| Description | | Abstract
(Bilteneven 1973:11) says that a mass media can take message around the world. The stimulus for this on the research is to find out the impact of ANTI HIV/AIDS on the sexual habits of youths especially youth that reside in Ekwulobia Aguata local Government Area. As the saying goes that youth are the leader of tomorrow. The first chapter of these my study gives background information on the study. And also, looked at the introductory rational for the study, and the purpose/significance of the study. In addition to the limitations the second chapter surveyed the review of literature and summary of literature e. t c. The thirds chapter deals with the research question, research method, design population and sample. Data was gathered with help of questionnaires given to 160 correspondents, survey research method was used. Sample size was 120 and the population 720 youths resident of Ekwulobia local government area. The fourth chapter deals with the analysis of demography and hypothesis test, and it is presented in tables and also research questions were assessed and presented. The fifth chapter and also the final chapter has the summary, reference, conclusion, appendix and questionnaire derived from the findings of the study | | ABSTRACT
The world provides a competing for environment for firm competing for consumers chike of their product. yet consumers have the right to decide on what form of information they will respond to this research work is to examine critically influence of television Advertising on consumers choice of beverage plc. This research has the core objective of determining whether television advert has an influence on consumers choice, if there are factors, which can influence consumers choice and if advertising bring about brand loyalty in the course of this project, the researcher adopts survey research method with questionnaires as 600 used for this study. The sampling technique used is sample random sampling among the findings of this project is that television advertising influence most consumers, choice of beverages like carbury and also noted that television advertising alone could not perform all the task of influencing consumers in their choices of beverages. However, the major recommendation put forth is that no television station should down play advertising of the products especially carbury and as much as possible the price of the product should be emphasized on during advertising to capture consumers interest | CHAPTER ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
The concept of news, journalism and freedom of press have for many years now been a major sources of disagreement between developing countries eg. African and developed nations of the world. Developing countries often feel ill served by the western news media claiming that foreign writers distrust the story about African growth and development or at times failed to report it at all.
The developing nation at other hand often see the developing nation as hindering the report of news. Members often from the news media in industrialized nations say a free press as it existed in the United States of America (U.S.A) and Great Britain is virtually unknown in Africa and other part of the developing countries. They argue that information and communication has a vital note to play in the development of any nation.
In about mid 70s, there was a cry over the poor coverage of event in the industrialized world by the African press while the African press has said the same thing about the industrialized world. As a result of this problem, the maintenance of an open flow of information across national boundaries lies assists to create and maintain a source of nations hood, it also perform development task such as improving educational, health care delivery, science and technology, political stability and offers inter-cultural information. It also help information public opinion as well as acts as a form of entertainment. It also acts as watch dog on government in a country where such is permitted.
The developed countries have been accusing the third world. They claim that the third world countries used their media primarily for economic and social development and to promote the government inn power. These arguments have had poor coverage of foreign event by many newspapers.
They argue further that news about developed countries are often published negatively and started to suit the ideology of the third world news agencies. The nature of news is always changing as a result of national interest and standards are always changing and because of this, the structure of news for the developing nations especially African countries must be redefined to reflect the effort being made by different government in Africa to transform their societies.
The Western definition of news on the other hand emphasizes on events that is out of the ordinary, exceptional, existing, sensational of man-biting the day varieties. This concept of news has influenced Western consensus.
Sequel to this 1997 meeting was a new international commission on communication problem was set up. The commission was headed by Seen Macbridge, former risk foreign Minister. The commission submitted its reports in 1990.
However, apart form the commissions recommendation, the committee was surprise after analyzing the content of the third world newspaper to team that the developed countries newspaper radio and television ahs the same bias reportage of foreign events. The developed nation argues that the bulk of information said to developing nations were saluted to suit the power that be.
In addition to that, the commission pointed out that there is a tendency for journalists in developing countries to write in a manner in which facts are distorted to perpetuate pejorative attitude and also to use terms that is dividing and insulting.
The study therefore analyze the coverage of foreign news by Daily Champion and vanguard newspaper to see whether the two dailies has the same reportorial bias as was discovered by the international commission on communication problem.
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
In the cause of this project work, certain reporters in what they gather and write as news about Africa are obscene. To them news are made in the third world countries only when there are scandals, coup detat, civil war and insurgence etc.
The developing nations are still batting to challenge this western definition of news of stretching the definitions to include and emphasize constructive news, embracing stories on social change, economic development, social, cultural, agricultural, technology and industrial progress, news that highlighted the culture and of peoples life and promotes trade and commerce.
The developing countries have also complained about the imbalance in order of global news flow which ensures that eighty percent of the world news comes from the industrialized counties with only about ten to twenty percent concerned about the third world.
One of the situation of this dissatisfaction which the situation was in the advocating for a new world information and communication order (NWICO) an order with a broader base include necessary for the preservation of world peace.
In 1976 at the United Nations Education Scientific and cultural Organization (UNESCO) general conference in Nairob, Kenya, the issue of new world information and communication order was first raised. In 1998, UNESCO accorded what amounted to defaults recognition to the issue by granting it a compromised factor has contributed seriously to the impediment of this research work. It was a great puzzle movement to assemble these dairies and on the other hand, the interview of the personnels of these newspaper companies.
In consonances with that, there has been a great battle between developed countries and the developing countries on the issue of news imbalanced. The right coverage of such news will help mould public opinion concerning any of the nations. The developing countries hinder the free flow of information into such countries.
It is against this background that this study analyzed the coverage of foreign news in daily champion and vanguard Newspapers.
1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
The principal aim of this research work is to find out the extent to which Daily Champion and Vanguard Newspapers reports foreign news. The specific purpose of this study is to
1. To find out if the political ideology of Nigerian affects its press reportage of foreign news.
2. To evaluate between Daily Champion and Vanguard newspaper rate of foreign news coverage.
3. To know the type of news about foreign counties that is reported by Daily Champion and Vanguard newspaper.
4. To critically examine the extent at which the Nigerian press show interest in the countries.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
The most topical and persistent issue in international communication and politics today is the issue of global news flow controversy. This is essentially a demand to the necessity for a drastic change in the present pattern of information flow between and among nations of the world.
Experts argue that the research for solution will be in high emphases because of the influence of mass communication in international politics and peace. This project will help correct the negative view held by he public concerning the coverage of foreign news by Nigerian newspapers.
Finally, this work will indicate the shortcoming of Nigerian newspaper in the coverage of foreign events.
1.5 RESEARCH QUESTION
1. To what extent does Nigerian press show interest in the development of foreign news?
2. Does government policy affect the foreign news coverage?
3. Does the press cover more negative news about foreign countries than development news?
1.6 LIMITATION OF STUDY
This project is limited only to the Daily Champion and vanguard newspaper. These dailies has been picked at random for easy content analysis of he newspaper pages at the cause of this research, a lot of problems were encountered. These problems include lack of adequate textbook in the library needed for this study. As a result of that, the researcher was unable to visit major towns and cities where there are better equipped libraries. Time was another constraining factors, the research was carried out in a short period of four months.
This study will embrace the historical back ground of new world information and communication order (NWICO) discuss its short comings, travails and importance
1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS
The concept of this study are:
1) Nigerian press
2) Negative news
3) Development news
4) News imbalance
NIGERIAN PRESS
Periodicals, mostly newspapers that are published and owned within Nigerian.
NEGATIVE NEWS
News about drought, famine, political instability, loop, war and poverty.
DEVELOPMENT NEWS
News that covers basic economic development political stability, improvement in the technology improvement in the technological innovation, improved infrastructures. | |
| Content | Abstract
The role of opinion leaders in development communication (case study of Ugwuaji and Akpuoga rural communities in Enugu state). The aim of this research was to ascertain the effectiveness of opinion leadership in bringing about development communication in rural areas. That is to say, the effort was geared towards finding out how opinion leaders contributed to facilitating the achievement of development communication objectives of the rural people. The researcher became interested in this area of study because of the perceived impact of opinion leaders on the rural populace who make up about 80 percent of Nigeria’s population. Other findings are that opinion leaders hide some development communication messages and information from the rural people that opinion leaders are not the only credible source of information in terms of development etc. Based on the foregoing, therefore, they made recommendations relating to both policy and research. For policy, it is recommended, among others, that government should formulate and pursue policies that encourage the effective use of opinion leaders for rural development. For research, it is recommended, among others, that further research could focus on the relevance of opinion leadership to the urbanities, especially in this area of heavy reliance by urban audiences on foreign media for information. | Chapter One
1.1 Introduction
Before the advent of mass communication, the process of communication employed was interpersonal communication that is face to face communication. Interpersonal communication reaches limited audience but mass media make it possible for message to reach far beyond the immediate proximity of the sender. A few hundred feet may be all the distance the human voice prospect to a crowd, without the aid of a public address system. But a mass media can take the same message around the world (Bittenevn 1973: 11). But for this research work, we are narrowing it down to a particular mass media known as television. Although, there are other mass media like (radio) even the print media. The presence of television has influenced the society communication pattern, large audience now believes on television to provide a continuous flow of information, education, communication, entertainment and many others may depend on television for truth in complication and complex situation and when it is not granted they felt deprived. The impact of television in changing and shaping attitude and behaviours of the masses is the subject of debate because television influence modified by many factors. It is probably less powerful than many people think. But television do have an indirect influence on attitude at least they make people conscious. We witness the horror of war, crime, religious crises, ethnic and racial discrimination and so many societal ills its in the privacy and comfort of our living rooms. We learn new things, ideas and concepts when we listen and view television. This medium in its frequent reporting is about the issues like HIV/AIDS makes us to be aware of dreaded disease. The symptoms and signs, ways of contracting it, dangers it poses on immediate and future implication as well as prevention and treatment. Publicity in a corrupt society is believed to be a vital step to finding the cure of many societal ills. In line with this, it is believed that an existence courage and true information on ANTI-AIDS campaigns will get to perhaps, shape and mould the sexual habits of people more especially the youths.
1.2 Background of the study
We do not know how many people that have contracted this dreaded disease. AIDS in the 1970s and probably do not were AIDS virus HIV was originated from. The dominant feature of this first period was silence. HIV was unknown and transmission was not accompanied by signs and symptoms. Salient enough to be noticed seroarchaclogical studies have documented human infections with HIV prior to 1970s available data suggest that the current pandemic started in the mid to date 1970s. By 1980, HIV has spread to at least five continents such as Northern America, Southern American, Europe, Africa and Australia. In April 1981, there is an increase in case of rare lung, Infection pnuemocystic carnii pneumonia (PCP) at the center for disease control in Atlanta in June. The CDC published a report about the occurrence without indefinable cause of PCP. This report is sometimes referred to the beginning of AIDS, but it might be more accurate to describe it as the beginning of the general awareness of AIDS in the U.S.A. Around this time, a number of theories were developed about the possible cause of the opportunistic infections and cancers knowledge about this new disease was changing so quickly that certain assumption made at this time were shown to be unfounded just a few months later. In July, 1981, Dr Curran reported that no apparent dangers to non-homosexual from contagion. He said that no cases have been reported to data outside the homosexual community or in women. In June, 1982, report of a group of cases amongst gay men in southern California suggested that the disease might be caused by an infectious agent that was sexually transmitted. By the beginning of July, a total of 452 cases from 23 states had been reported to the CDC. Later that month, the report appeared that the disease was occurring in Haitian as well as in hemophilia. It is at the acronym AIDS was suggested at the meeting at Washington dc. By August, this name was being used in newspaper and scientific journals. AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) was first properly defined by the CDC in September, doctors though AIDS was an appropriate name because people acquired the situation rather than inherited it, because it resulted in a deficiency within the immune system, because it was syndrome with a number of manifestations, rather than a single disease. It was also becoming clear that AIDS was throughout 1982 there were separate reports of the disease occurring in a number of European countries on the same 1982, a number of AIDS specific voluntary organizations had been set up in the U.S.A. These include the san Francisco AIDS foundation (ASFAF), AIDS project los Angeles (APLA) and gay mens health crisis (GMNC). In November, 1982, the first AIDS organization is the terrenes Higgins trust was formally established in the UK, and by this time a number of AIDS organization were already producing safer sex advice for guy men.
1.3 Statement of problems
An Anti - HIV/AIDS advocacy programme which comprises publicity announcement, advertisement and ANTI-AIDS campaign was geared towards curbing the spread of the disease. Again it expected to help in changing and shaping the behaviours pattern of youth towards sex. This has called for ascertaining how these ANTI-HIV/AIDS programmers have influenced the sexual habits of youth or not.
1.4 Objectives or purpose of the study
This research work was aimed at examining the extent to which ABS T.V encourage on ANTI-HIV/AIDS PROGRAMMES have affected the youths residing in Ekwulobia, if it has changed their attitudes towards sex. This is also interested if their age, sex martial status and educational qualifications influence the way they receive the media message. Are the youths getting enough information on the disease?
1.5 Significance of the study
It is expected that the outcome of this study will help alert the youth on the dangers of HIV/AIDS and contribute to existing literature in the area of mass media effect. The study will help the health sector in monitoring and determine the type of media campaign to employ in corroboration of ANTI-AIDS information.
1.6 Research question
Four standard research questions are formulated for this study;
1. Do exposure of ANTI-HIV/AIDS programmes encourage youths from sexual promiscuity?
2. Do youths who are single expose themselves more to HIV/AIDS than those who are married?
3. How often do the youths have access to information about HIV/AIDS from ABS Awka television?
4. Do their programmes on ANTI-HIV/ AIDS related to the use of condom during sexual intercourse among youths?
1.7 Limitation on the study
Finance of transport from Ekwulobia to Onitsha was a limiting factor in the course of this research work. How the return of questionnaire could be managed was another limiting factor. Apathy on the part of these researcher interviewed could also posed a threat to the study. Again, some questionnaires suffered mortality.
1.8 Delimitation of the study
Ekwulobia town in Aguata local Government area has nine(9) villages. However, this study would be delimited to only four villages namely; Ula, Umuchiana, Okpo and Eziagulu. Since it would be difficult, if not impossible to study the entire villages in Ekwulobia.
1.9 Definition of terms
Impact: for the purpose of the study, it means strong impression or a compelling effect of ANTI-HIV/AIDs programmes on youths enough to make them change their sexual habits.
HIV/AIDS: humane immune virusAcquired immune deficiency syndrome.
ANTI-HIV/AIDS PROGRAMMES: programmes aimed at curbing the spread of HIV/AIDS disease.
SEXUAL HABITS: The immoral attitude practices towards sex.
YOUTHS: The age of adolescence ranging from 18 to 30 years of age.
TELEVISION: a piece of electrical equipment with a screen on which you watch programmes with moving pictures and sound. | Broadcasting has been at the forefront of many technological changes mostly in digitalization and enhancement of existing technology. For example digital technology now permits listeners to obtain traffic information and news per se | CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The major purpose of advertising is to communicate, educate and market a product/ service, idea or cause, though a channel or media that is accessible to target audience. However, the marketing function recognizes the strategic value of advertising as an element of the promotional mixifirm use in selling their goods and services according to Ozoh (1998, p.13).
Advertising is a distinct promotional element that serves as a bridge between the advertisers and the target market. Through advertising, the advertisers deliver his massage to the target market. Also in a mass market, where it is quite impossible to reach the multitude of prospects for a brand personally, advertising offers not only the cheapest means, but an effective way of entering into the targets consciousness to get them acquainted with the product with the product or services so there is need for advertisement in order to get the targets acquainted with the product or services.
Moreover, many organizations or industries believe that advertising their products will command or attract many consumer for such product. The question now is, does television advertising on consumers choice of beverage using carbury as comparative study for this research.
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The research under study orders on the topic influence of television advertising on consumers choice of beverage. Advertising pervades our lives. It is impossible to read newspaper, magazine, and journal or watch television, listen to radio or even travel the streets of our cities without being bombarded by commercial messages. Our country derives benefit from information about products and services. On the other side of the fence, companies with products or services to sell, regard advertising as a valuable and indeed indispensable marketing tool. a proximately 3% of the gross national product is currently devoted to advertising, so advertising is a large and essential way of doing business.
research of old see broadcast audience (TV viewers)as passive, hence they provided the passivity theory or buller theory which states that the media has a powerful effect on the audience and this means that once the advertising message gets to audience, it has an immediate impact on them. however, later research has proved otherwise. it is true that some kinds of communication on some kinds of product brought to the attention of some kinds of people, under some kind of conditions have some kind of effect, according to berelson as cited in Nwosu (2005, p.40). This does not mean that the audience is not without their own eritical-mind on a product. Television advertisements have been found to be of immense benefits.
Business organization involves them with advertisement in order to create awareness about their products and services and boost sales. By definition, advertising as the advertising practitioners council of Nigeria (APCON) defines it is a form of communication through media about products, services, or ideas, paid for by an identified sponsor (cited in Ozoh, 1998, p.1).Fletcher (1979) as cited by in Ozoh (1998,p.2) opines it is the dissemination of sales message through purchase time and space. The authors of contemporary Advertising (Bovee and Arens 1986) define, it as the non-personal communication of information usually paid for and usually persuasive in nature about a products, services or ideas by an identified sponsor through the various media.
Furthermore, advertising is a form of communication through the media about products, services, ideas, personalities or organizations, paid for by an identified sponsor. It is also a profession, a body of reminsee involved in the conceptualization, planning, creating, packaging and placing of advertising plays a major information role, making known available product and services to the intending consumers, and offering the products and services as attractively possible, thus enabling the consumer to make a choice, Wright and Warner(1997, p.2) opine that advertising has the unique function to create differentiation among product brands and services that are otherwise difficult to distinguish.
Advertising of a particular product that fails to live up to the expectations of the consumer will not be effective and thus, will not exert any influence. How true is the above assertion? To what extent do these television advertisements influence audience? Hence the relevance of this study: influence of television advertising on consumers choice of Beverage.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The primary aim of every business organization is to make profit and this profit in achieved through the patronage of the class of people the business organization regard as its primary customers. According to McDaniel (1996 p.1) Advertising is a method of impersonal communication using such media as the press, radio, Bill board, television and so on. However, there are a number of problems which need to be carefully stated before any decision can be made about whether to spend any money on advertising at all, let alone how to spend it. For example many people believe that advertising is a waste of money and that media expenditure would be better spending on personal selling. All these are issue in television advertising, hence the need to undergo a study on influence of television advertising on consumer choice of Beverages.
1.3 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
The following are the objectives of this work
1. To find out if television advertising has any influence on consumers choice of Beverages.
2. To find out whether there are other factors which can influence consumers on their choice of beverages.
3. To find out if television advertising brings about brand loyalty.
4. To find out the number of people that watch television advertising.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
With a view to obtaining answer to the problems of this research work, the following research questions are posed.
1. Does television advertising influence consumers choice of beverage?
2. Can other factors other than advertising influence brand loyalty?
3. Do consumers see brand name as synonymous with quality?
4. How often do masses view television advertising?
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The essence of television advertising is to influence consumers in decision making on their choice of beverages based on what they watch. This study is relevant for advertising agencies and the media who sees the need to receive and disseminate television advert to the public. Also, the study would help researchers and other scholars in ascertaining the influence or effects of television advertising on brand choice of audience it will help audience in the selection of products.
1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The effect of this work is targeted at determining the responses among television viewers concerning television advertising on consumers choice of beverage using carbury as a comparative study to be covered. Attempt will also be made to know the extent at which television station run such programmes.
1.7 LIMITATION OF THESTUDY
The major limitations of this study is that the newness of the topics as assigned by the project supervisor posed a big challenge to the researcher. Lack of material such as textbook, journals, internet print-outs relevant to carry out the research and renovation of school library were banners to the study. Despite all these limitations, the research was successfully carried out.
1.8 OPERATIONAL DEFNITION OF TERMS
The under listed terms are defined in with their usage in the study, influence, operationally, influence means the indirect power over something. It could be as a result of something, somebody or a group of people.
Television: It is a piece of electrical equipment with a screen on which you can watch adverts with sound and moving pictures.
Advertisement: It refers to any paid for or sponsored messages, which is disseminated through the media and aim at informing and persuading to purchase a product or services.
Consumer: In this context, consumer refers to a person who buys and uses finished goods and services.
Choice: This refers to the selection of something among possible alternatives.
Beverages: Refers to any liquid that is drunk for food or pleasure. A drink other than water | | This project on impact of Freedom of Information Act: A study of journalism practices in Uyo community from January to June is aimed at finding out how Freedom of Information Act impact positively on the life of practicing journalists in Uyo community. In carrying out the study the researcher used survey design method while questionnaire was the instrument of the study. Simple tables and percentages were used in analyzing and presenting the data collected. The researcher made some recommendations to support that Freedom of Information Act encourage investigative journalism balance reporting openness and transparency in the decision making process which will improve citizens trust in government action. The researcher also made few numbers of suggestions for further studies which will continue to inform people about the impact this topic (Freedom of Information Act) has on our society. And from the conclusion drawn from the questionnaire tables it is shown that Freedom of Information Act impact positively on the life of working journalists in Uyo community and strengthens the constitutional guarantee of freedom to receive and impact information and ideas without any hindrance. Again the respondents proved that Freedom of Information Act empower the professionalism and the ethics of journalism. |
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