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ABSTRACT
The main aim of this project work is to clone and install a cable television satellite system. The project was necessitated by the quest to produce a comparatively cheap free to air cable television satellite.
The cloning was done in two units which include the cloning of the satellite dish and the cloning of the receiver/decoder unit.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0INTRODUCTION
The most recent advancement in technology has really given birth to different development in the field of telecommunication engineering. Provisions have been made by technologist who covers a wide range of humans environment giving solution to humans problems.
In recent time, communication has been unstable in the world which has really affected consistent communication among the people of different countries. Many communication channels were found to be able to cover a certain area leaving majority of other area worth covering out. With the help of the present modern technology who brought about the use of satellite antenna have in a great way curtailed the problems of poor transmission and communication.
Specifically, we are considering a cable television satellite system. A cable television satellite or TV aerial is an antenna specifically designed for the reception of over the air broadcast television signals which are transmitted at frequencies from about 41MHz to 250MHz in the VHF band and 470MHz to 960MHz in the UHF band in different countries.
To cover this range, antennas generally consist of multiple conductors of different lengths which correspond to the wavelength range the antenna is intended to receive. The length of the element of a TV antenna is usually half the wavelength of the signal they are intended to receive. The wavelength of a signal equals the speed of light divided by the frequency.
The design of a television broadcast receiving antenna is the same for the older analog transmission and the digital television DTV transmission which are replacing them.
The cable television satellite system is parabolically shaped. It reflects the signal to the dishs focal point. Mounted on brackets at the dishs focal point is a device called feedhorn. This feedhorn is essentially the front end of a wave guide that gathers the signals at or near the focal point and conducts them to a low noise blockdown convert or LNB. The LNB converts the signals from electromagnetic or radio waves to electrical signal and shift the signal from the downlinked cband and or ku band to the Lband range.
Direct broadcast satellite dishes uses an LNBF which integrates the feedhorn with the LNB a new form of omini directional satellite antennas which does not use a directed parabolic dish and can be used on a mobile platform such as a vehicle that was announced by the University of Waterloo in 2004.
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY:
The history and discovery of an antenna system of transmission can be traced back to the first experiment conducted by Michael Faraday around 1830s which involved the coupling of electricity and magnetism.
He slide a magnetic material a magnet actually around the coil of a wire attached to a galvanometer. In doing so, he was actually creating a time varying magnetic field which as a result from Maxwells equation must have had a time varying electric field. The coil attached acted as a loop antenna and received the electromagnetic radiation which was detected by the galvanometer. The work of an antenna interestingly, the concept of electromagnetism has not been thought up at this point.
The first satellite television signal was relayed from Europe to the Telstar satellite over North America in 1962. It was based on the principle of using the highly elliptical Molniya satellite for pre broadcasting and delivering of TV signal to ground downlink stations.
The first commercial North America satellite to carry television was Canadas geostationary Anik which was launched in 1972. AT6, the worlds first experimental educational and direct broadcast satellite was launched in 1974. The first Soviet geostationary satellite to carry direct to home television called Ekran was launched in 1976.
Satellite television is a program delivered by the means of communications satellite and received by an outdoor antenna, usually a parabolic reflector generally referred to as satellite dish and as far as household usage is concerned, and a satellite receiver either in the form of an external set top box or a satellite tuner module built into a TV set. Satellite TV tuner are also available as a card or a USB peripheral to be attached to a personal computer. In many areas of the world, satellite television provides a wide range of channels and services often to areas that are not serviced by terrestrial or cable providers.
Direct broadcast satellite television comes to the general public in two flavors analog and digital. This necessitates either having an analog satellite receiver or a digital satellite receiver. Analog satellite television is being replaced by digital available in a better quality known as high definition television.
1.1.STATEMENT OF PROBLEM:
The following forms the problems that necessitated the research of this project work.
I.High cost of communication receiving equipment in the third world countries
II.The use of outdated and analog receiving satellite equipment which cannot receive all channels.
III.The invention and discovery gap between the whites and the blacks.
1.2.PURPOSE OF THE STUDY:
The purpose of this study is aimed at cloning and installation of a cable television satellite system. It is necessitated by a quest to produce a comparatively cheap free to air antenna that can cover a wide distant and which can work as perfectly as the most recent antenna satellite in the market today.
1.3.OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY:
Having researched the problem faced by the telecommunication receiving system engineers, the following forms the objective of this study:
I.Cloning a locally made cable television satellite using the Ekran launched in 1976 by the Soviet Union as a case study.I
I.Eliminating or atleast curtailing the communication gap between the haves and the have not. That is the rich and the poor.
III.Improving the antenna gain of other already produced antenna by encouraging its correction using this project work as a case study.
IV.To produce a free to air satellite that can easily be purchased by all.
1.4. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY:
The cable television satellite system should be able to cover all the areas within the country or province where it is mounted.
It should also be able to cover both the VHF and UHF requirement and as well be able to receive foreign channels which are comparatively cheap as the original prototype or case study.
1.5. SCOPE OF THE STUDY:
The focal point of this work is to clone and install a cable television satellite, highlighting its objective and operational characteristics.
The study covers only the receiving part of communication where antennas are used to intercept mobile frequency channels in the air. The type of antenna receiving system covered here is a parabolic antenna which is designed to receive microwaves from communication satellites which transmit or broadcast such as a satellite television.
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ABSTRACT
The main objective of this project was to ensure a proper security to car being parked in garage against theft or an intruder. The circuit uses three NE555 timers; one of the NE555 was wired as a monostable oscillator and remaining two were wired as tone generator and amplified to obtain a maximum audible sound. However, pin 2 of the first NE555 was used as sensor part .When pin 2 has contact with human body or hand it will activate the IC1 which will also bias transistor and this transistor was wired in a way that once it is powered it will close circuit thereby passing a negative supply voltage to tone generator circuit and outputted out through a loud speaker or buzzer.
This device functions as a major security device against car theft as stated above. It is an electronic device that is connected to the battery of the car it is being installed in and gets activated when the car engine is switched off and the car stationed at a place. The device is not seen but, it has an indicator light which shows that the alarm has been activated. When the body of the car is touched by human hand, it sends a negative signal to the device which needs a negative pulse to get activated; it sends this negative from the human hand to the tone generator IC which triggers the alarm.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Title Page ....i
Certification.ii
Dedication ...iii
Acknowledgement .. iv
Abstract .v
Table of content ...vi
List of Symbols . vii
CHAPTER ONE: Introduction 1.1 Background of study 1
1.2 Aims and objectives 3
CHAPTER TWO: Literature Review.4
CHAPTER THREE: Specification and operation of system component 3.1 Description of NE55 Timer.12
3.2 Description of Resistor. 14
3.3 Description of Capacitor.. 16
3.4 Description of Diode 27
3.5 Description of Transformer 32
3.6 Description of Loud Speaker and Buzzer 41
3.7 Description of Transistor. 43
3. 8 Description of L.E.D.. 47
CHAPTER FOUR: Operation of system and its circuit and block diagram
4.1 Operation of circuit 55
4.2 The circuit diagram.. ..57
4.3 The block diagram58
CHAPTER FIVE: Construction, Testing and Packaging
5.1 Values of components.59
5.2 Assembly60
5.3 A schematic diagram of the finished work.63
CHAPTER SIX: Conclusion and Recommendation
6.1 Conclusion .. .64
6.2 Recommendation . . ..65
6.3 Observations ..66
6.4 Dificulties.. 57
6.5 References. 68
| CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
A battery charger is a device used to introduce energy into a secondary cell or rechargeable battery by forcing an electric current through it. The charging protocol depends on the size and type of the battery being charged. Some battery have high tolerance for recharged by connection to a constant voltage source or a constant current source; simple chargers of this type require manual disconnection at the end of the charge cycle, or may have a timer to cut off charging current at a fixed time. Other battery types cannot withstand long highrate overcharging, the charger may have temperature or voltage sensing circuits and a microprocessor controller to adjust the charging current, and cut off at the end of charge.
A tackle charger provides a relatively small amount of current, only enough to counteract selfdischarge of a battery that is idle for a long time. Slow battery chargers may take several hours to complete a charge, highrate chargers may restore most capacity within minutes or less than an hour, but generally require monitoring of the battery to protect it from overcharge Emerson, 1998.
A battery, which is actually an electric cell, is a device that produces electricity from a chemical reaction. In one cell battery, a negative electrode; an electrolyte, which conducts ions; a separator, also an ion conductor; and a positive electrode. an electrical battery is one or more electrochemical cells that convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy. Since the invention of the first battery in 1800 by Alessandro Volta and especially since the technical improved Daniell Cell in 1936, batteries have become a common power source for many household and industrial applications Emerson 1998.
There are two types of batteries: Primary Batteries disposable batteries, which are designed to be used once and discarded, and Secondary Batteries rechargeable batteries, which are designed to be recharged and used multiple times. Battery comes in many size, from miniature cells used to power hearing aids and wristwatches to battery banks the size of rooms that provide standby power for telephone exchanges and computer data centers and inverters.
However, in recent times, battery charger has become very useful and popular to DC equipment. Most of the electronic devices such as laptops, mobile phone, etc., and mobile machines like vehicle and motorcycles operational capacity depend on the DC power supply from a battery.
1.2 Scope of the study
This project work is limited to the construction and demonstration of a simple battery charger of 12volts. The circuit input voltage is 240volts from the A.C supply mains which will be stepped down by a stepdown transformer to 12volts. The 12volts A.C is rectified through a bridge rectifier and filtered through capacitor connected in parallel from the positive terminal of the bridge rectifier. The output voltage is used to charge a battery.
1.3 Statement of the problem
A simple 12volts charger works by supplying a constant DC or pulsed DC power source to a battery being charged. The simple charger does not alter its output based on time or the charge on the battery. This simplicity means that a simple charger is inexpensive. The circuit of a battery charger has the ability to convert voltages from one form to another usually AC to DC voltages. This process is carried out through the use of some important components like: rectifiers, capacitor to filter and remove ripples from the AC source and a voltage regulator IC. However, this project is based on the construction of a 12volts simple battery charger with local materials to reduce cost.
1.4 Purpose of the study
The purpose of this project work is to design construct and demonstrate how a simple 12volts battery charger works.
1.5 Significance of the study
A simple 12 volt battery charger is a simple circuit that comprises of different component that are soldered together on a circuit board to give or produce a require function. Therefore, the importance of this project work is to aid both technicians and students on how to construct a simple battery charger circuit and how it works.it is hoped that after the construction of this charger circuit, it will be kept on the laboratory to be used for battery charging and for practical's and other academic functions.
1.6 Limitation
During the project work, the researcher encountered the following problems which in one way or the other have prevented him from completing the work at the usually time. These include: financial problems, time factor and unavailability of material which the researcher have to move from far distance area in search of textbooks and other important materials. |
ABSTRACT
Uninterruptible power supplies UPS are used to provide power when regular utility power is unavailable. Although they are commonly used for providing power in remote locations or emergencies, this is not because they are the same as auxiliary power units, emergency power units or standby generators.
Unlike the aforementioned power sources, UPS provides an immediate and continuous supply of power to a device, hence protecting it from power interruption and allowing time for auxiliary or emergency powers, to kick in equipment to be safely shut down or utility power restored.
The major aim of this was to design a system which will be able to convert battery voltage12v to 220v, which is equivalent to wall outlet and secondly able to charge the battery.
The chapter one of this work, gives the overview of UPS, its importance, uses, and application and some of its special features like its ability to correct frequency instability and many more.
Secondly, this work dealt with all components used in the construction of the device, there working condition and uses. Some basic abstract phenomenon were also treated like wave forms and electronic switching.
The chapter three, basically dealt on all electrical measuring instrument used in and on the device, how they are used, why and where.
The fourth chapter explains how the components where assembled into section and the sectional connection used to form the device.
The last chapter is a simple conclusion with honest recommendation.
TABLE OF CONTENT
CERTIFICATION i
DEDICATION ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii
ABSTRACT iv
TABLE OF CONTENT v
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES 8
1.2 SCOPE OF THIS PROJECT 8
1.3 AVAILABILITY OF DESIGN MATERIALS 8
CHAPTER TWO
2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW 9
2.1 WHAT IS A UPS 9
2.2 WAVEFORMS 9
2.2.1 SQUAREWAVE 9
2.2.2 MODIFIED SINE WAVE 10
2.2.4 TRUE SNE WAVE 10
2.3 RESISTORS 11
2.4 CAPACITORS 12
1.4.1 CAPACITANCE 13
2.4.2 ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITOR 14
2.4.3 PLASTIC FILM, CERAMIC NAD MONOLITHIC
CAPACTOR 14
2.5 DIODE 16
2.5.1 MOUNTING A DIODE 18
2.5.2 CHARACTERISTICS CURVES OF A DIODE 18
2.5.3 IDEAL DIODE 19
2.5.4 LIGHT EMITTING DIODE 19
2.5.5 DIODES AS RECTIFIERS 21
2.5.5.1 HALFWAVE RECTIFIER 22
2.5.5.2 FULLWAVE, CENTERTAP RECTIFIE 23
2.5.6 FILTERS 24
2.6 TRANSISTORS 26
2.6.1 TRANSISTOR AS A SWIRCH 26
2.6.2 MOSFETS 28
2.6.2.1 SUPERHIGH INPUT IMPEDANCE 29
2.6.2.2. SETBACKS IN MOSFETS 29
2.6.2.3 ITS FLEXIBILITY 30
2.7 OPTOCOUPLER 30
2.7.1 OPTOCOUPLER CHARACTERISTICS 31
2.7.2 ITS INPUT 32
2.7.3 ITS OUTPUT 32
2.7.4 ITS OPERATING MODE 33
2.8 THE SG3524 INTEGRATED CIRCUIT 33
2.8.1 OPERATING PRINCIPLE OF SG3524 34
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 METHODOLOGY 36
3.1 ELECTRONIC WORKBENCH 37
3.2 GALVANOMETER 37
3.3 OSCILLOSCOPE 38
3.4 VOLTMETER 39
3.5 AMPMETER 41
3.6 WATTMETER 43
3.7 MULTIMETERS 44
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION METHODS 46
4.1 COMPLETE CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF A UPS 47
4.2 STAGE BY STAGE DESIGN 47
4.2.1 OSCILLATOR SECTION 50
4.2.2 DRIVER/SWITCHING SECTION 51
4.2.3 THE OUTPUT SECTION 52
4.2.4 THE CHANGEOVER SECTION 53
4.2.5 THE LOW BATTERY CUTOFF SECTION 54
4.3 COMPONENT JUSTIFICATION 55
4.3.1 MOSFETS 55
4.3.2 SG3524 OSCILLATOR 55
4.3.3 OPTOCOUPLER 56
4.3.4 RESISTORS 56
4.4 TEST AND ANALYSIS 56
4.4.1 TESTING AND SETTING THE INVERTER 57
4.5 BILL OF ENGINEERING CONSTRUCTION 60
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 CONCLUSION 62
5.1 RECOMMENDATION 62
REFERENCES 63
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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
The industrial batch counter is an electronic and electrical device that handles the counting and controls the flow of individuals using an automated slide door that allows access only when the administrator permits. The technique involved in the design is a simple sensor unit that opens and closes the door when someone obstructs the light path. These parameters can be used to determine when someone has moved in or out of the conference hall for instance. The light sensing type involves monitoring the unit with photon or optical devices; this consists of the encoder transmission path or the source of energy and the decoder receiver unit that converts the light intensity to electrical signal. An LED emitter, combined with a photo detector Light Dependent Resistor, photo transistor or infrared sensing diode in proximity, form a very useful object called optocoupler or optoisolator. When the opto coupler is obstructed, the door opens and the display shows an increase or decrease of individuals in the room depending on the path followed. This project report creates a greater picture of the industrial batch counter.
1.1 THE AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT
The aim of this project is to demonstrate a smart device that counts the number of people inside a conference hall; and prevents people from entering once the room has reached its capacity.
1.2 JUSTIFICATION OF THE PROJECT
The need for counting the number of persons inside the conference hall is for statistical record, which will help the conference hall management take a proper account of people; and as well, control the conference hall capacity from being over populated.
1.3 THE SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
This project covers the features of the capacity monitor, the hardware description, the use of transistor logic and microcontroller, how the system works and its applications.
1.4 THE PROJECT REPORT ORGANIZATION
This project report is organized into five chapters. The first chapter covers the introduction, aim scope and justification of the project. The second chapter talks about the technology behind the project, the description of the microcontroller, as well as the working principle of the project. Chapter three covers the methodology of the project. Chapter four discusses the designing and construction of the project, as well as other components used in designing this project. Chapter four also talks about the testing of the individual components and packaging of the project. And lastly, chapter five summarizes and concludes the project.
| ABSTRACT
The main aim of this project is to construct an inverter. Inverters have many applications especially in modern electronic devices such as computers. The inverter is designed to convert D.C from 12volt battery to 120volt A/C, the D.C supply is fed to an astable multivibrator which produces a square waveform. These pulses serve as the input of a stepup transformer to give an output of 120volt.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0INTRODUCTION
The most recent advancement in technology has really given birth to different development in the field of engineering. Provision has been made by technologist who covers a wide range of humans environment, given solution to humans problems.
In the recent times, power supply has been epileptic in the country which has really affected consistent power source. Many power systems were found to be able to maintain power supply to the load during mains failure PHCN. Most of these loads were designed so that electrical supply to them should be maintained without interruption. Electricity can be generated by devices to convert some readily available sources of energy since electricity generation can be interrupted at any time as a result of fault and all electronic devices need an alternating current , the use of an inverter to utilize an alternative source of energy becomes so necessary.
An inverter is an electronic device which converts DC energy to AC energy. Thus, the technological breakthrough resulting to the production of this system has encouraged the optimum utilization of computers and related equipments. The beauty of inverter system is the fact that it accepts all the power anomalies, conditions and filters properly the public power supply output to most load which require pure grade sinusoidal voltage rated output. They are used in a wide variety of applications such as the complicated electronic systems of orbiting satellite and cool astronaut suites. Inverters are also used to operate gyroscope and other air borne instruments. Due to low voltage power sources such as solar cells, nuclear cells, and fuel cells, inverters has become increased in demand.
The system is unaffected by variation in the mains supply and during the period of power failure will continue to supply to the load for a specified duration. Modern DC to AC inverters is reliable and requires less maintenance
1.1AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this project is aimed at designing and constructing a DC/AC inverter. It is necessitated by the quest to supply voltage to electrical electronic appliances in the advent of power failure from the mains PHCN.
1.2JUSTIFICATON
In this design, the DC/AC inverter should be able to switch over to an alternating current AC at the advent of been powered by the mains and automatically charging the battery and reverse is the case when there is power failure from the mains.
1.3LIMITATION
The DC/AC inverter can be produced or designed in different wattage as well as the output voltage models depending on the wattage and output voltage required by the users. It can be mounted or used in different areas of interest e.g. computer systems, ATM, household electronics either 120v or 240v output or many more.
1.4METHOLOGY
A modular approach was adopted in which the design was incorporated namely, DC/AC converter unit The astable multivibrator low/high voltage transformation unit, charging unit, output unit.
These subunits would be designed, constructed and tested separately when all are confirmed to be working properly, there shall be appropriately connected. As much as practicable integrated circuit IC chips will be used to reduce components carried and enhance compatibility and reliability of the systems. |
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