| Description | ABSTRACT
This project is on sociological investigation of the determinant factors and the effects of child street hawking in Nigeria. An increase in the number of the children hawkers in Nigeria has become worrisome. With selected respondents in a densely populated area of Lagos State (n = 100), this paper investigates the problem of street hawking among the Nigerian children. Agege Local Government Area of Lagos State, Nigeria, was purposely sampled and the respondents who participated in the study were conveniently sampled from the study area. Simple percentages and chi-square were the methods of data analysis employed in this study. The study discovered that the level of awareness of the dangers inherent in child hawking among the affected children was low. The investigation of the study revealed that parents ’ levels of education, parents ’ occupations and the sizes of the family were significantly related to the problem of child hawkers in the study area. The study recommends intensified enlightenment programmes on the problem of child hawkers, positive and genuine commitment by the government, mass, free and compulsory education, and a serious fight against poverty through poverty alleviation and eradication programmes by the government. The implications of doing these were discussed. | Abstract
The crime of kidnapping in Nigeria is becoming so alarming to an extent that no body knows who next to be affected by it. This study looked at the perceived effects, causes, reasons and solution to the problem of kidnapping in Nigeria particularly in Enugu East Senatorial District. It used questionnaire and in-depth interview in its data collection and found that the causative factors of kidnapping are payment of ransom, non cooperation with the police, lack of instruction on moral and too much emphasis on material gains. Therefore it recommends the introduction of youth empowerment programmes by the NGOSÕ and government as the key instrument to its solution. It also recommends that more sophisticated and computerised equipments and ammunitions should be distributed to all state headquarters and area commands in order to detect the hoodlums and combat the advancement of the crime. | ABSTRACT
This research project is designed to bring out the importance of audit to the effective working of the organization using First Bank Nigeria Plc Okpara Avenue, Enugu state.
In pursuant to this, data were collected by personal interview, questionnaires and through researcherÕs observation. Secondary data were collected from journals, publications and related works.
Also, findings showed that all the strategies for effective working operations are applicable in the case study. It was revealed that because of the laws guiding auditors, the attitude and perception of auditors to effective working operation in my case study was adequate.
Finally, based on these findings, various recommendations were made amongst which include, that for auditorÕs work to be relied upon by other or for the work of auditors not to be subjected to any loss or damage, they should not accept gifts or packages, have personal relationship with clients and should carry out their duties in compliance with statutory requirements. | CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
This research work is on Fraud prevention and control in banking system.
Banking system in our economy is a very vital sector and their position in our economy can not be over emphasized. The banking system in Nigeria was fashioned along with that of Britain the banking system act as financial intermediate for funds between the deficit and surplus sector of the Nigeria economy.
Nigeria banking sector is made up of the central bank of Nigeria (CBN) commercial banks, merchant bank, development bank and specialized banks. This banks deal on various financial instruments and development there are transferable and desirable in nature. Not withstanding, the recent incident of fraud and forgeries tend to pose a serious bottle neck to proper functioning of the banking system, thereby incensing the association risk and business system loss report early.
The oxford dictionaries defined fraud as criminal deception deceptive tricks cheating swindling but Longman dictionariesÕ prefers to defined fraud from the view point, fraud in fact and fraud in equality.
According to Okezie (1999) 9.476 frauds involves the use of deception to obtain an unjust or illegal financial advantages or also CBN banking supervision annual report 1998 defined fraud as involving the willful misinterpretation, the deliberate concealment of material fact or the purpose of inducing another person to do something. Poss. J.A (1990) P.99 also defined fraud as a legal term for a purposeful deception that result in financial loss to another.
However, an over view of event in the law few years not helping matters at all. In this part of the world, fraud and person with questionable character are applauded and honored with chieftaincy titles and can not fight this epidemic instead, more person grow for the act daily. Frauds generally, are motivated by greed. This is true because the rise in the activities of fraudsters tend to respond due to the desire of wealth and the intention to receive and obtain benefit at the detriment of another person
A recent survey by financial institutions forms the major part and plays the major role (Ngwu, 2012). The size of an enterprise usually determines the size of fraud perpetrated in it, the banks are the most victimized as it has leads to many bank failures in Nigeria in particular and the entire globe in Nigeria.
Going by this backdrop, the problem now is how to effectively monitor activities of these fraud, which seen to be matching their skill with rapid development in the system. Fraud has been viewed as inherent in nature of banking operations still it can be prevented or reduced to the bearest minimum. However, the report of December 2002 prepare by the financial institution investigated (that in the fourth and also affect the economic growth in Nigeria) quarter, 36%m of the banks that rendered returns repeated, experienced one forgery and fraud or other of the total of 176 cases. And amount involved in the case was N 802.07 million
On the forgoing, I wish to adopt chi-square technique and to analyse the report of data collected from the three selected bank visited for my study.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Many banks today have suffered a great financial loss in the end of numerous financial transaction and unsecure loan. Fraud has become sophisticated as to make a forged cheque look good for the owner to confirm it was his own signature, frequent occurrence of fraud ultimately distracts the attention of the management and leads to increased running cost. However, the major problem face in this study is that
Fraud brings about unwanted
losses for bank and equally put the
management on a confused state of mind
and also effects the economic growth
of Nigeria while spending hard earned control.
Any case of bank fraud clips of a bit of public truth in financial institution and as well, so down the development of banking habits. Moreover, it can easily be noticed that if nothing is done to control these ugly incidence, sooner than letter fraud could lead to total collapse of the economy as a whole and the wind up of bank if care if were not taken
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
Having successfully indicated the numerous problems obtained on finance fraud in the Nigeria banking system, the main objectives in caring out this research work will now be stated.
I. To study critically how fraud in banks could be prevented and controlled.
II. To evaluate the easiest way ration of fraud and other fraud committed could be electronically captured.
III. Ways to reduce the spread of fraud in our banking system, through effective monitoring control procedure and efficient monitoring electronic transaction until properly executed.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTION
Considering the importance of this study, it has become imperative for the researcher to postulate the following question.
I. Is it true that fraud is inherent in banking operation?
II. Does fraud have any impact on the bank?
III. Why is it that it takes months for fraud to be dictated?
1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
The research on fraud prevention and control in the banking system is a fact finding one therefore, the research hypothesis did not just emerge from the blue was draw from the nature of the problem at hand for emphasis purpose, it is described as a tentative statement about the variable stated below. Therefore the hypotheses are as follows:
Ho1: financial fraud in banking system is difficult to be prevented and controlled in banking system.
Ho2: bank fraud has negative effect on the profitability of the banking system.
Ho2:Bank fraud has significant impact on depositors confidence in banks
Ho1:Bank fraud has no significant impact on depositors confidence in banks
1.6 SIGNINFICANCE OF THE STUDY
Although this research work is not exhaustive one because of the non availability of some important information and limited time all part of this work is to financial institution.
Moreover, this study is prepared for these who may be interested or willing in carrying out further investigation on fraud with special reference to financial institutions. However the banks will benefit greatly from this research work in preventing and controlling of frauds in their banks and this they cab achieve by adopting and implanting the different ways suggested by this study in management control system.
1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
Due to financial and time constraints usually associated with studies of this nature, the scope of this study is Access bank plc, Spring bank plc and first bank plc; all are selected banks in Nigeria.
1.8 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
Finance was one of the major constraints that limited the work intended to be undertaken by the researcher. The fact that there is inadequate fraud at my disposal accounted for the un-intensive fact finding in the course of my study.
Time constraints are also another factor that limited this research work. The purpose of this study is so small but above all the result of this work falls above the mediocrity.
Finally the unco-operative attitude of staff of the selected banks become problematic, as three was no access to source for information required for the study.
1.9 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Control: Control in the context implies taken to minimize occurrences such as fraud.
Document: A document according to 5.467 of the commercial code include, register, and paper paramount or other material whatsoever used for writing, printing , which is marked with and letter or any letter or any other signs capable of conveying definite meaning to persons conversant with them but does include trademarks on goods. A document is not only in writing papers and in voucher, cheques etc but include writing based on words stone or metal etc.
E-fraud: these are financial fraud committed through the use of bank information technology facilities.
False Documentation: Documentation is said to be false if it contains alteration in any material part.
Fraud: This is a legal term for a purposeful deception that results in financial loss to another.
Fraudster: these are persons who professionalized in defiantly people of their earned income and legal acquired properties.
Forgery: This is falsification of document or instrument purport to be real when it is not.
Prevention: This refers to measures taken to avoid occurrence e.g something. | CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1:1 Background to the Study
This research is on Ethnic militias and sub-nationalism in nigeria: a comparative study of massob and opca. Subnationalism in Nigeria is as old as the country and stems from the character of the Nigerian state which cannot be dissociated from the role the colonialists played in the creation of the country. Before the intrusion of the British into what is now known as Nigeria, the various ethnic and cultural groups that make up the country existed as autonomous political entities. These entities had their own political systems, social and religious values distinct from one another (Okafor 1997). The aim of the colonialists in bringing these entities together was purely for exploitation of capital. To facilitate this, they employed divide and rule tactics so as to consolidate and preserve British foothold with little interest in the social, economic or political development of the country or its people (Asia 2001).
Consequently, British colonial policies, were not tailored to foster unity among the disparate groups that constitute Nigeria, rather it was intended to exploit the varied differences, create distrusts, suspicions and cleavages among them (Uzoigwe 1996). The entrenchment of these differences and competition among the ethnic groups to control the soul of the Nigerian state led to several violent confrontations between them prior to the country’s independence (Okafor 1997). The post-colonial regimes that succeeded the colonialists, instead of carrying out comprehensive reforms of the Nigerian state so as to reduce subnationalism, had largely continued the pattern of the receded colonialists (Adejumobi 2002). These successive post independence regimes failed to initiate far-reaching policy measures to coalesce ethnic differences into positive ventures that could create a pan Nigerian identity. Instead, most of the policies undertaken were rather aimed at suppressing ethnic consciousness and minimize the challenge it poses to the legitimacy of the state or the authority of the incumbent regime. The result of this is the heightened hegemonic contest for power at the centre by the ethnic groups that make up Nigeria.
This competition for ethnic domination has over the years, assumed varying forms in the politics of Nigeria. At one time or the other, the ethnic groups that are disadvantaged in this game have either attempted secession or had threatened to secede from the country. For instance, the attempt of the Igbo dominated former Eastern Region to transform into the Republic of Biafra between 1967 to 1970 was crushed by the Federal government, thus consigning that ambition to history. But since the end of that war, the Igbo who used to be part of the tripod on which the Nigerian state was established has been crying of marginalization and exclusion from full integration into the Nigerian society (Nnoli 2008). In the Niger Delta region, the minority ethnic groups perceive themselves as second class citizens of Nigeria, and have been crying out for recognition (Osaghae 1995, Ikelegbe 2001). This cry for recognition preceded the country’s independence, but the Ogoni uprising of the 1990s gave impetus and fillip to the agitations in that region and from which other groups have taken cue from. The same applies to the Yoruba where perception of injustice against the group, stems from the annulment of the presidential election held in June 1993, which was widely believed to have been won by a Yoruba man in the person of Chief Moshood Abiola. The natural effect of all these developments is the emergence of groups as offshoots of these perceptions of marginalization portraying their activities as attempts to redress the marginalization of their particular ethnic group.
But the Nigerian state has been a violent institution right from inception because it has sought to maintain control and hegemony in society through violent means as exemplified by the pattern of administration of the colonial and military regimes that dominated governance for the most part of the country’s history (Uzoigwe 1996, Obi 2004). Subnationalism tendencies were therefore suppressed because peaceful agitation and popular movements were visited with official violence and repression (Uzoigwe 1996).
Presently, the use of arms is not restricted to the state and as it is beginning to manifest in Nigeria because there is a tendency within the political society to use violence as an instrument of achieving political ends. Examples abound on how the political parties of the first and second republics recruited armed thugs, as a strategy to win elections. As such, the prevalence of violent ethnic movements which now seem to be flourishing is not new after all, as portrayed in some literature and commentaries. According to Madunagu (2000), the widespread resort to violence by primordial groups in Nigeria as a means to achieve their ends, stem from the nature of politics which compels every political organization at a certain stage of its development to acquire an armed wing. Some ethnic groups take advantage of their entrenched position in the government, to deploy the national army, the police and other security operatives as armed wings to further exclusive group interests. So whether it is called youth wing of a political party or cultural association, thugs, intelligence officers or bodyguards, these militarized forms have been used directly to push for power and political objectives. And so the background and precursor to the militarization of some civil society organizations sometimes referred to as ethnic militia groups, was the militarization of the state and politics in Nigeria (Udogu 1994, Adejumobi 2002). These varied organizations that are referred to as ethnic militias have different histories, goals and present action, their objectives range from the motive of drawing attention to the perceived marginalization of their ethnic group, serving as social pressure to influence the structure of power to redress perceptions of marginalization of their group or the extreme goal of outright dismemberment from the Nigerian political family. The implication of the statement above is that new forms of ethnic assertiveness have emerged. This new dimension of sub-nationalism is epitomised by ethnic movements that believe in violence as means to furthering parochial interests (Jason 2006). The point being made here is that ethnic consciousness has escalated from simple agitation of loose ethnic associations to the level where organised violence oriented groups with the audacity to carry arms are asking questions and demanding answers, thus directly challenging the legitimacy of the state.
This development has been observed across the country. For instance, the Movement for the Actualization of Sovereign State of Biafra (MASSOB) founded in 1999 is an Igbo dominated ethnic movement, the Oodua People’s Congress (OPC) is predominant in the Yoruba area and predates the return to democracy in 1999, but became more visible thereafter in their quest for a repositioned Yoruba nation in the politics of Nigeria. In the Niger Delta, the Movement for the Survival of Ogoni Peoples (MOSOP) founded in the 1990s, sparked the formation of loose armed groups that are based in that region such as the Niger Delta People’s Volunteer Force (NDPVF) and the Movement for the Emancipation of Niger Delta (MEND). These organizations are not only struggling to call attention to the despoliation of the environment of the delta due to oil exploration, but are also demanding that a good proportion of the resources exploited from their region be retained there so as to right the wrongs of years of deprivation.
In the North, the story remains the same, violent ethnic movements and militant Islamic bodies dot the area and these developments stem from the perception of marginalization and non-accommodation of pure Islamic way of life by the Nigerian political system. Prominent among these organizations in the North are the Arewa People’s Congress (APC) which emerged to counter the OPC, the ‘hambada’ and ‘hisbah’ which enforce sharia compliance in northern states.
Repression has formed the hallmark of the Nigerian government response to these manifestations of subnationalism. Instead of specifically looking at each of the cases, they have often been bunched into a basket and same treatment applied. This approach of the government to managing subnationalism does not permit the expression of grievances on discussion table but had rather tended to escalate the situation resulting in the frequent clashes between these groups and security operatives that often culminate into loss of lives. Government strategy has also centred on clampdown on the leadership of these organizations. Such reactions have not succeeded in abating the activities of these organizations but have rather intensified the spate of ethnic nationalism in Nigeria.
Therefore, the study aims at a comparative examination of ethnic militias as a form of subnationalism expression in Nigeria. Specific cases that were examined are the MASSOB and OPC which draw their membership from two of the three major ethnic groups in Nigeria. The study attempted to find out if these organizations emerged from spontaneous development in the political system or isolated cases emanating from different circumstances.
The study also probed the factors that led to the emergence of these groups, the motivation, participation and membership of the organizations. It examined the profile of the rank and file members and the strategies of recruitment into the organizations. The study also examined the tactics employed by these organizations to realize their professed objectives and attempted to ascertain the level of support of the two organizations from their publics whose interests they purport to project. Though Nigeria is the main focus of the study, similar developments in other parts of the world were highlighted. The aim is to draw lessons useful for nation building and better management of ethnicity for the country.
1:2 Statement of the Problem
The concept of ethnic militia in the context of Nigerian political development as a form of subnationalism expression is new; it wasn’t a surprise therefore that apart from popular media characterization, the body of literature that focuses on the subject is very scanty. It is this fact that makes it difficult to establish an acceptable criterion to determine which of the groups that parade the Nigerian landscape falls under the categorization of militia. But that apart, some of the ethnically based organizations in Nigeria have exhibited certain attributes of militia organizations, especially the tendency for violent behavior and hierarchical organization. Though these organizations spread across the country are diverse in nature and do not pursue the same agenda, the common thread that runs through all of them is the manifestation of subnationalism. For instance, Adejumobi (2002:2) sees these organizations as ‘youth based formations that emerged with the intention of promoting and protecting the parochial interests of their ethnic groups and whose activities sometimes involve the use of violence’. But subnationalism in Nigeria is not a new phenomenon and not restricted to particular sub-national groups in Nigeria, but rather applies to all sub-national groupings in the world. The locus for this has been pointed at the contradictions that attended the formation of the country. The coercive integration of disparate groups with diverse ways of life and orientations makes the expression ‘sub-nationalism’ natural.
The proliferation of violent ethnic formations and groups in Nigeria raises the question of factors responsible for this development. The reasons advanced by the various ethnic militia groups making varying demands on the Nigerian state as justification for their activities relate to perception of injustice and marginalization of their ethnic groups within the context of the Nigerian political system. The realization of this has compelled the government to come out with measures aimed at addressing what is popularly referred to as the ‘national question’, which has been the reason for the persistence of sub-nationalism in the country. The containment approach of military administrations aggravated subnationalism and created the condition for its transformation into forms championed by emboldened ethnic organizations using violence as a means to accomplish their objectives. Included in these are MASSOB and OPC which purport to promote the interests of Nigeria’s two major ethnic groups of Igbo and Yoruba respectively. Establishing the degree of variability of these manifestations is imperative so as to identify, analyse and explain similarities and differences.
1:3 Objectives of the Study
The broad objective of this study is to:-
- Carry out a comparative study of MASSOB and OPC as consequences of subnationalism in Nigeria
Other objectives are to:
- Examine the nature, character and modus operandi of MASSOB and OPC as militia organizations.
- To determine the extent to which MASSOB and OPC represent the aspirations of their publics.
- Examine the relationship between socio-economic conditions and the motivation of membership of MASSOB and OPC.
1:4 Research Questions
- What are the factors responsible for the emergence and persistence of ethnic militia groups in Nigeria?
- What are the nature, character and modus operandi of MASSOB and OPC?
- To what degree are MASSOB and OPC representative of the aspirations of their ethnic groups?
- What socio-economic conditions created avenues for these groups to persevere and how similar are the motives that drive joiners?
1:5 Research Propositions
- The non resolution of the Nigerian national question is significantly responsible for the transformation of subnationalism into forms expressed by MASSOB and OPC.
- By their nature, character and modus operandi, the degree of variations between MASSOB and OPC are not significant.
- The motivation of joiners of MASSOB and OPC varies significantly from each other.
- The response of OPC’s public to their activities varies significantly from MASSOB’s public.
1:6 Significance of the Study
The study contributes to the literature on ethnic militia. It will open new vistas of knowledge on the subject, thus providing concerned stakeholders opportunity of understanding the causal factors of subnationalism as it relates to the Nigerian context.
The study also brings out the role or contribution of subnationalism to nation building in Nigeria. This is significant in the sense that it shall establish factors that pull towards ethnic conflict and sub-nationalism within the peculiar Nigerian milieu which in turn will guide the management of ethno-national tendencies for a multi-national society.
1:7 Research Methodology
This study adopted the comparative study method and so applied comparative analysis. This implies that the focus of the study centered on the discovery of uniqueness and similarities that relates to the manifestations of ethnic militia and subnationalism. The reason behind the adoption of comparative method which incorporated aspects of qualitative and quantitative data gathering techniques for this study were to interrogate phenomenon of ‘ethnic militias’ as a consequence of subnationalism in Nigeria. Therefore, data collection for the study was through a combination of primary sources such as survey and key informant interviews and secondary sources from books and other documentary materials’, especially periodicals.
1:7:1 Research Population
The population of this study comprises ethnic militia groups in Nigeria. The criterion for membership is restricted to ethnicity and other primordial considerations. They are violence-oriented and profess narrow agenda that promotes interests of sub-unit groups at the expense of the general interests of the state and those of other groups in the state. Their activities and methods of operations fall outside the confines of state laws. From the Literature and popular media, such organizations include the Oodua Peoples Congress, the Niger Delta Volunteer Force, the Egbesu Boys of Africa and the Arewa People Congress. Others includes, Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra, the Yandaba,the Bakassi Boys, Hisbah and the Movement for the Emancipation of Niger Delta. The rationale is to find out the relationship between the phenomenon of ethnic militia movements and subnationalism in Nigeria.
1:7:2 Sample Size
The study is based on the sample size of two organizations drawn from different regions and cultural settings in Nigeria. The two organizations are the Oodua Peoples Congress (OPC) and the Movement for the Actualization of Sovereign State of Biafra (MASSOB).
The choice of the OPC is based on the fact that it was the first violence-oriented ethnic militia organization in Nigeria. The OPC which has arrogated certain functions to itself, has collided with security operatives several times since 1998. The organization draws its members from the Yoruba ethnic group which is one of the largest ethnic groups in the country. It is therefore justifiable that in a study of this nature, the OPC must fall naturally into the sample.
The other sample organization is MASSOB, whose selection is premised on the fact that the group is dominantly constituted by Igbo people of the Southeast of Nigeria. Igbo people were at the receiving end of the civil war of 1967-70 after the former Eastern region dominated by the Igbo ethnic group was transformed into an independent state of Biafra. This choice is justified also because just like the Yoruba, the Igbo from where MASSOB draws most of its members are one of the major ethnic groups in southern Nigeria. The justification for choosing these organizations stems from the fact that their activities challenge the authority of the state which has remained fragile since the creation of the country.
1:7:3 Sampling Techniques
Given the nature of the subject which does not make probabilistic sampling possible as there would be no way of distinguishing who is a militia or not, non-probabilistic sampling technique becomes necessary, because of its advantage to reach a target sample quickly. As such, purposive sampling was adopted for the survey.
The goal of the survey was to reach the rank and file membership of the two organizations under study and administer sets of questionnaire to them about their profiles, life histories, motives and activities. This exercise which targeted a sample population of two hundred (200) was conducted in Lagos and Ibadan for the OPC and Onitsha and Okwe for MASSOB. The cities chosen are appropriate because Lagos is the place where OPC was formed, where most of their activities are more profound and where the headquarters of the organization is located whereas Ibadan is the biggest Yoruba city, once the regional capital, and it is similar to Lagos as a cosmopolitan city where the Yoruba of different dialects are found. On the other hand, Onitsha has become notorious for MASSOB activities and where most of the violent clashes with security operatives occurred, whereas Okwe near Owerri is the location of MASSOB’s headquarters. Okwe is important because it is the host of monthly national meetings of the MASSOB which is rotated in terms of attendance for all administrative regions of MASSOB.
1:7:4 Sampling Frame
In this study, 200 copies of the research questionnaire were administered to rank and file members of the two organizations, hundred (100) copies each for the OPC and MASSOB. For the OPC 50 copies each were administered in Lagos and Ibadan. Here attempts were made to ensure that the rank and file membership belonging to the two main factions of Gani Adams and Fredrick Faseun were captured as equally as possible even though the rift in the organization has been settled at the time the questionnaire was administered. The cities where 50 copies of questionnaire were administered to MASSOB members are Onitsha and Okwe, the headquarters of the group which is visited monthly alternatively by the various branches for their meetings. The number is adequate to guarantee the confidence level that the study requires. It is a non-probability arbitrary choice because the population size of both organizations is not known and their claim to membership strength cannot be verified and moreover it is not easy to distinguish members of the group from sympathizers. But the parameter used in this type of study to reach a large number of members was through their meetings. Participation in meetings suggests commitment and so the individuals who were reached through this way are reliable members of the group and approximate active members of the organizations. The questionnaire addressed issues such as the socio-demographic profiles and biographies of the members of the organizations, their motive for enlisting into the organizations, the organization’s process of recruitment as well as their activities.
In addition, there were series of key informant interviews with four prominent actors within the two organizations. The target interviewees were the leaders at the top echelon of the two organizations. They include, Dr Fredrick Faseun, the founder and National Chairman of OPC, Otunba Gani Adams, National Coordinator of the OPC and factional leader, Chief Ralph Uwazurioke, founder and the National Leader of MASSOB and Mr Benjamin Onuegbu, Western Zonal Coordinator of MASSOB. The aim was not only to gather information about their ideology and vision but also to find out from them the structure of the organization, finance and mode of operation. Attempt was made to record their experiences, thoughts and feelings about their struggle vis-a-vis their professed goals and objectives. Other opinion leaders in Owerri and Okwe were also interviewed as a measure to gauge perception that led to the establishment of these organizations. The interview form used was the one–off type which was unstructured in order to be more in-depth and also to allow the interviewee room to fully express themselves. The unstructured interview lets the interviewee tell their story and so determines to some extent, the flow of the dialogue. However, the interview, in spite of this fact revolved around the key theme as expressed in the research questions.
The study also relied on secondary sources such as books, reports of dailies and periodicals describing the activities of the two organizations and their leaders which were reviewed and critically analysed updated. Government publications, conference papers, seminar reports, etc were also reviewed. Data from these sources were used mainly to support the views and provide insights into the data derived from the primary sources. We also used materials from secondary sources to address some of the questions that have to do with conceptual issues as well as provide the solid bases for qualitative analysis of empirical outcome.
1:7:5 Validity and Reliability of Survey Instrument
The concern of any researcher is to ensure that the instruments designed for the collection of data are dependable. This process is important in any research endeavor so as to measure accurately and obtain the right responses intended. In this regard, the questionnaire was given to experts at the Department of Political Science and International Relations overseeing the project for their inputs and criticisms. Furthermore, to ensure reliability and validity of the survey instrument, the study pre-tested the instruments in Okota-Lagos for the OPC and Ijeshatedo-Lagos for MASSOB where ten sets of questionnaire each were administered.
This was determined through the correlation of the score for each item with the total score for each individual, and comparing that to the variability present for all individual item score. In other to accomplish this, the study employed the Test-re-test reliability for the questionnaire administered to the selected 10 respondents of each of the organizations with the help of leaders of the organizations at Okota and Ijeshatedo in Lagos state. This exercise was carried out twice within two weeks interval of each other with the result showing a higher correlation between the two exercises. This showed clearly that the instrument we employed in our study was reliable and valid.
1:7:6 Data Presentation and Analysis
The study employed the descriptive statistical technique to analyze the data sourced from the administration of questionnaire, key informant interviews and documentary sources. The data were presented in simple percentages using tables and charts as illustration comparing the two organizations. Categorization of social events and content analysis of the recorded responses and diary of events as they occur within the study period were also undertaken. The results of the study were therefore presented in descriptive, narrative form which implied descriptive account of selected trends and developments derived from the data. Information was synthesized on key themes and issues as our units of analysis which were derived from the objectives of the study. This was imperative because comparison can lead to fresh, exciting insights and a deeper understanding of issues.
1:7:7 Units of Analysis
To realize the objectives of this study, our unit of analysis was anchored on the following variables;
- Objectives and goal of the organizations, where we looked at how those ideological orientations that informed the formation of MASSOB and OPC conform to sub-nationalism tendencies.
- Traits of militia organization; enabled us address one of the objectives of the study that attempted to look at the nature, character and modus operandi of MASSOB and OPC. This was accomplished by analyzing information that examines the features of militia organizations so as to establish the degree by which either of the groups conforms with the characterization.
- Predictors of enlistment; this is another important variable considered as our unit of analysis for this study. The purpose was to make an outlay on what drives individuals to joining the two groups under consideration. Was it ideology that is propelling folks to join or was it the prevailing economic condition that those individuals were facing that is responsible?
- Mobilization strategy of membership; this variable was also employed to compare the two organizations from the perspective of grievance, xenophobia or greed as the elements that attract and sustain membership mobilization. This was derived from the objective that seeks to examine the modus operandi of the two organizations.
- The profile of recruits; this variable probes the characteristics of members who were recruited into the two organizations. This centered on their age, educational attainment, and occupational status. The aim was to establish whether there were differences in our study between the two organizations in terms of the kind of people who constitute them and derived from the objectives that seek to examine the relationship between socio-economic conditions and motivation of membership.
- Derivatives of membership; here our attention was focused on the perception of individual members of the two groups as it relates to gains and benefits derivable from membership, whether it is economic, psychological or otherwise.
- Determinants of cooperation; this variable was used to compare the two organizations in terms of the factor that binds the members or factors that ensures cohesion in the organizations. We considered whether it relates to coercion, or is it interest, values, personal bonds or even social capital that is of vital importance in either of the organizations. This was derived from the objective that seeks to examine the nature and character of the two organizations.
- Micro-Group Response; this is another vital variable that was employed as a unit of analysis in the study to determine the relationship of MASSOB and OPC with their publics (the Igbo and Yoruba respectively). To further this, our concern was focused on the marital status of individual members of the groups, family ties, and their place of abode among other factors that revealed the level of attachment the group has established with the micro-group and the support base the organizations command with their publics in terms of acceptance of their activities and the corresponding response from their publics.
1:8 Scope of Study and Delimitation
The study covered socio-political developments in Nigeria dating back to the formative period to the point sub-nationalism manifestation became appropriated by militant ethnic organization. The focus of the comparative study was that of the Movement for the Actualization of Sovereign State of Biafra and The Oodua People’s Congress. Access to information was naturally difficult, given the nature of the subject of study. For instance, the process of spotting a militia or members of the groups or penetrating the two groups was not easy and so obtaining accurate and confidential information was indeed very difficult.
1:9 Operational Definitions of Terms
1:9:1 Sub-nationalism; is the movement of people to exit or pursue independent statehood or regional autonomy within a multi-ethnic, multi-religious state. We also refer to sub-nationalism as a movement or revolt of peoples against the unitary nature of state, reinforced by indigenous rights and contention of power. Sub-nationalism leans to mobilization and ethnocentrism for political and economic advantage of one ethnic group against another.
1:9:2 Ethnic Militia; are organized violence-oriented groups populated by diverse elements, cutting across different age strata, but drawing membership exclusively from an ethnic group and established to promote and protect the interests of an ethnic group. Ethnic militias is an extreme form of ethnic agitation for self-determination and occurs when the ethnic group assumes militant posture. They serve as a social pressure group designed to influence the structure of power to the advantage of and call attention to the deteriorating material condition or political deprivation and perceived marginalization of their group or social environment.
1:9:3 National Question; refers to the tensions and contradictions of the Nigerian federalism and inter-group relations pivoting around issues of marginalization, domination, inequality and injustice in the distribution of resources, citizenship rights, representation and access to power and political offices. | Abstract
The main objective of this thesis is to identify the threats and the vulnerabilities concerning Nigeria port, and finally recommend measure to overcome the identified threats and vulÂnerabilities. Various categories of potential threats and vulnerabilities have been studied throughout the literature review. However, because each port presents a unique sets of threats and vulnerabilities, there was a need to look critically into how Nigeria port operaÂtions are being conducted in other to identity the potential threats and vulnerabilities perÂtaining to the said port. This study applied Case Study Approach as a research strategy by using Qualitative research method as a means of exploring and understanding how individual or group ascribe to social or human problem, and also identify new theoretical propositions or managerial actions is needed. The empirical data for this study was collected through primary and secondary sources. With primary source, questionnaire, observation as well as informal discussion were used. Whereas with secondary source, raw data and publish summaries that have been colÂlected by organizations and individual, excluding researchers were used.
The results of the study revealed the strength and the vulnerabilities within security system at the port of Nigeria. Apart from the strength and weaknesses, potential threats that conÂfront the security systems, were also identified through the result. This thesis provides the recommendation needed to tackle the identified vulnerabilities and threats that are likely to disturb the effectiveness and efficient operating of the security systems.
In the future, it is important to identify how human factor impact the successful implementaÂtion of port security measures. Further research in this particular area will help reduce the threat that human factor poses to the successful implementation of Port security measures |
| Content | CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
This project is on sociological investigation of the determinant factors and the effects of child street hawking in Nigeria. Man, nations, regions and the world would be severely limited in development without transportation, which is a key factor for physical and economic growth (Oyesiku, 2002). Transportation systems and land use are interdependent. Indeed findings of earlier studies indicate compelling and consistent connections amongst them (Ewing and Cervero, 2001; Polzin, 2004). According to Bailey, Mokhtarian, and Littlel (2008), transportation route is part of distinct development pattern or road network and mostly described by regular street patterns as an indispensable factor of human existence, development and civilization. The route network coupled with increased transport investment result in changed levels of accessibility reflected through Cost Benefit Analysis, savings in travel time, and other benefits. These benefits are noticeable in increased catchment areas for services and facilities like shops, schools, offices, banks, and leisure activities.
Road networks are observed in terms of its components of accessibility, connectivity, traffic density, level of service, compactness, and density of particular roads. Level of service is a measure by which the quality of service on transportation devices or infrastructure is determined, and it is a holistic approach considering several factors regarded as measures of traffic density and congestion rather than overall speed of the journey (Mannering, Walter, and Scott, 2004).
Access to major roads provides relative advantages consequent upon which commercial users locate to enjoy the advantages. Modern businesses, industries, trades and general activities depend on transport and transport infrastructure, with movement of goods and services from place to place becoming vital and inseparable aspects of global and urban economic survival. Developments of various transportation modes have become pivotal to physical and economic developments. Such modes include human porterage, railways, ropeways and cableways, pipelines, inland waterways, sea, air, and roads (Said and Shah, 2008).
According to Oyesiku (2002), urbanization in Nigeria has a long history in its growth and development. Extensive development being a feature of the 19th and 20th centuries, with concentration of economic and administrative decision-making in Lagos, Ibadan, Kaduna, Jos, and Enugu, and high degree of specialization and larger population associated with greater specialization of goods and services. Wyatt (1997) states that urban areas have tendency to develop at nodal points in transport network and places with good road network will possess relative advantage over locations having poor network. Urban locations with such relative advantage are found where different transport routes converge with high degree of compactness, connectivity, density, length and accessibility exhibited within the intra- and inter- urban road networks.
Ikeja is a typical example in the history of growth and development of cities in Nigeria. The city became capital of Lagos State in 1976 with improved road networks developed to cater for increase in concentration of pedestrian and vehicular movements. Similarly, commercial activities like banking, retail/wholesale businesses, and professional services congregated to take advantage of nearness to seat of governance. Concentration of activities attracted consumers and ancillary service providers. This partly caused increase in demand for commercial space and its concomitant effects on commercial property values along arterial roads in the metropolis.
The present position concerning commercial properties in Ikeja is that majority are located along arterial roads that deliver much of the vehicular and pedestrian movements. There have been increases in rental values along the individual arterial roads although not at equal rates. It is against this background that this research analyzed the arterial roads, determined the levels of accessibility, connectivity, traffic density of the individual arterial roads, examined the pattern of commercial property values and the relationship between the explanatory variables of the road network in Ikeja Nigeria.
1.2 Statement of the Research Problem
The relationship between transportation and urban property values has been the focus of many studies (for example, Dewees, 1976; Damm et al, 1980; Wolf, 1992; Singh, 2005). Some of the earlier studies returned positive relationship between transport and property values while others showed negative relationship. For instance, in a study on the relationship between rail travel cost and residential property values, a replacement of streetcar with subway increased site rent at a location that is perpendicular to the facility within a one-third mile walk to the station (Dewees, 1976); and there was positive influence of permanent transportation improvements on land values (Wolf, 1992). It was established that there was statistically significant relationship between distance of a parcel of land to the nearest Metro station and land price (Damm, Lerner-Lam, and Young, 1980), while there was evidence that residential property prices decrease immediately around the transport investment or station value uplift through changes in land values (Singh, 2005).
The urban areas all over the world offer a number of advantages in terms of concentration of people followed by demand for commercial properties and transportation. Ikeja is a classical example of a city that has developed rapidly since 1976 when it became the Lagos State capital. Construction of roads increased substantially with the opening up of residential precincts that also benefitted from increasing demand for lettable spaces in commercial properties. Many private companies, retail stores, commercial banks aggregate in the metropolis to take advantage of opportunities afforded by locations near the seat of governance thus attracting complimentary services. This led to high concentration of vehicular and pedestrian movements especially along the access roads.
The roads exhibit a number of nodes and linkages to form networks of both arterial and minor routes along which commercial properties locate. Commercial users displaced residential users, causing sites to be at highest and best uses with concomitant increases in the values of commercial properties. Accessibility within the road network is affected by the compact nature of various routes that sometimes impede volume of traffic. The road network is made up of nodal points and links that determine the degree of connectivity and accessibility in the network.
A number of factors affect values of properties. These factors may be intrinsic or extrinsic. The extrinsic factors include increase in demand for lettable space, location, condition of adjoining properties, nearness to park and leisure, local and national economic conditions. External factors are due to natural characteristics of the property which affect the city where the property is located. Intrinsic factors arise from within the nature of the property itself and relate to the physical attributes, including size of room, state of repair, decoration, and facilities. Other attributes that increase or decrease the amount that users are willing and able to pay in an open market transaction include physical characteristics of the structure, change in taste and demand, effect of adjacent activities, economic activities, inflation, and changes in legislation. The demand for commercial properties itself is affected by changes in population, planning and development schemes, legislation, and availability of good road networks (Hendon, 1971; William, Davies, and Johnson, 1980; Richmond, 1982; Millington, 1982; Olayiwola, Adeleye and Oduwaye, 2006).
Earlier theorists (Burgess, 1925; Hoyt, 1939; Harris and Ullman, 1951; Lean and Goodall, 1977) generally believe that sites adjacent to main transport routes have relative advantages over those located some distance away, and other sites located at route intersections possess relative advantage with greater advantages belonging to sites located at focus of transport system. These advantages are determined in relation to accessibility, which has different characteristics in relation to individual sites thus differentiating between sites in terms of accessibility advantages.
Many of the aforementioned studies emphasized the effects of the factors on values of properties generally with little consideration given to road network pattern and its effects on values of commercial properties. Possible relationships between road networks, location attribute, demand and supply, and accessibility and commercial property values have therefore elicited the interest of the researcher in this direction. The relationship cannot be determined without due consideration given to the explanatory variables on one hand and commercial property values on the other. The use of roads leads to a study of urban areas in relation to land uses, especially commercial properties. It is against this background that this study was conceived.
1.3 Research Questions
- What are the relationships between commercial property values and arterial road network in the presence or absence of other explanatory variables?
- What are the individual contributions of the explanatory variables to variability in commercial property values?
- What are the models to explain and predict the relationship between the explanatory variables and commercial property values?
1.4 Aim and Objectives of the Research
a. Determine the relationships between commercial property values and road network, in the presence or absence of other variables, in the study area;
b. Determine the contributions of individual explanatory variables to variability in commercial property values in the study area;
c. Derive models for predicting variability in commercial property values in relation to the explanatory variables.
1.5 Scope of the Study
Preliminary study revealed that there are five types of commercial properties in the study area. These are retail shop premises, banking spaces, office properties, warehouses, and non-specific commercial properties. In respect of this research, focus was on offices, shops, banking spaces and other types of commercial users along the arterial routes to the exclusion of residential, industrial, and non-specific type of commercial properties.
Due to the magnitude, terrain and complex nature of Lagos State roads, the study was limited to Ikeja intra-city roads. Ikeja is the predominant component of Ikeja Local Government, which itself is one of four zones identified within the larger Lagos metropolis. The four zones (Lagos Island, Apapa, Lagos Mainland, and Ikeja) represent commercial hubs of Lagos metropolis, which as revealed by preliminary observation, shows activity areas where employment, commercial, transportation terminals, and other businesses are concentrated (Oni, 2008).
Road network analysis was carried out to determine the levels of accessibility and connectivity of nodal points as well as road and traffic densities in the hope of predicting commercial property values along each arterial road. In doing so, only the arterial roads identified as commercial axes in the study area were the focus of the research to the exclusion of secondary connector roads, while the relationship between arterial roads and commercial properties in the study area were examined.
Many factors have dictated the choice of Ikeja. First, it is the capital of Lagos State of Nigeria and a socially heterogeneous city with variety of local, state and federal government roads. Second, the property market in the study area is well developed and it is possible to identify and analyze variations. Comprehensive data are available on commercial property values in Ikeja, which is one of the few cities in Nigeria offering opportunity for comprehensive survey of its commercial properties, with enlightened occupiers of commercial premises thereby making data collection possible. Third, a number of property magazines are in circulation in the city where professional Estate Surveyors and Valuers advertise commercial properties available for sale or letting. This makes the property market very active and up-to-date with stakeholders, prospective tenants, property owners, and investors versatile and knowledgeable about the goings-on in the market. Fourth, judging from what is applicable in Nigeria, the Ikeja road network is one of the most complex in terms of linkages, human and vehicular movements with availability of computerized and up- to-date data and satellite images of the road network.
1.6 Limitations of the Study
The study focused on analysis of arterial roads and commercial property values in Ikeja. It did not attempt to investigate the structural stability of the arterial road network or assess the methods and accuracy of methods adopted by respondents in fixing the values of commercial properties in the study area. It simply analyzed accessibility, connectivity, arterial road network, distance to most central place in the study area, demand and supply of commercial properties in relation to commercial property values in the study area. Graph theoretic technique was used to analyze the arterial road network while opinions of Estate Surveyors and Valuers practicing in the study area were relied upon. The accuracy, or otherwise, of such opinions although not in doubt was not investigated.
Some challenges were encountered during the study. By virtue of the busy nature of Estate Surveying and Valuation practitioners and occupiers of the sampled commercial properties, there was considerable reluctance on their parts to volunteer information. Some of the respondents, especially Estate Surveyors and Valuers, delayed in completing the questionnaires and it took personal influence of the researcher (as their colleague) and assistance of the Lagos State Branch Chairman of the Nigerian Institution of Estate Surveyors and Valuers to obtain their eventual impressive responses. In addition, the researcher took time to allay the fears of Occupiers by educating them about the essence of the research, that it would in no way expose them to imposition of levies or charges or any liability to the Lagos State Government.
The populations of commercial properties and occupiers in the study area were indeterminate. The study population was too large and there was no census available to ascertain them thereby making determination of their number somewhat tasking. The researcher however found a way out of the challenge by using a form of sampling based on estimated population of occupiers and adopting direct observation of the sampled properties to determine the average number of occupiers. These limitations however neither affected the quality of data collected nor the conclusions drawn from it.
The various opinions of Estate Surveyors and Valuers were relied upon, in some cases, to the exclusion of those of occupiers especially in respect of questions that required a form of professional opinion. This was consequent upon the findings from the pilot tests earlier conducted which showed that the occupiers found such questions too technical. Hence, questions like rating of the roads in the study area in terms of accessibility, supply and demand of commercial properties were subsequently limited to the Estate Surveyors and Valuers.
1.7 The Study Area
Ikeja city is a large component of the Lagos metropolis. Lagos itself is the largest city in Nigeria, located at 6¡34'60''N, 3¡19'59''E along the West African coast and was the capital city of the country before it was replaced with Abuja on 12th December, 1991. However, Lagos remains the commercial nerve centre of Nigeria. The city is a typical example in the history of growth and development of urban areas in Nigeria. The Western Region administered the city along with Agege, Mushin, Ikorodu, Epe, and Badagry until Lagos State took off as an administrative entity, and in 1976 Ikeja replaced Lagos Island as the capital of Lagos State; consequently, more roads were constructed.
In the general context, Lagos State is made up of twenty local government council areas out of which sixteen form the metropolitan Lagos and Ikeja Local Government area is one of them. Ikeja is both the administrative capital and Headquarters of Ikeja Local Government Council Area of Lagos State. Ikeja Local Government Council Area is located in the north-central part sharing boundaries with Ifako-Ijaiye, Agege, and Alimosho Local Government Council Areas in the western perimeter; Kosofe, and Mushin Local Government Council Areas in the eastern side, while Oshodi-Isolo Local Government Council Area forms the boundary in the southern part and Ogun State in the north as shown in Fig. 1.1
Sources: Map - Bohr (2006)
Described in terms of its operational structures, Ikeja is divided into seven sectors. Sector One lies in the north-central part of the metropolis and consists mainly of residential neighbourhoods with occasional commercial users of banks and service offices, and Isheri-Agege Road is the only arterial road traversing the Sector. Sector Two is of predominantly industrial concerns around WEMPCO, ACME and Lateef Jakande Roads; Sector Three is almost centrally located in the study area and consists of Oba Akran Avenue, Adeniyi Jones, Aromire Avenue, and Obafemi Awolowo Way that serve as demarcation between Sectors Three and Five. The sector is predominantly residential interspersed by few industrial concerns and commercial outfits that over the years have displaced residential users along the arterial roads.
Sector Four lies in the eastern part of the study area served by Secretariat Road, Ikosi Road, Oregun Road, 7-up Road and bounded by Lagos/Ibadan Expressway and Ikorodu Road. Sector Five, which is bounded, by Sectors Three, Four and Six consists of Allen Avenue, Opebi Road, Ola Ayeni Street, Toyin Street, Olowu Street, Kodesho Street, Simbiat Abiola Road, Otigba Street and Opebi Link-Road. The sector is characterized by concentration of commercial properties and represents the main commercial sector of the study area (Fig. 1.2).
Also from Fig. 1.2, Sector Six occupies the southern part of the study area and consists of Government Residential Area (G.R.A), and institutional properties (Army Barracks, Police Barracks, High and Magistrate Courts, Lagos State Administrative Centre, Passport Office and Nigeria Telecommunication Limited). Properties along the major roads in the Sector have undergone a change from residential to commercial use. Roads within the Sector include Mobolaji Bank-Anthony Way, Adekunle Fajuyi Way, Isaac John Street, Oba Akinjobi Street; while Sector Seven which lies at the western part consists of Murtala Muhammed International Airport. | CHAPTER ONE :
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
This research is on Kidnapping in Nigeria: a study of public perception in Enugu east senatorial district. There is no doubt that kidnapping in Nigeria is in part, a syndrome from many parts of the world- Iraq, the Philippines, Afghanistan, India, Russia, Palestinian Territory, Mexico, Nepal and American (Abati, 2009). Episodes of ransom kidnapping in the annals of American history include the case of four year old Charlie Ross in 1874 (Cyntrax, Wilson and Wilson as cited in Ugwuoke, 2010 :197) and Lindbergh case in 1932 ( Allison, 2000: 110). In the Lindberghs case, Lindberghs child was the center of a plot, the suffering of the childs parents, and the difficulties of the police enquiry, were exacerbated by widespread speculation, misinformation and serial random notes (Alexander and Klein 2009: 16). Alexander and Klein further noted that in the 17th century, children were stolen from their families and exported to North American colonies as servants and laborers, hence, kid meaning child and nap or nab meaning to snatch. Kidnapping was therefore connected to the staling of children but the word has come to be used interchangeably with both children and adults. Nevertheless, past account of kidnapping revealed that death penalty was ordered as a punishment for kidnapping in ancient Rome when the Emperor Constantine (AD 315) became so alarmed by the incidence of the crime (Akpan, 2010: 33).
However, the early African societies were marked with the incidence of slave trade. In this vein, Ugwu (2010 : 2)., asserted that the weak and the poor were captured and sold into slavery. Ugwulebo (2011: 26) noted that during the colonial era, the colonialists came to some parts of the world, such as Africa, took their able bodied men and women and sold them to far away nations who needed human labour for their plantation and other services. (Onimode as cited in Ugwulebo, 2011: 26-27) had noted that gun powder, gin, mm and other materials were offered by the Europeans to the Africans in exchange for slaves shipped
annually from ports in Nigeria. Therefore, slavery and kidnapping were like two sides of a coin.
In the early traditional Nigeria society, human sacrifice perpetuated kidnapping. Ugwuoke (2010: 197) rightly asserts that individuals were kidnapped for ritual or social reasons. The African traditional worshipers solely believed in sacrificing to appease the gods. The sacrifice may transcend animal sacrifice, and the priest could be inspired by the gods to order for human beings; to accomplish this kind of sacrifice, the required person could be kidnapped and killed in a sacrificial procedure. Ugwuoke explained that kidnapping was mainly for the purpose of sacrifice either to appease the gods or for the burial of a prominent chief or warrior. Precisely, to carry out a successful burial of important citizen like chiefs and prominent warriors required human head. Hence, warriors engaged themselves in search of victims to be kidnapped. Besides Nwadiorah and Nkwocha (2011: 3) observed that the act of kidnapping increased in Nigeria after the Nigerian civil was in 1970 which exposed many youths with military experience to some criminality. The above account reveals that kidnapping is very old in the history of man as it is also recorded in section 364 of the Nigeria Criminal Code.
Though kidnapping is not new, and has been in Nigeria criminal statues, ransom kidnapping is a new trend and was not known in Nigeria until recently. Moreover it was obvious in 2006 when it was announced that foreign oil workers were kidnapped (Inyang, 2009). However, those expatriates were released after paying huge ransom in millions of naira. Since then, kidnapping for ransom has spread to most parts of Nigerian states and Enugu East Senatorial District is also affected by it. Many people have been kidnapped and only released after the payment of ransom while in some cases dead bodies were recovered. Igwe Uche Nwaechime, the proprietor of Mac Royale Hotels ltd, from Nkanu West Local Government , Enugu State was kidnapped and slaughtered by the kidnappers. His body was found by a search party at a refuse dump site on the Enugu Port Harcourt express way (Ugwulebo, 2011). Dr. Paul Edemobi, the proprietor Paul and Grace Foundation and brother to Prof. Dora Akuyili, was kidnapped in Enugu on Monday 1st December 2008 from his 10B Savage Cresent GRA Enugu (Ojukwu, 2011). The wife of Sam Ngene, the then Chairman of Enugu South Local Government Area was kidnapped on March 2009. Also, Nkem Owoh, the popular Nollywood actor was kidnapped along Enugu-Port Harcourt express way (Ugwulebo, 2011). Payment of ransom, tragic recovery of dead bodies and other facts and events as a result of kidnapping shapes peoples perception of the crime. Furthermore, Anosike (2009) stated that the incidence of kidnapping is a common occurrence in the eastern states. Anosike also noted that states ranging from Abia to Anambra and Enugu were greatly alarmed by the wave of kidnapping.
However, in 2009, rebranding project was frantically directed towards redeeming the image of Nigeria due to the fact that most countries of the world and Nigerians themselves perceive Nigerians negatively (Dieye and Iwele, 2011: 78). Incidentally, in that same 2009 there was rise in kidnapping as available statistics shows that there was 512 incidence of kidnapping in 2009 against 353 in 2008 (Ojukwu, 2011: 380). Ojukwu also noted that the ambassador of the rebranding Nigeria project, Pete Edochie was kidnapped in Onitsha on his way to his home town- Nteje. Since then, kidnapping has drastically affected the countryÕs image and major businesses in the country.
Furthermore, kidnapping for ransom posses serious threat to the well ordering and functioning of the society and many factors were perceived as its causes. In Nigeria, such factors include corruption among the Nigeria Police Force (Adibe, 2009), unemployment, poverty and leadership failure (Diara, 2010), failure of the government to provide basic amenities and the use of cult gangs and militants by politicians in electoral processes (Okengwu, 2011: 1), access to large quantities of small arms and light weapons (International
Crisis Group, 2006 as cited in Iduh, 2011: 126). This study will lay emphasis on the perception of people in Enugu East Senatorial District concerning kidnapping in Nigeria.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Kidnapping in Nigeria is a very serious contemporary social problem which was noted by Iduh (2011: 125) as the outcome of decades of peaceful protests in the Niger - Delta region. Kidnapping first attracted national attention on 20th February 2006 when Niger - Delta militants kidnapped foreign oil workers to press their demand (Nwadiorah and Nkwocha, 2011). Since then, many Nigerians have been kidnapped and only released on huge ransom whose re-payment they may not be able to make for the rest of their lives (Oshio, 2009: 13). The statistics of kidnapping by the Distress Call Base (DBC, Anti-Kidnapping Squad Enugu, 2012) show that from January to December 2009, there were nine reported cases of kidnapping, eight victims of kidnapping, five victims of kidnapping rescued, one victim killed and twenty two arrested kidnappers. Furthermore in 2010, there were twenty six reported cases against nine cases in 2009, twelve kidnapped victims against eight in 2009, eleven rescued victims against five in 2009 and thirty eight arrested kidnappers against twenty-two in 2009. Also in 2011 the data reveal rise in kidnapping as there were forty six reported cases of kidnapping, fifty eight kidnap victims, fifty five rescued victims, one victim killed and one hundred and thirty six kidnappers arrested. In three months from January to March 2012, there were five reported cases of kidnapping, six kidnap victims, five rescued victims and six kidnappers arrested.
Table 1 : Statistics of Kidnapping Cases in Enugu State : January 2009 to March 2012
No. of
Cases
Reported No. of
Victims
Kidnapped No. of Victims Rescued No. of
Victims
Killed No. of
Kidnappers
Arrested
Jan to Dec. 2009 9 8 5 1 22
Jan. to Dec.2010 26 12 11 Nil 38
Jan to Dec 2011 46 58 55 1 136
Jan to March 2012 5 6 5 Nil 6
Source : Distress call base (Anti-Kidnapping Squad) Enugu, 2012.
The distress call base data as shown in Table 1 above shows absence of reliable statistics. The statistics of individuals kidnapped in the years before 2009 in Enugu State was not included in the statistics. It also reveals that many victims relations do not report their cases to the police, some are not also eager to release information that will enable the police to carry out investigation, which is explicit in 2011 as there were forty six reported cases of kidnapping against fifty eight kidnapped victims and fifty five rescued victims. Finally it reveals that the police are extremely on the neck of the kidnappers.
Meanwhile in order to ameliorate the problem of kidnapping, the Nigerian government granted amnesty and an unconditional pardon to militants in the Niger Delta (Ogege, 2009: 148). Despite governments efforts, kidnapping for ransom increased in its spread to most Nigerian states. In response to massive challenges to security, Anosike (2009) noted that the executive councils of most Nigerian states convened at the state government houses countless number of times to devise means of solving the problem. However, at one of the meetings, governors of Abia, Anambra and Akwa Ibom, insisted that modern security equipment's should be deployed in high crime areas, in order to combat kidnapping (Guardian, July 25, 2010 p 16). At a meeting of the South East governors in Enugu, they resolved to tackle the trend by seizing the property of people that allow it to be used as operation base by kidnappers (Guardian, July 27, 2010 p 51). The House of Representatives
in addition, proposed death penalty for kidnappers (Guardian, September 22, 2010 p 3). In spite of all these efforts, the crime of kidnapping has remained unabated.
However, seeking to know shy kidnapping became a serious problem in Nigeria at the time authorities were talking about rebranding the county positively is essential. countries like Singapore, Malaysia and Ghana have rebranded without even altering a word; but rebranding of Nigeria with all the seminars and Symposia held in London, New York and other western capitals failed (Guardian, July 17, 2010 p46). Nwora (2006:17) argued that Nigeria should focus on socio economic reforms and putting her house in order, after which she could then open her door to the rest of the world. It is also noted by Dieye and Iwele (2011 : 78) that the relative decay and fast degradation of the standard of values and moral character formation that has defamed the Nigerian image demands an urgent attention. It had also been noted that perceptional management would have been a useful tool in rebranding project if it was effectively managed (Guardian, July 17, 2010 p46). Therefore the problem of kidnapping has not been solved because there is the need for perceptional management (i.e., finding peoples attitude viewpoint and approach towards the causes, reasons and methods of tackling a problem with the aim of using it to control the rise of such of problem) in Nigeria. Meanwhile in order to realize public perception by getting the negative as well as positive answers from the public with questions directed towards such answers and manage it effectively a study of public perception on kidnapping is important. The above necessitates the interest in this study. This study will therefore examine peoples perception on issues of kidnapping in Enugu East Senatorial District.
1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
The following questions will guide this study;
1. What is the relationship between gender and perception on kidnapping among the people in Enugu East Senatorial District?
2. Does place of residence influence the perception on kidnapping among the people in Enugu East Senatorial District?
3. Does age influence the perception on kidnapping among the people in Enugu East Senatorial District?
4. What is the relationship between occupation and perception on kidnapping among the people in Enugu East Senatorial District?
5. Does the level of education of people in Enugu East Senatorial District influence their perception about kidnapping?
6. What are the probable strategies that can help to reduce the incidence of kidnapping in Enugu East Senatorial District?
1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The main objective of this study is to ascertain the perceptions of the people in Enugu East Senatorial District on kidnapping in Nigeria, from which the following specific objectives were drawn.
1. To find out the relationship between gender and perception on kidnapping in Enugu East Senatorial District.
2. To find out if place of residence influence the perception of the people in Enugu East Senatorial District concerning kidnapping.
3. To ascertain if age influences the perception of the people in Enugu East Senatorial District concerning kidnapping.
4. To find out the relationship between occupation and perception on kidnapping in Enugu East Senatorial District.
5. To ascertain if the perception of the people in Enugu East Senatorial District concerning kidnapping is influenced by their level of education.
6. To suggest probable strategies that can help to reduce the incidence of kidnapping Enugu East Senatorial District.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
Theoretically, this study will add to the body of knowledge on crime, especially kidnapping. It will educate people on the ways crime such as kidnapping could influence peoples perception in relation with other variables. It will also unveil some of the causes, effect and solution to the problem of kidnapping in Nigeria. In addition, it will serve as a reference material to researchers in the field of criminology who will like to carry out further researches on kidnapping and such related crimes.
This study has also practical significance especially with reference to policy making. It will multivalve policy makers to make policies that will discourage kidnapping and improve the well being of citizens. It will also enlighten the general public about the causes and trend of kidnapping in Enugu East Senatorial District in particular and Nigeria at large. This study is also expected to be beneficial to law makers, law enforcement agents and government officials. It will also necessitate decision making for improvement of the standard of living of the citizens. The findings of this study will be useful to other agencies and organizations interested in the issue of kidnapping in Nigeria.
1.6 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Adulthood - This is the number of years for single and married male and female, based on young and old age, which is from eighteen to sixty years. In this study, it is divided into younger and older adults.
Educated - This is high standard of educational qualification in terms of degree and above. Those who are educated are seen as graduates with or without other qualifications.
Kidnapping - This is a violent crime that is often perpetuated by taking the victim away by force and for the purpose of gaining ransom.
Little education - This is educational qualification in terms of junior secondary
school which is JSS3, primary school and no formal education.
Older adults - These are people that are aged, who may as well be classified as more
mature in reasoning, aged 40 years and above.
Place of residence - In this study place of residence is seen as housing areas in the
rural and urban region.
Public perception - In this study, public perception is seen as the views of people
concerning the incidence of kidnapping. That is the interpretation given to the incidence of kidnapping by different individuals.
Urbanization - Urbanization in this study is a process whereby young adults migrate
from the rural to the urban areas in search of greener pasture.
Younger adults - These are the people whose ages fall within the range of
eighteen years to thirty nine years. They are as well within the youthful ages. | CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY
This research is on Law concept and implications (a case study of first bank Nigeria plc. Okpara avenue, Enugu state). Auditing was derived from Latin word AUDIRE which means to hear. Initially, auditors are made to listen to income and expenditure of account prepared.
An international body by name the Consultative Council of Accounting (CCA) defined Auditing as The independent examination of, and expression of opinion on the financial statement of an enterprise by an appointed auditor in pursuance of that appointment and in compliance with any relevant statutory obligation.
Auditing as a discipline or profession arises primarily because of separation in the ownership as well as the administration of a business enterprise. The owners of a business that is shareholders pool their resources together for the purpose of establishing an enterprise, with a common goal of profit making or otherwise. These shareholders may not be available for the day to day administration of the, company hence the need to appoint professional managers, whose main responsibility is to utilize the shareholders fund effectively. The managers are expected to prepare an account that is, a quantitative statement stating how the shareholders resources were utilized during a period being referred to as accounting year. This statement is referred to as stewardship account.
In order to make the owners of the business place reliance on members of management as regard the true and fair view of the financial statement, the shareholders will appoint an auditor.
Conclusively, auditing may be seen to have arisen primarily as a result of separation of ownership from control; however, this does not connote that independent examination of financial statement may not be necessary where there is fusion of ownership with control.
1.2 HISTORY OF CASE STUDY
HISTORY OF FIRST BANK OF NIGERIA
FBN PLC for over a century has distinguished itself as a leading banking institution and contributor to the economic advancement and development of Nigeria. FBN plc. remains one Africas most diversified financial service solution provider.
Founded in 1894 by a shipping magnate from Liverpool, Sir Alfred Jones, the Bank commenced a small operation in the office of Elder Dempster and Company in Lagos.
It was incorporated as a limited liability company on March 31, 1894 with Head Office in Liverpool. It started business under the corporate name of the Bank for British West Africa (BBWA) with a paid-up capital of 12,000 Pound Sterling, after absorbing its predecessor, the African Banking Corporation which was established earlier in 1892. This signaled the pre-eminent position which the Bank was to establish in the banking industry in West Africa. In the early years of operations, the Bank recorded an impressive growth and worked closely with the Colonial Government in performing the traditional functions of a Central Bank, such as issue of specie in West Africa sub-region.
To justify its West African coverage, a branch was opened in Accra, Gold Coast (now Ghana) in 1896 and another in Freetown, Sierra Leone in 1898. These marked the genesis of the Banks international banking operations. The second branch of the Bank in Nigeria was in the old Calabar in 1900 and two years later, services were extended to Northern Nigeria.
With 408 business locations as at 31/03/2007, the Bank has one of the largest domestic sales networks in Nigeria, all on-line real times. As a market leader in financial services sector, First Bank pioneered initiatives in international money transfer, Master card, Inter-switch, and the ATM Consortium. It is the industry leader in terms of value and volume of ATM transactions in the country.
The Bank has (9) local subsidiaries and a full-fledged subsidiary in the United Kingdom, as well as representative office in South Africa. The Banks growth strategy is hinged on continued network expansion, product development, merger and acquisition and growth of its international footprint. In line with the imperatives of industry consolidation, the Bank in 2005/2006 financial year, acquired its investment banking subsidiary, FBN (Merchant Bankers) limited, and MBC International Bank Plc. Furthermore, the Bank is currently exploring alliance with key prospects in the industry with a view of creating the largest bank in West Africa and one of the largest on the continent.
FBN got listed on the Nigerian Stock Exchange (NSE) in March 1971 and has won the NSEÕs Annual Presidents Merit Award for the best Financial report in the banking industry, twelve times.
To reposition and to take advantage of opportunities in the changing environment, the Bank embarked on several restructuring iniatives. In 1957, it changed its name from Bank of British West Africa to Bank of West African. In 1969, the Bank was incorporated locally as the Standard Bank of Nigeria Limited in line with Companies Decree of 1968.
Changes in the name of the Bank also occurred in 1979 and 1991, to First Bank of Nigeria Ltd and FBN plc., respectively. In 1985, the Bank introduced a decentralized structure with five regional administrations. This was configured in 1992 to enhance the Banks operational efficiency. In 1996, the Bank introduced the FBN century 11 project to revolutionalize its operations in line with the dynamics of the environment.
In the last decade, by playing key roles in Federal government privatization and commercialization scheme, First Bank has led the financing of private investments in infrastructure development in Nigerian economy.
The Business of the Bank is operated along 2 main Market Segments/strategic, Business Units (SBUs): corporate Banking and regional directorate (Lagos and West, North and South). These are defined with broad limits to facilitate and give direction to market activities within the bank.
Over years, the Bank has experienced phenomenal growth. With a share capital of N55.6M in 1980, the Bank share capital grew to N1,016M as at March 2002. The Banks total asset base was N266.4billion while its deposit base stood at N168.2billion as at March 2002. Market capitalization stood at N47.604billion i.e. N23.44k/shareas at 31 March 2002. It has remained the most profitable banking franchise in Nigeria with the group profit after tax of N20.4billion in the financial year ended March 31 2007. Underpinning this success is the BankÕs strategy, with its focus on the critical imperatives of modernization and growth.
RATING
FBN was rated number one among Nigerian banks in Corporate Governance practice in 2003 and 2005 by Johnston Irving consulting, in collaboration with ICRA Pty limited (an associate of Moodys Investor, USA). In addition, the Bank was awarded the Best Bank in Nigeria, Best Trade Finance Bank in Nigeria and best foreign exchange Bank in Nigeria for three consecutive years 2004, 2005 and 2006 by US Global Finance Magazine, to mention a few of the awards won by the Bank.
In line with the Banks vision to be the clear leader and Nigerias bank of first choice, its mission to remain true to our name by providing the best financial services possible and its brand essence, dependably dynamic, the Bank has continued to transform itself as it forges ahead in its second century of providing qualitative banking services to the nation and maintaining leadership in a consolidated and more dynamic industry.
1.3 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The focus of this study is on auditors who do not want to carry out their duties in compliance with statutory requirement thus making their audits to be less reliable by others.
1.4 OBJECTIVES OF STUDY
The objective of auditing is easily discernible from a careful consideration of the objective of the statutory provision for audit of limited liability Companies, which is provide in Nigeria by the Companies and Allied Matters Act (CAMA). This established the basic framework which the auditor of an organization is specifically assigned for. This include:-
a. To protect the interest of non-active shareholders from the excessive, exaggeration, ineptitude, inefficiency, deceit and dishonesty of the directors.
b. To ensure that the Directors account to the non-active shareholders on their stewardship through the financial statement required by law.
c. To strengthen the profession by the imposition of the statutory requirement that qualified auditor shall be appointed by the shareholders at annual general meeting and that such auditor shall report on the account being laid before the company in general meeting.
From the foregoing, it can be seen that the purpose of auditing is not to discover fraud as some people think. A proper audit may reveal discrepancies, mistakes, loopholes in the system and sometimes fraudulent manipulation.
This does not mean that any auditing job did not reveal the above, they can only be discovered where they exist.
1.5 STATEMENT OF HYPOTHESIS
The hypothesis of this research work will be stated as
H0: The effective nature of the law does not in any way guarantees/curtail the excesses of the auditors in the profession.
H1: The effective nature of the law guarantee/curtail the excesses the auditors in profession.
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study shall be of good importance in contributing efforts of the audit to the effective working of the organization. It shall also disclose how the auditors cope with the achievement of its principal objective such as to detect errors, frauds and disclose hidden information, evaluation of the directors performance as agent of the shareholders and to solve conflict of interest.
More so, this study shall make us familiar with these constraints which would be eliminated or minimized so as to enhance the better performances and the contribution of auditors to the recommendation. It also serve as a base of better advise to the companies of the country on how to improve the quality of the services rendered by the auditor.
1.7 SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The law of auditing, its concept and implications is a wide topic covering all the laws of auditing in the whole world.
As far as this project is concerned, the auditor and the laws, its concept and implications will be dealt with in the project work.
Apart from those laws and regulations that relates directly to the preparation of the financial statements, we shall also deal with the laws and regulations that provide a legal framework for the conduct of the entity and that are central to the entitys ability to conduct its business.
Section 359 of CAMA 1990 requires auditors to make report to the members on the accounts examined by them. It shall therefore be appropriate to focus this project on pertinent provision of the Act which is required of the auditors, that is, status, his responsibilities, the law and its implications.
More so, most of our concentration here shall be only on the auditors and the law governing auditor, its concepts and implications.
However, we shall be careful not to neglect the ICAN rule that guaranteed the independence of auditor in a corporate organization.
Meanwhile, to give the demand quality, we shall highlight the role of auditor, his duties and right governed by Act in Nigeria.
1.8 DEFINITION OF SOME RELEVANT TERMS
To facilitate an easy understanding of the contents, it is relevant to define some of the terms in auditing.
AUDIT:- An audit is an independent examination of, and expression of opinion on the financial statements of an enterprise by an appointed auditor in pursuance of that appointment and in compliance with any relevant statutory laws and regulations.
AUDITING:- Auditing could be defined as a service activities demanding by society (the demand having it not in some things called the agency theory) with the expressed aim of adding to the perceived credibility of the published financial statement of limited liability enterprises.
AUDIT PLAN:- An audit plan is a statement setting out the audit objectives and the strategies to be adopted in achieving the objectives.
AUDIT PROGRAME:- An audit programme is the list of work an auditor does on the occasion of his audit.
LETTER OF ENGAGEMENT:- This clearly defines the extent of the auditors responsibilities and also minimize the areas of misunderstanding between the client and the auditor.
AUDIT WORKING PAPER:- This can be described as schedule, analysis, transcripts or memoranda prepared by an auditor in the course of his examination of the books and records of a client company to serve as the record and basis of his report.
FRAUD:- Fraud can be interpreted as an intentional misrepresentation of financial statements by one or more individuals among management, employees, or third party.
ERROR:- Error is an unintentional mistake in financial statement such as mathematical or clerical mistake, genuine oversight, unintentional, misapplication of accounting policy.
IRREGULARITY:- The word irregularity is however used to refer to intentional distortions of financial statement, for whatever purpose and to misappropriations of assets, whether or not accompanied by distortion of financial statement e.g. change in valuation of stock.
CAMA 1990:- Companies and Allied Matters 1990
IAPS 1005:- International Auditing practice statement 1005
REFERENCES
Kola Olowookere (2001). Fundamentals of Auditing. Gavima, Press Limited.
Adeniyi A. Adeniji (2004). Auditing and Investigations. El-toda Ventures Limited.
Companies and Allied Matters Act (CAMA) (1990). Federal Government Press, Lagos. | | | CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
This section of the study presents a brief outline of the research, the problem and objective of the research. It goes further to explain research questions, delimitation and structure of the study.
1.2 Background of Study
Thomas Friedman (2007,8) described in his book entitled, ÒThe world is FlatÓ, that the interÂconnected global economy enabled by advances in Information and Communications TechnolÂogy and other factors that he terms ÒFlattenersÓ, does not only empowers the software writÂers and the computer geeks to collaborate on the work in the flat world, but also AL Qaeda and other terrorist networks. The playing field is not being levelled only in ways that draw in, and super empower a whole new group of innovators, but also a whole new group of angry, frustrated, and humiliated men and womenÓ. Organization for Economic Cooperation and DeÂvelopment (OECD, Paris: July 2003) reported, ÒThe world pattern for global prosperity has been predicated on near-frictionless transport and trade." Seaport is a crucial component of the world economy and global transportation infrastructure, Nevertheless generally there hasnÕt been a comprehensive governmental regulation and security oversight. The terrorist attacks of 11th September 2001 that collapsed the World Trade Centre and Pentagon in the United States, has significantly impacted multitude of sectors internationally. The tragic inciÂdent has brought radical change in the maritime industry. One of the major elements that arose in the response to that attack was the approach to security. This change led to change in the manner in which security is being conducted and practiced, due to the numbers securiÂty measures, rules as well as regulation to avoid such incident in the future. International Maritime Organization (IMO) and U.S have implemented several measures after the tragic event, for the purpose of heightening the security of maritime business. For instance, InterÂnational Ships and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code, was ratified by International Maritime Organization in 2002, and called on every member states to apply the code by 2004. The Maritime Transportation Security Act 2002(MTSA) and the Security and Accountability for EveÂry port Act 2006(SAFE Port 2006) by United State was designed to improve national maritime security though, these two Act have international elements planned to strengthen security of the facilities by which Goods destined to United State are travelled. The main focuses were on the vulnerabilities of the ships and the port facilities, which could be exploited by the terÂrorist and other criminals. Though the current security measures have enhanced some aspects of security at Nigeria port, yet some of the vulnerabilities, which are crucial, still hang out. The current regime has made security at the port very rigorous, for instance strict measures regarding containerized cargo. Port security measures could be infiltrated by terrorist or illicÂit traffickers, if appropriates mechanism are not put in place to verify identities, credentials,
and the intention of individual, ships or cargo arriving at the port. This thesis shall define reÂsearch problem and the objective, then the issues relating to port security threats and the vulnerabilities, including its economic impacts on the port. Also how port security measures have been applied in Port of Nigeria shall be demonstrated. Though, current security regime have enhance some part of the port security, nevertheless they have failed to tackle the imÂportant vulnerabilities which terrorist and other criminals are capable of exploiting. Despite the fact that there is strong physical security at the ports, as well as the strict inspection rules for the containerized cargo, the absence of mechanisms to verify the identities and creÂdentials of every individual who has access to the ports, secure non-containerized cargo, and prevent criminal from accessing and exploiting the port facilities, the whole port security measure can be undermined.
1.1 Statement of Problem
All sections within Nigeria and international community have welcomed the breakthrough of offshore oil and gas in the Western part of Nigeria. Nigeriaians have is expectation that this breakthrough will bring significant economic benefit to Country. Nigeria Port being the main facility for receiving ships and transferring cargoes, the offshore oil and gas exploitation and development, has brought enormous responsibilities and challenges to the port Authorities and the users. The significant issues among, is how authority is going to manage the security, safety and environmental issues that will arise over the next decade. The challenge is that, offshore oil and gas extraction includes a complex net of ships, structures, installations and people, all interacting with each other. These activities raise concern to security, safety and environmental protection considerations at a high level of intensity, at this time that the offÂshore production is in full swing. Therefore there is the need to identify the related threats and vulnerability to be able to develop a comprehensive, but resilient security system to deal with the threats and vulnerabilities.
1.2 Objectives of the study
The main objective of this thesis is to identify the threats and the vulnerabilities concerning Nigeria port in Nigeria, and finally recommend measure to overcome the identified threats and vulnerabilities.
1.3 Research Question
The research has recognized, and seeks to answers the main question of Òhow to develop reÂsilient security system for Nigeria Port? This question came to mind after reading various concerns regarding the security of the maritime commerce. In trying to answer the main question, the following question also came to mind: (ii) has there been any security incident linked to Nigeria Port? (ii) If yes, how many time are those incidents linked to Nigeria Port? (ii) How do those incidents happen? (iii) Are there in place, security measures to prevent those incidents? (iv) Are those measures, effective to prevent potential security incidents? These prompted me to develop a questionnaire to search for the information regarding the existing security control measures, including vulnerabilities and threats associated with the security control measured, as well as operational activities within the port.
1.4 Delimitation
The theoretical part covers analysis of various literature sources that describe the internaÂtional maritime regulations and requirements for shipping industries and ports as well as the weaknesses and the strengths of the regulation. Moreover, it shall describe the threats and the vulnerabilities regarding the shipping industries and the ports, including the competitive and economic impact on the ports. The theoretical framework shall be developed to describe the threat and vulnerabilities relating to the port and the measure to overcome the threat and vulnerabilities base on the literature review. The empirical part-case study will focus on the analysing the threats and vulnerabilities concerning Nigeria port. The case study will be restricted to only Nigeria Port. Other threats that can adversely impact the security system including the port operation shall be considered. For instance, threat from the supply chain. |
