| Content | ABSTRACT
Tjunction traffic light controller is such a device that will play a significant role in controlling traffic at junctions, to ease the expected increased rush at such junctions and reduce to minimum disorderliness that may arise, as well as allowing the pedestrians a right of the way at intervals rather than being struck down when in a hurry to cross the roads. Such an electrical system with a touch of electronics that control the flow of traffic in a predetermined sequential pattern at a junction, has its diagram comprising of different components. The power supply unit provides the control unit with specified voltage from primary source. The pulse generator consisting of a timer generates pulse for the system. The clock or counter moderates the signal that enters the decoding logic system. The display unit of each stand consists of led, the first is red in colour, the second is amber in colour and the last is green in colour.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The traffic on our roads, especially intracity traffic due to increasing number of cars grow by the day and unless adequate steps are taken to control the situation, we shall soon meet with circumstances we do not bargain for. That the innumerable traffic junctions in the country by far outnumber the staff strength of the traffic wardens available and that the traffic wardens even where they are enough to control all the junctions cannot do so throughout the day is not in doubt. Traffic control at T. junctions or elsewhere ensures orderliness of movements of vehicles, goods and pedestrians while its absence strongly indicates chaos and most at times leads to accidents.
In the light of the above, it is imperative to recognize the need to compliment the physical exhausting efforts of the traffic wardens. In doing so, steps to be taken should assume permanence in nature rather than any adhoc exercise. Such is the role expected to be played by an installed operational road junction traffic controller.
This project DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A THREE WAY JUNCTION TRAFFIC LIGHT CONTROLLER is such a device that will play significant role in controlling traffic at junctions to ease the expected increased rush at such junctions and reduce to minimum such disorderliness that may arise as well as allowing the pedestrians a right of the way at intervals rather than being struck down when in a hurry to cross the roads.
1.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
The main objective of the study includes:
1 To investigate the practicality of the theoretical knowledge about these components to be used.
2 To experiment on the compatibility of the working relation between components to be used.
3 To investigate the extent to which the design and construction of the control unit can be useful to mankind.
4 To investigate the immediate usefulness of the control system as complimentary to traffic wardens.
1.3 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The scope of this project is to enlighten all electronics students on the use of microcontroller base traffic light 3ways and timer system in Tjunction. On the practical usage it is limited to the laboratory used for reference purpose. The larger application of this project work is found in most of our mega cities like Abuja, Lagos, Calabar, Enugu etc, to control and manage heavy traffic congestion.
1.4 PROJECT REPORT ORGANIZATION
This report is structured to follow the history and origin of traffic light system all through the design and implementation phase. The report takes into account the step by step process followed in order to arrive at the final design | CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
A battery charger is a device used to introduce energy into a secondary cell or rechargeable battery by forcing an electric current through it. The charging protocol depends on the size and type of the battery being charged. Some battery have high tolerance for recharged by connection to a constant voltage source or a constant current source; simple chargers of this type require manual disconnection at the end of the charge cycle, or may have a timer to cut off charging current at a fixed time. Other battery types cannot withstand long highrate overcharging, the charger may have temperature or voltage sensing circuits and a microprocessor controller to adjust the charging current, and cut off at the end of charge.
A tackle charger provides a relatively small amount of current, only enough to counteract selfdischarge of a battery that is idle for a long time. Slow battery chargers may take several hours to complete a charge, highrate chargers may restore most capacity within minutes or less than an hour, but generally require monitoring of the battery to protect it from overcharge Emerson, 1998.
A battery, which is actually an electric cell, is a device that produces electricity from a chemical reaction. In one cell battery, a negative electrode; an electrolyte, which conducts ions; a separator, also an ion conductor; and a positive electrode. an electrical battery is one or more electrochemical cells that convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy. Since the invention of the first battery in 1800 by Alessandro Volta and especially since the technical improved Daniell Cell in 1936, batteries have become a common power source for many household and industrial applications Emerson 1998.
There are two types of batteries: Primary Batteries disposable batteries, which are designed to be used once and discarded, and Secondary Batteries rechargeable batteries, which are designed to be recharged and used multiple times. Battery comes in many size, from miniature cells used to power hearing aids and wristwatches to battery banks the size of rooms that provide standby power for telephone exchanges and computer data centers and inverters.
However, in recent times, battery charger has become very useful and popular to DC equipment. Most of the electronic devices such as laptops, mobile phone, etc., and mobile machines like vehicle and motorcycles operational capacity depend on the DC power supply from a battery.
1.2 Scope of the study
This project work is limited to the construction and demonstration of a simple battery charger of 12volts. The circuit input voltage is 240volts from the A.C supply mains which will be stepped down by a stepdown transformer to 12volts. The 12volts A.C is rectified through a bridge rectifier and filtered through capacitor connected in parallel from the positive terminal of the bridge rectifier. The output voltage is used to charge a battery.
1.3 Statement of the problem
A simple 12volts charger works by supplying a constant DC or pulsed DC power source to a battery being charged. The simple charger does not alter its output based on time or the charge on the battery. This simplicity means that a simple charger is inexpensive. The circuit of a battery charger has the ability to convert voltages from one form to another usually AC to DC voltages. This process is carried out through the use of some important components like: rectifiers, capacitor to filter and remove ripples from the AC source and a voltage regulator IC. However, this project is based on the construction of a 12volts simple battery charger with local materials to reduce cost.
1.4 Purpose of the study
The purpose of this project work is to design construct and demonstrate how a simple 12volts battery charger works.
1.5 Significance of the study
A simple 12 volt battery charger is a simple circuit that comprises of different component that are soldered together on a circuit board to give or produce a require function. Therefore, the importance of this project work is to aid both technicians and students on how to construct a simple battery charger circuit and how it works.it is hoped that after the construction of this charger circuit, it will be kept on the laboratory to be used for battery charging and for practical's and other academic functions.
1.6 Limitation
During the project work, the researcher encountered the following problems which in one way or the other have prevented him from completing the work at the usually time. These include: financial problems, time factor and unavailability of material which the researcher have to move from far distance area in search of textbooks and other important materials. | ABSTRACT
Most industrial and commercial processes are dependent on electrical power. In the event of power interruptions, the changeover from electrical power supply which are usually performed manually, often result in waste of time. Moreover, machine damage sometimes occurs because of human errors. These can cause significant financial losses. This project present the design and construction of an automatic change over switch that switches electrical power supply from the public supply PHCN to a generator or other source of electrical supply in the event of a power outage or insufficient voltage. The system uses an electronic control circuit involving integrated circuit, transistor and electromechanical device.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Title page
Dedication ii
Certification iii
Acknowledgment iv
Table of content v
Abstract vii
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Effect of Power Failure 3
1.2 Manual Change Over switch 3
1.3 Automatic ChangeOver Switch 4
1.4 Aims of the Project 5
1.5 Objectives of the Project 5
1.6 Significance of the project 5
1.7 Important of changeover switch 5
CHAPTER TWO
Literature review 6
CHAPTER THREE
OPERATION OF THE CHANGEOVER SWITCH
3.1 Operating Mechanism 11
3.2 Mode of Operation 11
3.3 Method of Operation 14
3.3.1Input Terminal 15
3.3.2Output Load terminal 15
3.4 Design and Analysis of Changeover Switch 15
CHAPTER FOUR
MAINTENANCE, TESTING OF EQUIPMENT, BILL OF ENGINEERING AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
4.1 Maintenance and Repair 17
4.1.2Repair 17
4.2 Testing of Equipment 18
4.2.1Engineering testing 18
4.3 Financial Estimation of the Project 19
4.4 Performance Evaluation and Discussion 20
CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION and RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Conclusion 21
5.2 Recommendation 22
REFERENCES
| CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this project is to produce a narrative description of the design and construction of a microcontroller based dot matrix advert display. Firstly computer aided design is the modeling of physical system on Computers allowing both interactive and automatic analysis of design variant and the expression of design in a form suitable for manufacturing. This follows by explaining the microcontroller based dot matrix advert display as a device which is fast gaining wide acceptance and application in the present days due to its ability to provide a very high precision timing. The dot matrix advert display can be describe as an electromechanical system for processing information in which the information is represented by physical quantities, which are so constrained to take only discrete values that can be referred to as binary signals.
In this design we have implored the use of both hardware and software to bring about the entire project. The hardware components are solely coordinated by the AT89S51 micro controller chip while the C programming language is used to program the chip.
1.1 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT DESIGN
Depending on ones intention, microcontroller based dot matrix advert display system have many aims and objectives.
For instance, this one in particular aims at displaying a moveable coded letters that says UNIVERSITY CAFETERIA
Also microcontroller based dot matrix advert display system can be used to control the traffic misunderstanding among motorists especially in junctions. This is achieved by displaying stop, get ready, or move. Some traffic control electronic system displays symbols or color that represents the stated commands above
Moreover, microcontroller based dot matrix advert display system is used in electronic scoreboard during football matches to display when a goal is scored, also to display the name of that player who scored the goal. Above all, this system has contributed a lot in boosting advertisement.
1.2 PREAMBLE
Micro controller programmable Dot matrix information display system, is a system electronically designed and constructed, that is used to display different information to the view of the masses. The information to be displayed could be diagrams, symbols, letters, colors, numbers, codes, etc. depending on what is needed at a particular place and time. This without doubt, has made life easier for the people in different ways; however microcontroller, which is the heart of this system, can be described thus: A micro controller is a computer. All computers, whether we are talking about a personal desktop computer you are using is a general purpose computer that can run any of thousands of programs. Micron-controllers are special purpose computers. Micro controllers do one thing well. There are a number of other common characteristics that define micro controllers. If a computer matches a majority of these characteristics, then you can call it a micro controller,
1 Micro controllers are embedded inside some other device often a consumer product so that they can control the features or actions of the product. Another name for a micro controller, therefore, is embedded controller
2 Micro controllers are dedicated to one task and run one specific program. The program is stored in ROM read only memory and generally does not change. Micro controllers are often low power devices. A desktop computer is almost always plugged into a wall socket and mighty consumes 50 watts of electricity. A batteryoperated micro controller might consume 50 milliwatts.
3 A micro controller has a dedicated input device and often but not always has a small LED or LCD display for output. A micro controller also takes input from the device it is controlling and controls the device. Meanwhile the use of a microcontroller to implement an electronic display system design made up of LEDs connected in common cathode matrix form is referred to as microcontroller based programmable dot matrix information display system. This project design is a welcome compliment that displays UNIVERSITY CAFETERIA
1.3 JUSTIFICATION OF THE PROJECT
Due to the various problems encountered in the manual/analog design and construction of signposts for advertisement, there is every need for an automated electronic display system that will solve this problem. This will ensure that viewers get the adequate information that is displayed in good and attractive colors. The though the manual/analog way of displaying information to the view of the people is still targeted viewer are attracted. The height in which advertisement in Nigeria have attained will be maintained if some of its design/construction operation is computerized Micro controller based information display especially the ones that has to do with bigger companies. This will also maintain the good relationship between the company and its numerous customers.
1.4 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
This project can serve in any aspect of life this project microcontroller based dot matrix advert display is based on a computer aided design. .
In the implementation of this project, the scopes that I shall concentrate more on are: the architecture of the microcontroller port interface, multiplexing the data port control sequence and algorithm of the traffic light. The features of the AT89S51 were exploited to achieve the desired sequence of operation of this project.
1.5 CONSTRAINTS
One of the obvious constraints I had in the course of this project was the scarcity of sometimes outright unavailability of some of the required components in the markets. Since scarcity is followed by a hike in price, when such components were even found, they were out rightly expensive. Another major constraint I had was time constraints. I had a relatively short time to source out materials from net, libraries, etc, fully understand the underlying principles and come up with a design that would work. As a result, I had to forgo pleasure and even leisure in order to achieve this.
1.6 BLOCK DIAGRAM OVERVIEW
The entire project given as an overview is shown in diagrammatically in Fig 1. Below
As the name implies, this project is microcontroller based, hence a microcontroller called AT89c51 is employed to serve the purpose with RAM and some other discrete components that are to be discussed later. In other to reduce the risk and complications involved in using only discrete components the project is made up some integrated circuits.
Meanwhile, this project, microcontroller based dot matrix advert display system has sub units such as:
The mains unit.
The power supply unit
The switching and timing unit
The address generators unit
The memory unit/ Microcontroller
The drivers unit
1.7 PROJECT REPORT ORGANIZATION
Six chapters were covered in the course of design and development of this project. The chapters and their contents are as follows:
Chapter one is the introductory chapter that gives the aim, scope and justification for the project. This part shows the significant and the justification of this project that is the literature review of microcontroller dot matrix advert display system and its components reviewed, also the history of the project and its uses were discussed. Chapter Two is literature review. It deliberates on different related works done by several authors with dates. It also discusses on the limitations of some of these works.
In chapter three, I discussed the practical system analysis based on what a microcontroller based dot matrix advert display system will do when fully constructed and installed. Also discussed is the requirement analysis, which is all the information, gathered form a wide research on microcontroller based dot matrix advert display board, data analysis, system design approaches, top-down, bottom-up, choice of design approaches, data flow arrangement and the system flow chart are also discussed. Chapter four deals with the design/preliminary design of how the system will achieve its function, all these are illustrated here in form of circuit diagram to show how the main system is linked to the sub system or the modules. Also discussed here is the user interface design that comprises the input design and the output design. The software design and implementation is also discussed in this chapter. The choices of programming language, soft hard, and subsystem implementation is also discussed here. In chapter five I discussed the system testing and the appropriate software testing strategy to achieve the expected result and the actual. The performance evolution is also analyzed here. Also discussed is the system testing and integration, how the components were tested. The reference evaluation and cost analysis is also discussed here. Finally the summary of this project is discussed in detail in chapter six. The contributions of the project, achievements, and problems for further enhancement, development and advanced discussions on this topic |
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
Heart beat rate means the number of heartbeats per unit time, usually expressed as beats per minute bpm. The human heart pounds to pump oxygen rich blood to the muscles and carry cell waste products away from the tissues. Heartbeat rate can vary according to the demand of the muscles to absorb oxygen and excrete carbon dioxide changes such as during exercise or sleep. It also varies significantly between individuals based on age, fitness and genetics. This means that the heart must beat faster to deliver more oxygen rich blood. During exercise routines, the heartbeat rate gives a strong indication of how effective the exercise is to the body.
The patient monitoring systems is one of the major improvements in the global health care program because of its advanced technology. A patient monitoring system measures the heartbeat and body temperature by using embedded technology. This advancement in technology is highly needed because many sick patients at the hospitals die because of high fever and heart attacks. The trend of cardiovascular disease has shown that heart beat rate plays a key role in determining the possibility of a heart attack while an increase in the body temperature can induce fever on a patient.
Another vital thing to monitor in a patient is the heartbeat rate. It is very important that the heartbeat is to be normal. That is 72 BPM. If there is any abnormality, then the patient is in distress. Heartbeat rate means the number of heartbeats per unit of time. The normal heartbeat rate of a resting person is about 70 bpm for adult males and 75 bpm for adult females. The average heartbeat per minute for 25year old ranges between 140170 beats per minute while for a 60year old it is typically between 115140 beats per minute and body temperature is 37 degree Celsius or 98.6 Fahrenheit. . Normally it is difficult to keep track of the abnormalities in the heartbeat count of by manual means. Patients are not well versed with the manual treatments, which the doctors normally use for tracking the count of the heartbeat. Thus, there must be some kind of device which would help patients and their family member to keep track of their health by themselves. This sole reason is why this project presents a heartbeat and temperature monitoring device using radio frequency RF.. The concept of developing an RF. based patient monitoring device is to have a simple home and hospital based pulse and body temperature monitoring device for sick persons that are in critical condition and needs to be constantly or periodically monitored by clinician or family.
1.2 WHAT IS A PATIENT HEARTBEAT AND TEMPERATURE MONITOR USING RF.
A patient heartbeat and temperature monitor using RF. is a radio frequency based pulse wave and body temperature monitoring system, which allows the control of a sick persons condition in real time. The system monitors the heart beat and temperature of a patient simultaneously and if the patients heartbeat rate or body temperature is abnormal, the system alerts sends an alert to the doctor or patients family members to quickly examine or diagnose the patients condition and take early precaution to save the patients life. The alerts sound can be triggered at any time as long as there is a deviation in the health condition of the patient from the normal, such that the status of the patient can be known on time. The system consists of a sensor, which monitors the patient and sends a signal to a microcontroller, which processes it to determine the temperature and heartbeat rate of the patient before sending an alert to a receiver using radio frequency. The receiver has to be in the possession of the patients doctor or family members. This project can also be used by athletes who engage in physical exercise and by medical professionals. Individuals, such as athletes, cyclists or those who are interested in monitoring their heartbeat rate and body temperature to gain maximum efficiency from their training can also use this project. It can be used during physical exercise and healthcare.
1.3 PROBLEM DEFINITION
The human health is one of the most important concerns in the world today. Anything/everything becomes meaningless when one becomes sick and dies due to improper Medicare. For health reasons, people, governments and several voluntary bodies spend a lot of money to ensure a better health condition for themselves and the entire populace. Scientists and Engineers are always at work to device a means of supporting/sustaining a sound health condition for all through the invention of numerous technologies both Electrical/Mechanical gadgets that are in use for health care delivery today. The heart is a very delicate organ in the human body once it stops beating, nothing else matters. Thus, If early actions are taken and on time the heart condition can be managed effectively and many patients can be cured and saved.
1.4 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
The major aim and objective of this design of a patient heartbeat and temperature monitor using RF. is to help the doctors and family members to keep track of the heartbeat condition of their loved ones as well as their body temperature in the case of an abnormality in the health condition for those with heartbeat defects and those that run excessive high temperature beyond normal. If any varied change takes place, it is notified. This notification through RF. Channel would to take an appropriate action at an instance of time, thereby alerting the appropriate persons.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
There are various instruments available in the hospitals to keep track of the internal body changes, but many of them have limitations regarding to maintenance, cost, size of instruments, and mobility. This project is so significant because it is mobile, small in size, cost effective, very easy to use, highly efficient performance, portable and light in weight etc. It uses RF. to help both the patient and the concerned doctor to take an appropriate action.
1.6 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
This project operates at a 30 feets distance on open space. It is designed to operate with an alkaline battery of a minimum of 9 volts to a maximum of 12v consumes 50mA. It uses a buffer, temperature sensor, AT89c51 Microcontroller and a led display with buzzer for the alert. The hardware and soft ware of the system is oriented towards the AT89c51 single chip microcontroller. Hence, reducing the size of the device. A regulated 3.7v RF. operates in the frequency range of 415 MHZ per second used for data transmission, which can easily penetrate over three floors of a building and go over 30 feets in open space.
1.7 PROJECT REPORT ORGANIZATION
The organization of the project report is well detailed and vast in its coverage. It covers all the activities encountered during the research work as shown in the block diagram below.
Fig 1.1: PROJECT ORGANIZATION BLOCK DIAGRAM
The first chapter is the introductory chapter, which covers the background, project objectives, scope of the project, constraints and block diagram overview of the states. Chapter 2 presents the literature review. Chapter 3 covers the system analysis and design including the design methodology in block diagram form. Chapter 4 presents the system implementation, which shows the component layout, the wiring schedule, the wiring diagram and the complete schematic diagram. Chapter 5 covers the testing and integration of the project design. The system testing was first carried out in a laboratory. Chapter 6 is the summary and conclusion, which includes the summary of achievements, problems encountered during project design, recommendation and suggestion for further improvement.
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE TRANSMISSION BETWEEN THE TRANSMITTER AND THE RECEIVER
IMAGE HERE
Fig.1.2. Basic idea of a transmitter and receiver transmission using RF.
With the aid of a simple, low cost microcontroller based heartbeat rate and temperature measuring device with LCD output. The heartbeat rate of a patient is measured from the index finger or the wrist or neck using IRD infrared device sensors and the rate is then averaged and displayed on a text board LCD.
The device sounds an alarm when the heartbeat and body temperature exceed the safe threshold value. The programmer stipulates this threshold value at the time of programming of the microcontroller. The threshold value given for the device is between 20 to 120 pulses per minute for heart beat indication and 18 degrees Celsius to 38 degrees Celsius for temperature.
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ABSTRACT
The main objective of this project was to ensure a proper security to car being parked in garage against theft or an intruder. The circuit uses three NE555 timers; one of the NE555 was wired as a monostable oscillator and remaining two were wired as tone generator and amplified to obtain a maximum audible sound. However, pin 2 of the first NE555 was used as sensor part .When pin 2 has contact with human body or hand it will activate the IC1 which will also bias transistor and this transistor was wired in a way that once it is powered it will close circuit thereby passing a negative supply voltage to tone generator circuit and outputted out through a loud speaker or buzzer.
This device functions as a major security device against car theft as stated above. It is an electronic device that is connected to the battery of the car it is being installed in and gets activated when the car engine is switched off and the car stationed at a place. The device is not seen but, it has an indicator light which shows that the alarm has been activated. When the body of the car is touched by human hand, it sends a negative signal to the device which needs a negative pulse to get activated; it sends this negative from the human hand to the tone generator IC which triggers the alarm.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Title Page ....i
Certification.ii
Dedication ...iii
Acknowledgement .. iv
Abstract .v
Table of content ...vi
List of Symbols . vii
CHAPTER ONE: Introduction 1.1 Background of study 1
1.2 Aims and objectives 3
CHAPTER TWO: Literature Review.4
CHAPTER THREE: Specification and operation of system component 3.1 Description of NE55 Timer.12
3.2 Description of Resistor. 14
3.3 Description of Capacitor.. 16
3.4 Description of Diode 27
3.5 Description of Transformer 32
3.6 Description of Loud Speaker and Buzzer 41
3.7 Description of Transistor. 43
3. 8 Description of L.E.D.. 47
CHAPTER FOUR: Operation of system and its circuit and block diagram
4.1 Operation of circuit 55
4.2 The circuit diagram.. ..57
4.3 The block diagram58
CHAPTER FIVE: Construction, Testing and Packaging
5.1 Values of components.59
5.2 Assembly60
5.3 A schematic diagram of the finished work.63
CHAPTER SIX: Conclusion and Recommendation
6.1 Conclusion .. .64
6.2 Recommendation . . ..65
6.3 Observations ..66
6.4 Dificulties.. 57
6.5 References. 68
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