful to Nigerians, organizations etc.
1.7 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
- Do you think the occurrence of road accidents is gender based?
- Do you agree that female road users are more vulnerable to accidents than their male counterparts?
- What is the relationship between road accidents and age grades?
- Is there any statistical significant relationship between educational background and road accidents in Nigeria?
- Has the rate of road accidents in the country increased?
1.8 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
In this research, the use of primary data (questionnaire) will be adopted.
Chi-Square statistics is used to investigate whether distributions of categorically variable differ from one and other. It will be deduced that there is significant difference in the background status of road users vulnerable to accidents in our society.
Chi-Square will be used in measuring the discrepancies between observed end expected values. This hypothesis shows that Chi-square analysis will enhance the significant difference in our society positively (+)
1.9 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Accident: an unpleasant event especially in a vehicle that happens unexpectedly and causes injury or damage
Road accident: a traffic accident involving vehicles, pedestrians or cyclists.
1.10 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES
HYPOTHESIS 1
H0 : there is no significant relationship between age and road accidents in Nigeria.
H1 : there is significant relationship between age and road accidents in Nigeria.
Level of significance: 0.05
Decision rule : reject H0 if p-value is less than the level of significance. Accept H0 if otherwise.
HYPOTHESIS 2
H0 : there is no significant relationship between educational background and road accidents in Nigeria.
H1 : there is significant relationship between educational background and road accidents in Nigeria.
Level of significance: 0.05
Decision rule : reject H0 if p-value is less than the level of significance. Accept H0 if otherwise.
HYPOTHESIS 3
H0 : there is no significant relationship between gender and road accidents in Nigeria.
H1 : there is significant relationship between gender and road accidents in Nigeria.
Level of significance: 0.05
Decision rule : reject H0 if p-value is less than the level of significance. Accept H0 if otherwise. |
ABSTRACT
This project work is a research work on the correlates of childs survival at birth and it is aimed at examining the factors that contribute to the survival of newborn babies using Osun state hospital Asobiaro Osogbo as the case study. The data was collected through transcription from the maternity record of the hospital and multiple regression was used for the analysis to ascertain the aim and objectives of the research work. This research work revealed that the weight of the baby at birth and the type of delivery are significant to the survival of a child and all other variables considered are less significant to the survival of a child. The research work recommends that modern health care should be encouraged and vital basis service should be made available.
| ABSTRACT
In this project entitled statistical analysis on education trust fund allocation to tertiary institutions in six geopolitical zones of Nigeria, the average allocation to zones, method of distributions, extraction of principal components, classification of the components into factors and to test if there is any significant difference in the allocation among the zones was carried out using principal components analysis, factor analysis, normality test just to mention but a few. The average allocation to all the zones within the period under review was 14,605,429,76. The allocation to zones was normally distributed indicating unbiasedness in the allocations. University allocation is the principal factor component in the ETF allocation among the institutions revealing high contribution of university with 0.201 in the first component, followed by monotechnics, polytechnics and colleges of education. With little difference in the allocations among polytechnics, monotechnics and colleges of education, they were grouped into one factor and university in another factor. Based on the results obtained; no zone is more favored and their distribution is unbiased
TABLE OF CONTENT
TITLE PAGE
CERTIFICATION
ACKNOWLEGMENT ..iii
DEDICATION iv
ABSTRACT .v
TABLE OF CONTENT ..vi
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION .1
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY .1
1.2 SOME FACTS ABOUT NIGERIA EDUCATION 4
1.3 STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS .12
1.4 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY ..12
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY .12
1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY 13
1.7 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES 13
1.8 TEST OF HYPOTHESIS .14
1.9 OPERATION KEY WORDS . 14
1.10 ABBREVIATIONS 15
CHAPTER TWO LITRATURE REVIEW
2.0 INTRODUCTION ..16
CHAPTER THREE METHODOLOGY
3.0 INTRODUCTION .27
3.1 THE SAMPLED POPULATION 27
3.2 METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION .28
3.3 PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS ..28
3.4 FACTOR ANALYSIS 30
3.5 KRUSKALWALLIS TEST ..34
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 ANALYSIS OF DATA ..36
4.1 TO KNOW THE DISTRIBUTION OF ETF ALLOCATION
TO TETIARY INSTITUTIONS IN NIGERIA 36
4.2 KRUSKALWALLIS TEST ..37
4.3 PRINCIPALCOMPONENTANALYSIS..39
4.4 TIME SERIES.42
4.5 FACTOR ANALYSIS ..43
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 SUMMARY ..49
5.1 CONCLUSION .51
5.2 RECOMMENDATION 52
REFERENCES 54
APPENDIX 56
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY
In Principal Components Analysis PCA and Factor Analysis FA one wishes to extract from a set of P variables a reduced set of M components or factors that accounts for most of the variance in a P variables in other words, we wish to reduce a set of P variables to a set of M underlying super ordinate dimensions.
These underlying factors are inferred from the correlations among the P variables. Each factor is estimated as a weighted sum of the P variables. The factor is thus;
F1 W1X1 Wi2X2 W1pXp K.
One may also express each of the P variables as a linear combination of the M factors,
Xj Aij F1 A2j F2 Amj Fm k Uj
Where Uj is the variance that is unique to variable j, variance that cannot be explained by any of the common factors.
Principal component analysis is a variable reduction procedure which provides guidelines regarding the necessary sample size and number of items per component. | CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION Queuing theory describes basic phenomena such as the waiting time, the throughput, the losses, the number of queuing items, etc. in queuing systems. Following Kleinrock (1975), any system in which arrivals place demands upon a finite-capacity resource can be broadly termed a queuing system. A queuing process consists of customers arriving at a service facility, waiting in a line (queue) if all servers are busy, then receiving service and finally departing from the facility. A queuing system is a set of customers, a set of servers and an order where by customers arrive and processed. Queues (waiting lines) are a part of everyday life. We all wait in queues to buy a movie ticket, make a deposit, mail a package, obtain food in cafeteria, pay for goods, etc. queues are formed because resources are limited. Time is always a valuable asset for patients in seeking treatment at any healthcare centre, either public or private, and even more valuable for patients who are in critical conditions. Doctors? and specialists need to maximize their service time since some of them are assigned with administrative works, reading medical reports, and keep moving from one department to another. Waiting idly in the waiting room is not a productive situation where patients can spend their waiting time to do other activities that might benefit them rather than sitting for nothing. Whenever the demand for a service exceeds its supply then queues are formed. Long waiting time in any hospital is considered as an indicator of poor quality and needs improvement. Managing waiting lines create a great problem for managers seeking to improve upon quality healthcare delivery and patient satisfaction. Patients dislike waiting for a long time. For many patients, queuing or waiting in lines is annoying (Obamiro, 2003) or negative experience (Scotland, 1991). If the waiting time and service time is high, customers may leave the queue prematurely and this in turn results in customer dissatisfaction. This would reduce patients demand and eventually reduce revenue and profits gained by hospitals. The study is designed to help the management of Federal-Medical Hospital about the employee adequacy and also help to reduce patient waiting time for services. Hence, this chapter critically discusses the background to the study. The chapter also looks at the statement of the problem, the objective of the study and the significance of the study. It also highlights on the research methodology used, the scope, limitations and the organization of the study. 1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY A queue is a waiting line, whether of people, signals or things (Ashhley, 2000). Queuing time is the amount of time a person, signal or a thing s |
Reviews
There are no reviews yet.