| Description | | ABSTRACT
This research work explored the issue of early marriage in Nigeria. It shed light specifically on reasons behind its perpetuation, its harmful consequences, shows how it constitutes a barrier to education and enjoyment of human rights by girls and how it further threatens the development of the country. The findings from respondents and extensive reading of materials related to early marriage suggest that early marriage is due to various factors including among others, the search for economic survival, protection of young girls, peer group and family pressure, controlling female behavior and sexuality, wars and civil conflicts, socio-cultural and religious values. It is a violation of girls? human rights as it deprives her from freedom, opportunity for personal development, and other rights. It is also a developmental challenge for population pressure, health care costs and lost opportunities of human development. It is a barrier to girls? education as young girls drop out of school to get married which impacts negatively on the community as a whole and on the well-being of future generation. This practice stands in direct conflict with the objectives of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs); such as the promotion of basic education, fight against poverty, the prevention of HIV/AIDS and reduction of maternal mortality rate in sub Saharan Africa and Nigeria in particular. To deal with the problem, a number of strategies have been suggested mainly for providing economic opportunities to young girls, promoting education of girls and using mass media to increase the awareness of the whole community about the consequences of early marriage on girls themselves, their family and on the community as a whole. | CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the study
Gender gaps in educational outcomes are now a matter of growing concern to educational researchers today. Boys are increasingly less likely than girls to attend university and to receive a bachelor?s degree. Meanwhile, female undergraduates continue to be under-represented in such technical fields as engineering and computer science. One popular, if controversial, response to these patterns has been a renewed push for single-sex education - an effort that has drawn support from across political divides (Dee, 2006).
Regardless of the academic subject, boys, according to Dee (2006) are two to three times more likely than girls to be seen as disruptive, inattentive, and unlikely to complete their homework. However, how boys and girls view academic subjects vary across subjects in ways that parallel the gender gaps in subject test scores. For example, girls are more likely than boys to report that they are afraid to ask questions in Mathematics, Science, and Social Sciences. They are also less likely to look forward to these classes or to see them as useful for their future. Meanwhile, boys, as compared to girls, register more negative perceptions of English class.
But while boys and girls may exhibit different behaviours and prefer different subjects, Dee (2006) noted that it is not quite the same thing as having a different experience because of the gender of the teacher. The critical question here, therefore, is: Are there any evidences that teachers relate better to students whose gender they share or vice versa? According to Dee (2006), significant patterns can be detected within the United States National Educational Longitudinal Studies (NELS) data survey. He noted that when a class is headed by a woman, boys are more likely to be seen as disruptive, while girls are less likely to be seen as either disruptive or inattentive. Besides, when taught by a man, girls are more likely to report that they did not look forward to the subject, that it is not useful for their future, or that they are afraid to ask questions. The above situation is noted by Dee to be strongest in Science, where students? report indicates that female science teachers are far more effective in promoting girls? engagement with those fields of study.
Boys also have fewer positive reactions to their academic subject when taught by an opposite gender teacher. In particular, when taught by a female teacher, boys are more likely to report that they do not look forward to the subject (i.e. loose interest in the subject or find it less intriguing).
Besides, gender differences are obvious from birth and children are socialized very-early into appropriate sex-type occupation (Azikiwe 1993). Gender according to the United Nations (UN) definition as adopted by the Fourth World Conference on Women (F.M.C.W) 1996 in Beijing China is ?Man and Woman? and this definition applies to this study. Green (1979) reveals that culture and tradition have assigned occupations to males and females in the society, thus each sex is straightjacket in areas considered exclusive for it. For instance, women traditionally are expected to be employed in such areas as nursing and teaching.
Also, in the Nigeria?s Pre-colonial traditional society before the advent of western education, indigenous education of children is polarized between the sexes according to their future roles in the society.
Fafunwa (1974) captures this trend through his explanation that boys received rigorous training on the farm under the instruction of their fathers, while girls underwent training at home in child care food preparation and so on under strict supervision of their mothers. Not too long ago in these times of formal western education in Nigeria, a dichotomy existed strictly in the kind of vocations pursued by boys and girls, perhaps as carryover effects. Emeyeonu (1994:125) properly described this situation by stating that girls were not supposed to go into Engineering, Law, and Medicine but should go into professions like teaching and nursing. He went further to assert that:
?A female student applying to study mechanical engineering is look down upon as an oddity and an exception to the role and perhaps should have her head examined. Girls were supposed to do Arts, Education and Home Economics. Unfortunately, most young Nigeria girls aspiring for higher studies have come to believe this myth and have approached their choice of careers with diffidence and timidity?.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
The majority of arguments of single-sex schools and classrooms focused not only on the effects of gender on interactions among students, but also on the need to increase the number of students with teachers of the same gender (Krieg, 2005).
Besides, researchers like Meece (1987), Hopf and Hatzichristou (1999), Rodriguez (2002), and Etaugh and Hughes (1975) have found that (i) teachers interact differently with students of similar gender than they do with students of opposite gender, and (ii) that a teacher?s perception of student?s characteristics and abilities varies systematically by gender. Other studies according to Krieg (2005) found that male students benefit at the expense of female students in the amount and quality of interaction received from teachers of both genders. Consequently, the arising questions here are: Is there any relationship between Economics teachers? gender and their attitude to teaching Economics? What relationship does Economics teachers? gender have with the quantity of class and home works given to students in Economics? Is there any relationship between Economics teachers? gender and students? performance in Economics? This study therefore attempts to find answers to the above posers through examining the correlation between teachers? gender and students? academic performance in Economics.
1.3 Purpose of the Study
The objectives of this study will be to:
(i) determine whether the teachers? gender impacts his or her relationship with the respective students;
(ii) ascertain whether there is any relationship between the teachers? gender and the quantity and quality of class and home works given to students;
(iii) determine whether there is any relationship between the teachers? gender and students? performance; and
(iv) ascertain whether teachers? gender has any relationship with their attitude to teaching.
1.4 Research Questions
These questions will be adduced to guide the study.
(i) Is there any relationship between the teachers? gender and their attitude to teaching?
(ii) What relationship has teachers? gender with the quantity of class and home works given to students?
(iii) Is there any relationship between teachers? gender and students? academic performance?
(iv) Does the teachers? gender impact their relationship with their respective students?
1.5 Research Hypotheses
The following research hypotheses will be stated and tested during the study.
(i) There is no relationship between the teachers? gender and their attitude to teaching economics
(ii) There is no relationship between the teachers? gender and the quantity of class and home works given to students in economics
(iii) There is no relationship between teachers? gender and students? academic performance in economics
(iv) Teachers? gender does not impact their relationship with the respective students
1.6 Significance of the Study
This study would be significant for its content as a contribution to knowledge, as it articulates the relationship between teacher-gender differential influence on teacher?s relationship with students and the impact of this relationship on students? academic performance.
The study will also remain a reference document in the department of Art and Social Sciences, Faculty of Education, University of Lagos for researchers and students carrying out research on the same or similar topic.
The work will be useful to gender analyst. It will also be useful to the counsellor trainers and psychologist. It will also be useful to the teachers, parents and students.
Ultimately, its findings will also be of great reference to government, educational planners and policy makers, educational administrators and so on, when making decisions on issues pertaining to recruitment of teachers to boys? or girls? school.
1.7 Delimitation of the Study
This study covered only ten secondary schools randomly selected from the secondary schools in Lagos State. Besides, only thirty (30) economics teachers and thirty (30) economics students randomly selected from the ten sampled schools were involved in the study. In the whole, the study was limited to examine the relationship between teachers? gender and students? performance in Economics.
1.8 Limitations of the Study
These were some of the limitations encountered during the process of this study.
(i) There was limited time to cover more schools as the study would have needed.
(ii) Financial constraint limited the study from involving a larger part of the population.
(iii) The restrictive attitude of custodians of secondary data centres limited the researcher?s access to adequate secondary as well as the volume of the literature reviewed.
1.9 Definition of Operational Terms
(i) Gender: This refers to biologic maleness and femaleness of an individual.
(ii) Teaching: This is process of developing the cognitive, affective and psychomotor powers of the learners. It is also a process whereby knowledge is transmitted from the teacher to the learner. It is as well a complex process whereby the learner is made to pay attention, make observation, association ideas, and remembers previous experiences.
(iii) Profession: A type of work for which you need special knowledge and training.
(iv) Teacher: Anyone who imparts knowledge to another who is the recipient of what is being imparted (learner). | ABSTRACT
Instructional materials enhance the teaching/learning process by exhibiting information necessary to acquire knowledge and skills. The acquisition of basic vocational knowledge, skills and attitudes to facilitate occupational efficiency requires skill oriented teaching and learning activities. Over the years, the poor performance of students in public examinations has been blamed on the wrong choice of teaching methods by teachers. Teaching and learning activities have a lot to do with other variables, such as instructional materials, school environment variables, students? factors and so on.
In this study, instructional material utilization is the main focus in order to determine their effects on the performance of the students. Instructional materials are the devices developed or acquired to assist or facilitate teachers in transmitting, organized knowledge skills and attitudes to the learners within an instructional situation.
Teachers use different instructional materials to motivate learning. The success in the skill and knowledge acquisition in an instructional situation depends on the suitability of the instructional material, adequacy and effective utilization of the available materials. Also, the relevance of instructional materials to the objective of the lesson and the ease of use of the instructional materials are serious considerations in instructional materials utilization to better the learner?s performance.
The role of instructional materials in the teaching/learning process cannot be overemphasized. They facilitate and encourage self-study or independent study in students. The finding of this study has shown that inadequate use or lack of use of instructional materials in the teaching/learning situation (lecture method) negates the objective of teaching. Teachers who do not make use of instructional materials hide in the cover of none supply of the teaching resources. Therefore, as a matter of policy implementation, the governments at all levels should supply regularly standardized instructional materials, some useful hard and soft ware?s for use in schools. The vocational, technology and science teachers should be trained retrained and exposed regularly to make them to be up to date in the effective selection and utilization of instructional materials for effective teaching. | ABSTRACT
This study was carried out in order to determine Health Implications of Divorce among Children and Mothers in Jaba Local Government Area of Kaduna State in Nigeria. A total of three hundred and forty three (343) questionnaires were distributed to respondents in Jaba Villages within the local government jurisdiction of Kaduna State. The sample size of 300 was arrived at after using the spearman?s rank of correlation for sample size determination. The statistical tool used in the study is known as Spearman?s Rank Order Correlation Coefficient to test the level of significance of hypotheses, and if there exist a relationship between the variables under investigation. The study shows that majority of respondents were of the opinion that mothers and children?s wealth have health effects due to divorce, while others argued against this opinion. It also shows that majority of the respondents acknowledges that divorces has an implications of women and children and others disagreed of this opinion. The study shows that majority of the respondents were of the opinion that problem of finance and sexual problem results to societal menace of divorce, while others disagreed of these opinions. Other effect that may occur due to divorce includes societal problem, problem of infertility on the bearing of child, negative effect of child education, in-laws-intrusions, alcoholism, assaults, slapping, bitting amongst others. The study concludes that a marriage devoid of problems is said to be happy marriage, unlike those marriages with problems. The survival of any marriage life goes with deep level of understanding. The study recommends that Government should set up agencies where marital-related issues can be resolved, so that if there exist breakdown of marriage agreement it can be done on a peaceful ground
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study.
Marriage is as old as man himself. It is a socially recognized and approved union between individuals, who commit to one another with the expectation of a stable and lasting intimate relationship (Ahron Constance, 2004). It begins with a ceremony known as a wedding, which formally unites the marriage partners. A marital relationship usually involves some kind of contract, either written or specified by tradition, which defines the partners? rights and obligations to each other, to any children they may have, and to their relatives. In most contemporary industrialized societies, marriage is certified by the government. In addition to being a personal relationship between two people, marriage is one of society?s most important and basic institutions. Marriage and family serve as tools for ensuring social reproduction. Social reproduction includes providing food, clothing, and shelter for family members; raising and socializing children; and caring for the sick and elderly. In families and societies in which wealth, property, or a hereditary title is to be passed on from one generation to the next, inheritance and the production of legitimate heirs is a prime concern in marriage. However, in contemporary industrialized societies, marriage functions less as a social institution and more as a source of intimacy for the individuals involved. When the primary purpose of this sacred union is defeated and no longer seen as an ideal agreement by the partners involved, an annulment of the marriage vows is embarked on which is divorce and this exonerates both partners of their marital rights and vows. Divorc which is the legal dissolution of a marriage contracted between a man and a woman. It is legal in the sense that its dissolution is affected by a reputed court of law. It is the court of law that determines the end of marriage by the term ?divorce?. Divorce is quite different from separation between a husband and wife that are not legally married. It then means that, Divorce is distinguished from annulment, which declares a marriage void from the time of its celebration.
Barlet (2004) posited that Divorce is so widespread in our society that an intelligent study of divorce is necessary if one is to have the attitude and understanding that will help him/her build a good marriage and avoid eventuality of divorce. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), Health is a state of complete physical, social and mental well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. Based on this definition, it is virtually impossible to attain complete state of health in divorce. This correlates divorce and its health implication generally on men, women, children and also its adverse effects on the society at large. Studies have shown that divorce has its massive effects more on women and children since it is believed that women are the weaker sex although this research is not based on that ideology but at the same time on the health implications on women and children.
According to a New York Times article, ?More Americans Rejecting Marriage in 50s and Beyond?. In the past 20 years, the divorce rate has increased over 50% amongst the baby boomers. More and more adults are staying single and according to an analysis of census data conducted at Bowling Green State University in Ohio, they say the divorce numbers will continue to rise. Baby boomers that remain unmarried are five times more likely to live in poverty compared to those who are married. According to the statistics, it will also be three times as hard to receive food stamps, public assistance or disability payment
According to Lawson (2002) Sociologists believe that the rise in the number of older Nigerians who are not married is a result of factors such as longevity and economics. Women, especially, are becoming more and more financially independent which allows them to feel more secure with being alone. In previous generations, being divorced or single was seen differently than it is now. This has resulted in less pressure for baby boomers to marry or stay married. Therefore the study seeks to explore health implications of divorce among children and mothers in Jaba Local Government Area of Kaduna State in Nigeria.
1.2 Statement of Problem
According to Bramlet (2001) divorce no longer seems a hard decision to come by due to the intensive increase in divorce rate. In Nigeria, between 2003 to 2005 divorce had risen by 70% as estimated by court statistics. Individuals tend to see divorce as an escape route to marital issues and incompetence when in the actual sense divorce expands the issues and make them complex exposing them to more dangers than is already experienced. Many years ago, the mere mention of divorce aroused massive attention but with the level exposure and association with the western world where divorce seem to be as easy and instant as marriage vows. The health implications of divorce on children amount to their the effects it has on the education, relationship with parents and peergroup ,religious effects, social effects, psychological effects amongst others. This observations motivated this study and is carefully analyzed.
1.3 Purpose of the study
The main purpose of the study was to determine the health implications of divorce on children and mothers in Jaba LGA of Kaduna state
Objectives of the study
Specifically, the objectives were;
1. To determine the physical health implications of divorce on mothers and children
2. To determine the emotional health implications on children and mothers.
3. To determine the social health implications of divorce on mothers and children
4. To determine the predisposing factors to divorce among couples in Jaba LGA.
5. To determine if the social health implications differ according to women of different religious background.
6. To determine if the physical health implications of divorce is related to the age of the children.
1.4 Research Questions
1. What are the physical health implications of divorce on children nd mothers?
2. What are the emotional health implications of divorce on children and mothers?
3. What are the social health implications of divorce on children and mothers.
4. What are the predisposing factors to divorce in Jaba LGA.
5. Are there differences in social health implications among women according to different religious backgrounds?
6. Are the physical health implications of divorce related to the age of children?
1.5 Research hypotheses
There is no significant difference in social health implications among women according to religious background.
There is no relationship between the physical health implications on children according to age.
1.6 Significance of study
The findings and recommendations from this study will be of immense value to these various groups:
ú The women of Jaba Local Government Area of Kaduna State who are in a better position to outline their differences in life as both married and divorcees.
ú The children in Jaba Local Government that will share their experiences a children of divorcees or married parents.
ú The children in Jaba Local Government share their experiences a children of divorcees or married parents.
ú The women and children will be made to understand the various health implications of divorce on them.
ú The People of Jaba Local Government generally and the society at large will be informed about the health implications of divorce ,preventive measures against divorce as an ultimatum.
ú This study will be a reference point for some students who may wish to carry out research work on similar topics in the future.
ú To health workers, social workers and the public generally, it will unfold the negative health effects surrounding divorce.
1.7 Scope of study
The study focuses on health implications of divorce among children and mothers in Jaba Local Government Area of Kaduna State in Nigeria. Specifically, villages like Sabonsarki, Sabangida, Habori, Kwaturu, Gidantagai and Jibir of Kaduna State will be investigated to find out the relationship between the independent and the dependent variable. | ABSTRACT
This project is on Effects of overpopulation on the academic performance of students in government secondary schools in Owerri municipal council of Imo state. It is designed to identify the factors that contribute to the increase in students' population, find out the students - teacher ratio in government secondary schools and also the impact of the increase on the academic performance of students. A descriptive survey design was used, while the population of the study consists of government owned secondary schools in Owerri educational zone. A simple random sampling technique was used to select the four (4) schools out of the nine (9) schools in the zone. The four secondary schools selected have a total population of five thousand five hundred and thirty (5530) students and eighty (80) teachers. The sample size consists of five hundred and fifty four (554) students and eight (8) teachers. Data were represented in a tabular form. A closed format questionnaire with four points likert rating scale was used for data collection, and the mean score were used in analyzing the responses of the research questions. As a result of this research work it was found out that the students - teacher ratio in government secondary schools is between 55 - 60 students per teacher. Some recommendations were made, which include that the ministry of education should give quota on the students enrolment in government secondary schools in order to reduce the number of students per teacher, and infrastructural facilities should be provided to the schools in rural areas in order to avoid
students' migration to the urban areas. |
| Content | Abstract
The project takes a critical look at the analysis of different borehole water in Nekede especially Federal Polytechnic Nekede, water from Ihiagwa and mechanic village respectively. Water analyzed from different borehole from these locations were analyzed for the following parameters pH, conductivity, Nitrate phosphate, iron, Zinc, total dissolved solids, total suspended solid, magnesium and calcium hardness, using the colorimeter method of analysis. The result shows that Mboke Ihiagwa, Nekede, Road 5, 6 and new road of mechanic village have the lowest level of pH, Nitrate (No3) phosphate zinc (Zn) respectively. However, the water quality of the boreholes are not within the limits of the world health organization (WHO). | CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION
Background to the Study
Birth, marriage and death are the standard trio of key events in most people?s lives. But only one ?marriage? is a matter of choice. The right to exercise that choice was recognized as a principle of law even in Roman times and has long been established in international human rights instruments. Yet many girls, and a smaller number of boys, enter into marriage without any chance of exercising their right to choose. Some are forced into marriage at a very early age. Others are simply too young to make an informed decision about their marriage partner or about the implications of marriage itself. They may have given what passes for ?consent? in the eyes of custom or the law, but in reality, consent to their binding union has been made by others on their behalf.
The assumption is that once a girl is married, she has become a woman - even if she is only 12. Equally, where a boy is made to marry, he is now a man and must put away childish things. While the age of marriage is generally on the rise, early marriage - marriage of children and adolescents below the age of 18 is still widely practiced. While early marriage takes many different forms and has various causes, one issue is paramount. Whether it happens to a girl or a boy, early marriage is a violation of human rights. The right to free and full consent to a marriage is recognized in the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) and in many subsequent human rights instruments - consent that cannot be ?free and full? when at least one partner is very immature. For both girls and boys, early marriage has profound physical, intellectual, psychological and emotional impacts, cutting off educational opportunity and chances of personal growth.
For girls, in addition, it will almost certainly lead to premature pregnancy and childbearing, and is likely to lead to a lifetime of domestic and sexual subservience over which they have no control (Eboh, 1996).
Early marriage before the age of 18 is a violation of a number of international human rights charters and conventions such as 1989 Convention on The Rights of the Child (CRC), 1979 Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEFADW), the 1989 African Charter on Human and Peoples? Rights, and the 1990 African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of Women. However, for many young girls in developing countries, marriage is perceived as a means of securing their future and protecting them. Girls are forced into marriage by their families while they are still children in the hope that marriage will benefit them both financially and socially. On the contrary, early marriage violates the rights of children with often more negative consequences on the girls than the boys. This compromises their overall development, leaving them socially isolated with little or no education, skills and opportunities for employment and self -realization. These conditions ultimately make married girls more vulnerable to poverty. Young married girls are indeed a unique group, coming under great pressure on a number of fronts. They are required to do a disproportionate amount of domestic chores, which includes new roles and responsibilities as wives and mothers. The young bride?s status in the family is frequently dependent on her demonstrating her fertility-often within the first year of her marriage at a time when she is not yet physiologically, psychologically and emotionally prepared. Additionally, girls are made to be responsible for the care and welfare of future generations while still children themselves. Young mothers with no decision making powers, restricted mobility and no economic resources are likely to transmit this vulnerability to their off-springs. Therefore, early marriage directly compounds the ?feminization of poverty? and intergenerational poverty (Saxena, Shobha, 1999). Several studies confirm wide age gaps between younger married girls and their spouses. This age gap clearly creates unequal power relationship between the younger brides and her older and more experienced husband, resulting in husband having total control over sexual relations and decision-making. Since younger brides are socially conditioned not to question the authority of their husbands, they are often unable to use contraception or to plan their families. The combined effect of these factors may also make younger brides more likely to tolerate partner violence.
While there is widespread agreement that early marriage, early pregnancy and motherhood adversely affects general development and education of girls and they are the links with poverty and wide consequences on families and communities have not been adequately explored. This is partly due to the ?invisibility? of younger married girl in most communities, and the fact that marriage confers adult status to girls and boys (Bruce, 2002).
Yet, many societies, primarily in Africa and South Asia, continue to support the idea that girls should marry at or soon after puberty. Their spouses are likely to be a few years older than they are, but may be more than twice their age. Parents and heads of families make marital choices for daughters and sons with little regard for the personal implications. Rather, they look upon marriage as a family-building strategy, an economic arrangement or a way to protect girls from unwelcome sexual advances.
Meanwhile, tradition and culture endorse the concept of early marriage, the 1999 Nigerian constitution is silent on the issue, although it could be implied from the provisions of section 29 that parties to a marriage must be of full age. Under subsection 29(4)(a), ?any woman who is married shall be deemed to be of full age?. On the other hand, subsection (4)(a) stated that ?full age? means the age of eighteen years and above.
Thus, in spite of that section of Nigerian constitution, early marriage still poses a problem in most part of Nigeria, as in many other countries in Africa and beyond. It is practiced and justified in the name of tradition, culture and religion. That was why some people like the former governor of Zamfara state, Alh. Ahmed Sani Yerima Bakura and Mmerole Ogha the husband of Mgbeoye got married to a 13 and 9 year old girl respectively. Especially vulnerable are young girls in rural areas, poor, and deprived communities. This situation reflects the relatively strong adherence to tradition, and the relative lack of opportunities affecting women in rural areas. In Nigeria in general, and among Northerners (Hausas) in particular, early marriage dates back to the formation of the society itself. In that part of the country, it is not uncommon for girls below the age of 12 to get married, and it is going beyond the expectation unlike in other parts of the country. The National Baseline Survey of Positive and Harmful Traditional Practices Affecting Women and Girls in Nigeria 1999 revealed that the aggregate mean age at marriage for female children is 16.7 years. In the north-east the age is 15.2 years and in the north-west, 14.2 years. This is an indicator of the prevalence of early marriage in Nigeria (Shehu, 2002).
Statement of the Problem
Despite national laws and international agreements forbidding early marriage, this phenomenon is still widespread in many developing countries with a high prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa, more particularly in Nigeria. This paper intends to analyze that issue by emphasizing on this region of Africa (Nigeria) using Uzo-uwani as a paradigm. According to UNICEF (2001), 40 per cent and 49 per cent of girls under 19 in central and West Africa respectively are married compared to 27 per cent in east Africa and 20 percent in northern and southern Africa.
Throughout the world, marriage is regarded as a moment of celebration and a milestone in adult life. Sadly, the practice of early marriage gives no such cause for celebration. All too often, the imposition of a marriage partner upon a child means that a girl?s or boy?s childhood is cut short and their fundamental rights are compromised (UNICEF, 2001 and Lefevre, Quiroga and Murply 2004). Young girls are robbed of their youth and required to take on roles for which they are not psychologically or physically prepared for. Many have no choice about the timing of marriage or their partner. Some are coerced into marriage, while others are too young to make an informed decision. Premature marriage deprives them of the opportunity for personal development as well as their rights to full reproductive health and wellbeing, education, and participation in civic life.
Literature identifies many interrelated factors almost similar worldwide with small variations between societies that interact to place a girl child at risk of early marriage. Those factors include among others, search for economic survival, protection of young girls, peer group and family pressure, controlling female behavior and sexuality, wars and civil conflicts, maximization of fertility where infant mortality is very high (the working group 2000; UNICEF 2001; Mathur et al. 2003).
Early marriage contributes to a series of negative consequences both for young girls and the society in which they live. It is a violation of human rights in general and of girl?s rights in particular. For both girls and boys, early marriage has profound physical, intellectual, psychological and emotional impacts; cutting off educational and employment opportunities and chances of personal growth. In this research work more emphasis is given to girls as this is an issue that impacts upon them in far larger numbers and with more intensity and consequences.
Besides, having a negative impact on girls themselves, the practice of early marriage also has negative consequences on their children, families, and society as a whole. UNICEF (2000) argues that it is not only girls that pay for early marriage but also the society as a whole. Population pressure, health care costs and lost opportunities of human development are just a few of the growing burdens that society shoulders because of teenage pregnancies. Early marriage also undermines international efforts to fight against poverty in developing countries. Bunch (2005), makes it clear that the widespread practice of child marriage makes it increasingly difficult for families to escape poverty in the developing world, thereby undermining critical international efforts to fight poverty, HIV/AIDS and other development challenges, and making billions of dollars in development assistance less effective. Among the problems of early marriage in Nigeria is Vesico-Virginal Fistulae (VVF) which remains a serious reproductive health problem for women of childbearing age in the developing world. It is one of the most appealing misfortunes that a woman can face as a result of early pregnancy and childbirth. High maternal mortality and morbidity is another problem posed by early marriage. The world health organization estimates that the risk of death following pregnancy is twice as great for women between 15 and 19 years than for those between the ages of 20 and 24. The maternal mortality rate can be up to five times higher for girls aged between 10 and 14 than for women of about twenty years of age
This study should then seek to find answer to the following questions on developmental implications of early marriage in Nigeria.
Research Questions
What are the reasons behind early marriage perpetuation in Uzo-uwani local government area?
Does early marriage affect girls? wellbeing and constitutes a violation on their human rights in Uzo-uwani local government area?
Does early marriage hinders development in Uzo-uwani local government area.
Does early marriage leads to poor development in Uzo-uwani local government area.
Objectives of the Study
This research work is basically focused on developmental implications of early marriage in Nigeria, therefore, at the end; it is expected that we could be able to ascertain or proffer the causes and the developmental implications of early marriage in Nigeria and to proffer lasting solutions to minimize it.
Therefore, the specific objectives of this study are as follows:
To identify the reasons behind early marriage perpetuation in
Nigeria using Uzo-uwani local government as a paradigm.
To identify how it affect girls? wellbeing and constitute a violation
of their human rights in Uzo-uwani local government area.
To investigate the consequences and developmental implications
of early marriage in Uzo-uwani local government area.
To recommend ways of ameliorating the developmental
implications of early marriage in Uzo-uwani local government
area.Significance of the Study
The significance of this study cannot be overemphasized because this invaluable research work will be of tremendous impact on existing knowledge about developmental implications of early marriage in Africa and Nigeria in particular.
Thus, the outcome of this work will portray a vivid idea of peoples? perceptions and impressions on early marriage in Nigeria. It will also be of great importance to ideal administrators and sociologists.
The lessons that will be learnt from this study will be helpful to government in enacting and implementing policies and programmes that will impede the menace of early marriage in the country. Furthermore, the ideas in this work will help immensely in implementation and meaningful decisions and policies on developmental implications of early marriage as it affects girl child and the entire society. On the other hand, the findings and recommendations of this research work will help tremendously to restore adequate dignity, rights and values of girl child in Nigeria especially in Uzo-uwani local government council.
Last but not the least, this invaluable work will be of great significance in the sense that people should know that early marriage is not a solution to the search for economic survival, protection of young girls, peer group and family pressure, controlling female behavior and sexuality, and socio-cultural and religious values but it is a violation of girl?s human rights as it deprives her of freedom, opportunity for personal development, and other rights. This work will also be of academic, administrative and social assets to all Nigerians.
Scope and Limitations of the Study
The research work is expected to cover developmental implications of early marriage in Uzo-uwani local government area.
This work covers the period of 1990 till date. It will touch some vital events on early marriage which took place in Nigeria and in Uzo-uwani in particular within the stated period.
The limitations of this work include the following:
Finance/fund: this was the greatest limitation or hindrance the researcher encountered on the course of this work. A lot of fund was needed to carry out this work perfectly, such as transport fare, lobbying for interview, feeding, e.t.c as a student, it becomes very cumbersome.
Time: time cannot be over emphasized when talking of limitations of this study because it was one of the major hindrances the researcher faced during this study. Thus, this work is one of the courses/works or activities that needed equal attention of the researcher. Furthermore, the researcher being a regular student, he had the engagements to attend such as reading, going to lectures, going for recreation and so many other assignments that equally claim a substantial part of time available to him. Yet it is not exaggeration to say that not less than 40% of his available time was spent on this invaluable study.
Respondents: although the researcher got a good percentage of responses to his interview or questions, it was not easy per say for him to convince then (respondents) that the study is merely on academic exercise due to the high level of illiteracy among the people of the area in the sense that majority of their representatives/functionaries does not know the particular year the council was created talk more of knowing the land mass and the population of the council and such recorded data.
Thus, in spite of the above limitations, the researcher could be able to achieve his objectives by prioritizing this study to other of his activities because of time, using of interpreters on respondents because of high rate of illiteracy and effective and efficient use of the little resources in his possession. Meanwhile data collection went smoothly in spite of the above challenges, presumably because the interviewers were hired/recruited locally and known to the respondents. | | CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM IN EACH BACKGROUND
Introduction
Lack of classroom materials is one of the problems that our public school has. Because of these problems, teachers are spending their own money in buying materials that will sustain the productivity of the classroom. Lack of classroom materials has a big impact in the process of Teaching and Learning. Through this problem teaching learning process will not become productive and conducive. Classrooms lack basic materials that the teacher need. Many classroom lacks of enough books, art supplies and technology to provide same instruction offered at schools with greater resources. Lack of books translates into an inability for students to take books for homework. Lack of classroom materials is a negative cycle. Without materials, the work doesn?t get done, and without the work there is little incentive to buy into school at all supplies don?t get purchased.
?Everything sends a message. When school doesn?t have supplies, the message is that the students are not important people doing important work. Our students already have doubts about their importance and the value of school. The children without pencil learn to pretend that they don?t care about being prepared, but it is clearly a source of stress. When you?ve lost your last pencil, it?s hard not to feel like a loser. Conversely, having a pencil to lend is a social plus. I have purchased countless supplies for mystudent over the years. Receiving these things from a teacher feels special to students. It?s a practical and tangible expression of care and affection?. Said by Lynn Yellen. It means that these problem calls an attention to our government. We must be a resourceful teacher to find out alternate solution. In this case we are the one who provides the materials that are not available to maintain a learning environment of the classroom.
Elementary teachers spend more of their own money on materials and resources than middle and high school teacher. This is because they do more hands on activities that involve the construction paper, paint, glue, and much more. Teachers already aren?t the most paid workers, but they spend the most money out of their pocket. This is true dedication. They see the need that these students need. Teachers are taking away from their selves and their family to pay for your students. They are provided the supplies that your children need and the parents aren?t picking up the slack. When the economy is in a recession like it is now, the schools systems are lacking more and more. Teachers today are buying supplies for their student in order for their student to get the best education that they believe that their students deserve.
This research will be an avenue for the reader to know the lack of school supplies in the school. The students? personal school supplies and the teachers? access to supplies are both included in this research. I want to discuss how by not having certain school supplies the students are not receiving the best possible education that they could be. I choose this topic as my main focus for my research because I am studying to be a teacher and to know the effects of it happening. This topic is very dear to me and I see the effects on the students. I hope to influence all who read my research to think about helping the school system and how one supply in the school could change the learning experience for a student. I suggest in this problem is to have a Teacher Mini Grants Program. In this program or charitable it gives a funds for them to buy the needed classroom materials. In a practical way our government should focus on this issue and to find solution in this problem. So we can be able to have a quality education.
Statement of the Problem
The General Problem of this study;
How does lack of school supplies affect Teaching LearningProcess?
Specifically the study will seek to answer the following question;
1. What are the condition of pupils in Kaypian Elementary School in facing lack of school supplies in terms of;
1.1 Books
1.2 Chairs
1.3 Visual aids
1.4 First aid kit
1.5 Technology
2. What is the level of the mode of manifestation of lack of school supplies as to;
2.1 Examination
2.2Performance
2.3 Interest
2.4 Otheroutputs
3. Is there a significant effect between lack of school supplies and the process of teaching and learning?
Significance of the study
The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of lack of school supplies in teaching learning process.
The following will be benefited the study like students, parents, administrators, teacher and future researcher.
Students are the most important person in teaching. Without students teaching learning process will not take place. Students are the one who receives information and knowledge on their teacher. But if the school is facing lack of school supplies, then education will not become market place of idea. Even we lack school supplies if the students are not listening to their teacher, then they cannot be able to learn. That?s why the teacher tells to his/her students to pass different materials like cartolina, Manila paper, colored paper etc. Through this strategy, lack of school supplies is being sustained with the help of his/her students. The students should know the importance of education. Even we encounter different problem in school like lack of school supplies. The students should have a right values and work, so they can gather lots of information.
Parents are the one who provide the needs of her children. In school parents are monitoring the growth and development of their child. The parents can help the school by donating different instructional materials. In this way they are showing their support. The parents should know these problems. In a sense that they are aware that lacking of school supplies is the most problem that the school have. Through this way there are not just aware on their child?s performance but rather the school condition. It is important that they know this, so at least they can help the school in a simple way. These small things are a big help for the improvement of the school. The involvement of the parents to the teacher up to the school is an important matter that they should know.
Administrators are the one who administer the school. The role of administrators is to know, the problems that the teacher encounter. Administrators are the one who make solution on a particular problem. A good administrator will lead to a good school. Even though we have good administrator, lack of school supplies is the hardest problem to solve. We know that we also lack funds to buy the needed materials in teaching. If the administrator will call help to other person, then this problem will be possible to solve. In this thing, the administrators are doing something to sustain the needs of the school. Administrators are the one who maintain the productivity of the school. That?s why they arecalledadministrators, because they are the one who leads the improvement of education in their school.
Teachers are a key factor in teaching. Without teacher the learners will not gain and gather information. In this problem the teacher is the most affected person. If the teacher is a resourceful person, then this problem will be solved. It is important that we us a teacher must make an alternate solution or ways on how to sustain our needs in teaching. Through this ways teaching learning process will become productive and conducive. The teacher is the one who buy materials that are not available in school. Teachers are spending their own money not just for the materials, but also the things of her pupils. Through this way the teacher are showing love and care to his/her students and to the profession that he/she have now. We know that classroom supplies are the important material in teaching. Without these materialslearning cannot take place.
Future researcher is the one who gather and know the problems that he/she seen in a public school. The future researcher can use this study to become his/her guide in conducting research work. It is important that this study will know the future teachers, so they can easily embrace and accept teaching as their profession.
Scope and Limitation
The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of lack of school supplies in teaching learning process.The condition of pupils in Kaypian Elementary School in facing lack of school supplies in terms of books, chairs, visual aids, first aid kit and technology.The level of the mode of manifestation of lack of school supplies as to examination, performance, interest and other outputs.
The respondent of the study is the grade five (V) of Kaypian Elementary School.
The study will be conducted for five months (5) from November to March | CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study.
This research is on Health implications of divorce among children and mothers in jaba local government area of kaduna state. Marriage is as old as man himself. It is a socially recognized and approved union between individuals, who commit to one another with the expectation of a stable and lasting intimate relationship (Ahron Constance, 2004). It begins with a ceremony known as a wedding, which formally unites the marriage partners. A marital relationship usually involves some kind of contract, either written or specified by tradition, which defines the partners’ rights and obligations to each other, to any children they may have, and to their relatives. In most contemporary industrialized societies, marriage is certified by the government. In addition to being a personal relationship between two people, marriage is one of society’s most important and basic institutions. Marriage and family serve as tools for ensuring social reproduction. Social reproduction includes providing food, clothing, and shelter for family members; raising and socializing children; and caring for the sick and elderly. In families and societies in which wealth, property, or a hereditary title is to be passed on from one generation to the next, inheritance and the production of legitimate heirs is a prime concern in marriage. However, in contemporary industrialized societies, marriage functions less as a social institution and more as a source of intimacy for the individuals involved. When the primary purpose of this sacred union is defeated and no longer seen as an ideal agreement by the partners involved, an annulment of the marriage vows is embarked on which is divorce and this exonerates both partners of their marital rights and vows. Divorcé which is the legal dissolution of a marriage contracted between a man and a woman. It is legal in the sense that its dissolution is affected by a reputed court of law. It is the court of law that determines the end of marriage by the term “divorce”. Divorce is quite different from separation between a husband and wife that are not legally married. It then means that, Divorce is distinguished from annulment, which declares a marriage void from the time of its celebration.
Barlet (2004) posited that Divorce is so widespread in our society that an intelligent study of divorce is necessary if one is to have the attitude and understanding that will help him/her build a good marriage and avoid eventuality of divorce. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), Health is a state of complete physical, social and mental well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. Based on this definition, it is virtually impossible to attain complete state of health in divorce. This correlates divorce and its health implication generally on men, women, children and also its adverse effects on the society at large. Studies have shown that divorce has its massive effects more on women and children since it is believed that women are the weaker sex although this research is not based on that ideology but at the same time on the health implications on women and children.
According to a New York Times article, “More Americans Rejecting Marriage in 50s and Beyond”. In the past 20 years, the divorce rate has increased over 50% amongst the baby boomers. More and more adults are staying single and according to an analysis of census data conducted at Bowling Green State University in Ohio, they say the divorce numbers will continue to rise. Baby boomers that remain unmarried are five times more likely to live in poverty compared to those who are married. According to the statistics, it will also be three times as hard to receive food stamps, public assistance or disability payment
According to Lawson (2002) Sociologists believe that the rise in the number of older Nigerians who are not married is a result of factors such as longevity and economics. Women, especially, are becoming more and more financially independent which allows them to feel more secure with being alone. In previous generations, being divorced or single was seen differently than it is now. This has resulted in less pressure for baby boomers to marry or stay married. Therefore the study seeks to explore health implications of divorce among children and mothers in Jaba Local Government Area of Kaduna State in Nigeria.
1.2 Statement of Problem
According to Bramlet (2001) divorce no longer seems a hard decision to come by due to the intensive increase in divorce rate. In Nigeria, between 2003 to 2005 divorce had risen by 70% as estimated by court statistics. Individuals tend to see divorce as an escape route to marital issues and incompetence when in the actual sense divorce expands the issues and make them complex exposing them to more dangers than is already experienced. Many years ago, the mere mention of divorce aroused massive attention but with the level exposure and association with the western world where divorce seem to be as easy and instant as marriage vows. The health implications of divorce on children amount to their the effects it has on the education, relationship with parents and peergroup ,religious effects, social effects, psychological effects amongst others. This observations motivated this study and is carefully analyzed.
1.3 Purpose of the study
The main purpose of the study was to determine the health implications of divorce on children and mothers in Jaba LGA of Kaduna state
Objectives of the study
Specifically, the objectives were;
- To determine the physical health implications of divorce on mothers and children
- To determine the emotional health implications on children and mothers.
- To determine the social health implications of divorce on mothers and children
- To determine the predisposing factors to divorce among couples in Jaba LGA.
- To determine if the social health implications differ according to women of different religious background.
- To determine if the physical health implications of divorce is related to the age of the children.
1.4 Research Questions
- What are the physical health implications of divorce on children nd mothers?
- What are the emotional health implications of divorce on children and mothers?
- What are the social health implications of divorce on children and mothers.
- What are the predisposing factors to divorce in Jaba LGA.
- Are there differences in social health implications among women according to different religious backgrounds?
- Are the physical health implications of divorce related to the age of children?
1.5 Research hypotheses
There is no significant difference in social health implications among women according to religious background.
There is no relationship between the physical health implications on children according to age.
1.6 Significance of study
The findings and recommendations from this study will be of immense value to these various groups:
- The women of Jaba Local Government Area of Kaduna State who are in a better position to outline their differences in life as both married and divorcees.
- The children in Jaba Local Government that will share their experiences a children of divorcees or married parents.
- The children in Jaba Local Government share their experiences a children of divorcees or married parents.
- The women and children will be made to understand the various health implications of divorce on them.
- The People of Jaba Local Government generally and the society at large will be informed about the health implications of divorce ,preventive measures against divorce as an ultimatum.
- This study will be a reference point for some students who may wish to carry out research work on similar topics in the future.
- To health workers, social workers and the public generally, it will unfold the negative health effects surrounding divorce.
1.7 Scope of study
The study focuses on health implications of divorce among children and mothers in Jaba Local Government Area of Kaduna State in Nigeria. Specifically, villages like Sabonsarki, Sabangida, Habori, Kwaturu, Gidantagai and Jibir of Kaduna State will be investigated to find out the relationship between the independent and the dependent variable. | CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
This project is on Effects of overpopulation on the academic performance of students in government secondary schools in Owerri municipal council of Imo state. According to the Federal Ministry of Education, as at 2004, the population of Nigeria secondary schools stood at one hundred and eighteen thousand, two hundred (118200) secondary schools while that of Imo state showed a total number of two hundred and five (205). Owerri Municipal council had about seven (7) secondary schools, with a population of Seven thousand, six hundred and fifteen (7615) students. This figure when compared with that of 1999 which was inclusive according to Federal Ministry of Education was very high because during that period, it was so in order to attract Federal Government attention.
The present Nigerian population of secondary schools going by the above number is almost twenty one thousand, eight hundred and twenty eight (21828) secondary schools, with Imo state having three hundred and twelve (312) secondary schools and Owerri Municipal 9 government secondary schools.
According to the statistics department, Secondary Education Management Board (SEMB), there has been a rapid increase in the population of students in Owerri Education zone from seven thousand, six hundred and fifteen (7615) students to ten thousand, five hundred and seventy (10570) students. There is a constant increase in the population of secondary schools which runs contrary to the new encyclopedia Britannica, volume (A) assertion. Unlike population of insects, population rarely has been subject to explosive or collapsing numbers.
Overpopulation refers to a situation where the total number of people in an area exceeds the available resources. Overpopulation can also be defined as deficiency in resources development in relation to the available people Osuji (2008). This means existing resources can not march the immediate population number.
Evidence has shown that the population of students in urban schools is on the increase. The steady areas to enjoy recreational facilities, which keeps them busy after studying is one of the factors that contributes to overpopulation of secondary schools in urban areas.
Under population of secondary school in Nigeria has had a negative impact in the Nigeria educational sector, and the output is devastating in terms of loss of standard and its attendant results.
This situation of over population could be speculated to be speculated to be responsible for the untold hardship, corruption, social disorder, poor standard of living, crime etcetera. In this, there will be lower standard of education, inadequate instructional materials, production of poor or a few quality text books, congested classrooms and attendant education in characters (dropout as a product of the so called schools).
Statement of the Problem
Over the years, there has been an increase in the population of students in urban secondary schools. This has been consistent, without the attendant increase in facilities, teachers and infrastructure, etcetera. With the decline in the quality of education and output, it therefore becomes imperative to find out whether the increase in population of students' directly affect their academic performance and identify the causes of increase in population of students in government secondary schools in Owerri educational zone and what could be done to remedy the situation.
Purpose of the Study
The main purpose of the study is to ascertain the impact of overpopulation on academic performance of government secondary students specifically, the study intends to:
1. Identify the students - teacher ratio in government secondary schools.
2. Identify the causes of increase in students' population in government secondary school.
3. Find out the impact of the increase in students population in government secondary schools on the academic performance of students.
4. Make recommendations on how to curtail increase in students' population.
Significance of the Study
This study will be of immense benefit to students, teachers, educational planners, government and society at large.
For the students, it will motivate and increase their willingness to attend school and help improve their performance in school.
To the teachers, it will help improve abilities of the teacher to manage the classroom efficiently because reduction in the number of students encourages teacher - students' relationship and leads to effective and efficient academic performance.
To the education planners, it will be a guiding material to enable them check the population of students in relation to the available schools to accommodate them.
To the government, it will serve as a guide to identify the need to improve the infrastructure available for teaching and learning.
The study will be of great significance to the society at large as it will help produce qualified citizens that will contribute positively to the growth of the society and it will also serve as a resource and reference material to future students.
Research Questions
For the purpose of carrying out this research, the researchers pose the following questions:
(1) What is the student - teacher ratios in government secondary schools?
(2) What are the causes of increased students' population in government secondary schools?
(3) What are the impacts of the increase in population of students in government secondary schools on the academic performance of the students?
Scope of the Study
This research work is restricted to only government secondary schools in Owerri Municipal Council. The secondary schools are:
- Government secondary school Owerri
- Comprehensive Development secondary school Owerri
- Emmanuel college Owerri
- Government technical college Owerri
- Ikenegbu Girls' secondary school Owerri
- Holy Ghost college Owerri
- Owerri girls' secondary school
- Urban development secondary school Owerri
- Boys' secondary school New Owerri
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