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ABSTRACT
Some effects of the leaves of Gongronema latifolium and Ocimum gratissimum on some biochemical indices in streptozotocininduced diabetic wister albino rats were studied Gongronema latifolium and Ocimum gratissimum are edible vegetable leaves grown especially in the southern regions of Nigeria Phytochemical determination showed that the tannins and phytates were much higher in G latifolium 164mg/100g and 510mg/100g respectively than in O gratissimum 048mg/100g and 059mg/100g respectively, while saponins were lower in the former 091mg/100g However, while glycosides were found in only G latifolium 003mg/100g, oxalates were found in only O gratissimum 120mg/100g The crude protein, ash and percentage crude fiber were higher in O gratissimum 282, 112 and 104 respectively, than in G latifolium 268, 109 and 99 respectively, while the lipid and Carbohydrate were lower in O gratissimum 62 and 434 respectively, than in G latifolium 68 and 452 respectively Iron content was higher in G latifolium 031mg/100g, than in O gratissimum 019mg/100g, while chromium was absent in the latter but present in the former 005mg/100g Vitamin A content was higher in G latifolium 4082mg/100g and lower in O gratissimum 3630mg/100g Vitamin C content was higher in the latter 2790mg/100g, and lower in the former 2250mg/100g Vitamin E content was also higher in the latter and lower in the former Plasma glucose levels were significantly low in diabetic rats 17010 mmol/L and 150086mmol/L fed UtaziRatChow URC and AghigboRat Chow ARC respectively, while it was significantly higher in untreated diabetic rats 190084 mmol/L fed only Rat Chow The nondiabetic rats had low levels of plasma glucose 46044 mmol/L, 51030 mmol/L and 50050 mmol/L fed URC, ARC and RC respectively Postprandial glucose levels were also highest in untreated diabetic rats 180mmol/L and lower in the diabetic rats 142mmol/L and 155mmol/L fed URC and ARC respectively, while it was lowest in non diabetic rats 38mmol/L,38mmol/L and 50mmol/L fed URC, ARC and RC respectively Malondialdehyde MDA levels were highest in untreated diabetic rats 630054 mmol/g fed RC and significantly low in treated diabetic rats 380033 mmol/g and 433049 mmol/g fed URC and ARC respectively There were albuminous damage and fatty degeneration of the convoluted tubules of the kidneys of diabetic rats Kupffers cells of liver tissues of these diabetic rats were distended with lipid deposits These findings suggest that G latifolium Utazi and O gratissimum Aghigbo posses hypoglycemic as well as anti peroxidative properties As such they will be useful in the dietary regimen of especially diabetics
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page i
Certification ii
Dedications iii
Acknowledgments iv
Abstract v
Table of contents vii
List of tables xi
List of abbreviations xii
CHAPTER ONE
Introduction 1
Aims and Objective of the Study 5
CHAPTER TWO
20 LITERATURE REVIEW 6
21 PHYTOCHEMICAL SUBSTANCES 16
211 Tannins 16
212 Saponins 18
213 Alkaloids 19
214 Glycosides 20
215 Phytates 21
216 Oxalic Acid 23
22 Minerals 23
23 Vitamins 25
CHAPTER THREE
MATERIALS AND METHODS 28
31 MATERIALS 28
311 Sample Collection 28
312 Chemical and Reagents 28
32 METHODS 30
321 Phytochemical Analysis Qualitative 30
3211 Test for Tannins 31
3212 Test for Saponins 32
3213 Test for Alkaloids 32
3214 Test for Glycosides 33
32141 Test for Anthracine Glycosides 33
32142 Test for Cyanogenic Glycosides 34
322 Phytochemical Analysis Quantitative 34
3221 Determination of Tannins 34
3222 Determination of Saponins 35
3223 Determination of Glycosides 35
3224 Determination of Oxalates 36
3225 Determination of Phytates 38
323 Proximate Analysis Quantitative 39
3231 Determination of Dry Matter Content 39
3232 Determination of Crude Protein 40
3233 Determination of percentage Lipid 42
3234 Determination of Ash Content 43
3235 Determination of Total Carbohydrate 44
324 Determination of Mineral Composition 44
325 Determination of Vitamin Content 45
326 FEED PREPARATIONS 48
327 ANIMALS EXPERIMENTAL STUDY 49
3271 Treatment of Animals 50
3272 Induction of Diabetes 50
3273 Sacrificing of Animals for Plasma and Tissues Liver and Kidney 51
328 BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSES 52
3281 Plasma Glucose 52
3282 Malondialdehyde MDA 54
329 HISTOLOGICAL ANALYSES 54
3210 STATISTICAL ANALYSES 55
CHAPTER FOUR
40 RESULTS 56
41 Phytochemistry Qualitative 56
42 Phytochemistry Quantitative 57
43 Proximate Analysis 58
44 Mineral Content 59
45 Vitamin Content 60
46 Feed Texture 60
47 Observation of Animals 61
48 Biochemical indices and Glucose levels after feeding 61
481 Effect of Gongronema latifolium and Ocimum gratissimum on plasma glucose levels for a three hour period of 30 minutes intervals 62
482 Effect of Gongronema latifolium and Ocimum gratissimum on blood glucose 63
483 Effect of Gongronema latifolium and Ocimum gratissimum on Malondialdehyde MDA Lipid Peroxidation Product levels 64
49 Histological Effects of Gongrenema latifolium and Ocimum gratissimum on kidneys and livers of Diabetic and Nondiabetic rats 65
491 Histological effects on the Kidney 83
492 Histological effects on the liver 73
410 Statistical analysis of Data 79
CHAPTER FIVE
Discussions 84
Conclusions and Recommendations 83
References 91
Appendices 101
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