| Content | Abstract
This research is on Construction of save water circuit using a microprocessor. Knowing the level of water in a tank or reservoir is very vital especially in cases where failure in water supply can be a very disadvantage. This therefore necessitates the construction of electronic device which can detect the level of water in a tank and display related information. The project water level indicator using microprocessor and a segment display is built around a microprocessor chip (INTEL 8051) and other sensory and display devices incorporated. The display in the project is done by LEDs, examples L1, L2, L3, and L4. The chapter one of this project is an introduction to water level indicator, the chapter two is a literature review, the chapter three deals on project construction methodology, while chapter four explain the result analysis. Finally, the chapter five is the conclusion and recommendation. |
TABLE OF CONTENT
Title Page
Approval Page
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Abstract
CHAPTER ONE
The Problem and its Setting
Introduction
Statement of Problem Definition
Sub Problem Definition
Hypothesis
Limitations
Delimitation
Definition of Terms
Need For The Study
Assumptions
Organization
CHAPTER TWO
11: Review of Relation Literature
Introduction
Science Roles
Artificial Intelligent
Simulation
CHAPTER THREE
111: Designation of The Study
Introduction
Components
Procedures For The Design
Circuit For The Design
Flowchart For The Design
CHAPTER FOUR
Iv: Presentation And Analysis of The Design
Introduction
The Software Requirement
Detail Analysis of The Design
System Description
General Analysis
CHAPTER FIVE
V: Summary
Conclusion
Recommendation
Bibliography
Appendices
| CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
This research is on Design and Construction of 12v battery charger. A battery charger is a device used to introduce energy into a secondary cell or rechargeable battery by forcing an electric current through it. The charging protocol depends on the size and type of the battery being charged. Some battery have high tolerance for recharged by connection to a constant voltage source or a constant current source; simple chargers of this type require manual disconnection at the end of the charge cycle, or may have a timer to cut off charging current at a fixed time. Other battery types cannot withstand long high-rate over-charging, the charger may have temperature or voltage sensing circuits and a microprocessor controller to adjust the charging current, and cut off at the end of charge. A tackle charger provides a relatively small amount of current, only enough to counteract self-discharge of a battery that is idle for a long time. Slow battery chargers may take several hours to complete a charge, high-rate chargers may restore most capacity within minutes or less than an hour, but generally require monitoring of the battery to protect it from overcharge (Emerson, 1998). A battery, which is actually an electric cell, is a device that produces electricity from a chemical reaction. In one cell battery, a negative electrode; an electrolyte, which conducts ions; a separator, also an ion conductor; and a positive electrode. an electrical battery is one or more electrochemical cells that convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy. Since the invention of the first battery in 1800 by Alessandro Volta and especially since the technical improved Daniell Cell in 1936, batteries have become a common power source for many household and industrial applications (Emerson 1998). There are two types of batteries: Primary Batteries (disposable batteries), which are designed to be used once and discarded, and Secondary Batteries (rechargeable batteries), which are designed to be recharged and used multiple times. Battery comes in many size, from miniature cells used to power hearing aids and wristwatches to battery banks the size of rooms that provide standby power for telephone exchanges and computer data centers and inverters. However, in recent times, battery charger has become very useful and popular to DC equipment. Most of the electronic devices such as laptops, mobile phone, etc., and mobile machines like vehicle and motorcycles operational capacity depend on the DC power supply from a battery.
1.2 Scope of the study
This project work is limited to the construction and demonstration of a simple battery charger of 12volts. The circuit input voltage is 240volts from the A.C supply mains which will be stepped down by a step-down transformer to 12volts. The 12volts A.C is rectified through a bridge rectifier and filtered through capacitor connected in parallel from the positive terminal of the bridge rectifier. The output voltage is used to charge a battery.
1.3 Statement of the problem
A simple 12volts charger works by supplying a constant DC or pulsed DC power source to a battery being charged. The simple charger does not alter its output based on time or the charge on the battery. This simplicity means that a simple charger is inexpensive. The circuit of a battery charger has the ability to convert voltages from one form to another (usually AC to DC voltages). This process is carried out through the use of some important components like: rectifiers, capacitor to filter and remove ripples from the AC source and a voltage regulator (IC). However, this project is based on the construction of a 12volts simple battery charger with local materials to reduce cost.
1.4 Purpose of the study
The purpose of this project work is to design construct and demonstrate how a simple 12volts battery charger works.
1.5 Significance of the study
A simple 12 volt battery charger is a simple circuit that comprises of different component that are soldered together on a circuit board to give or produce a require function. Therefore, the importance of this project work is to aid both technicians and students on how to construct a simple battery charger circuit and how it works.it is hoped that after the construction of this charger circuit, it will be kept on the laboratory to be used for battery charging and for practical's and other academic functions.
1.6 Limitation During the project work, the researcher encountered the following problems which in one way or the other have prevented him from completing the work at the usually time. These include: financial problems, time factor and unavailability of material which the researcher have to move from far distance area in search of textbooks and other important materials. |
ABSTRACT
Uninterruptible power supplies UPS are used to provide power when regular utility power is unavailable. Although they are commonly used for providing power in remote locations or emergencies, this is not because they are the same as auxiliary power units, emergency power units or standby generators.
Unlike the aforementioned power sources, UPS provides an immediate and continuous supply of power to a device, hence protecting it from power interruption and allowing time for auxiliary or emergency powers, to kick in equipment to be safely shut down or utility power restored.
The major aim of this was to design a system which will be able to convert battery voltage12v to 220v, which is equivalent to wall outlet and secondly able to charge the battery.
The chapter one of this work, gives the overview of UPS, its importance, uses, and application and some of its special features like its ability to correct frequency instability and many more.
Secondly, this work dealt with all components used in the construction of the device, there working condition and uses. Some basic abstract phenomenon were also treated like wave forms and electronic switching.
The chapter three, basically dealt on all electrical measuring instrument used in and on the device, how they are used, why and where.
The fourth chapter explains how the components where assembled into section and the sectional connection used to form the device.
The last chapter is a simple conclusion with honest recommendation.
TABLE OF CONTENT
CERTIFICATION i
DEDICATION ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii
ABSTRACT iv
TABLE OF CONTENT v
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES 8
1.2 SCOPE OF THIS PROJECT 8
1.3 AVAILABILITY OF DESIGN MATERIALS 8
CHAPTER TWO
2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW 9
2.1 WHAT IS A UPS 9
2.2 WAVEFORMS 9
2.2.1 SQUAREWAVE 9
2.2.2 MODIFIED SINE WAVE 10
2.2.4 TRUE SNE WAVE 10
2.3 RESISTORS 11
2.4 CAPACITORS 12
1.4.1 CAPACITANCE 13
2.4.2 ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITOR 14
2.4.3 PLASTIC FILM, CERAMIC NAD MONOLITHIC
CAPACTOR 14
2.5 DIODE 16
2.5.1 MOUNTING A DIODE 18
2.5.2 CHARACTERISTICS CURVES OF A DIODE 18
2.5.3 IDEAL DIODE 19
2.5.4 LIGHT EMITTING DIODE 19
2.5.5 DIODES AS RECTIFIERS 21
2.5.5.1 HALFWAVE RECTIFIER 22
2.5.5.2 FULLWAVE, CENTERTAP RECTIFIE 23
2.5.6 FILTERS 24
2.6 TRANSISTORS 26
2.6.1 TRANSISTOR AS A SWIRCH 26
2.6.2 MOSFETS 28
2.6.2.1 SUPERHIGH INPUT IMPEDANCE 29
2.6.2.2. SETBACKS IN MOSFETS 29
2.6.2.3 ITS FLEXIBILITY 30
2.7 OPTOCOUPLER 30
2.7.1 OPTOCOUPLER CHARACTERISTICS 31
2.7.2 ITS INPUT 32
2.7.3 ITS OUTPUT 32
2.7.4 ITS OPERATING MODE 33
2.8 THE SG3524 INTEGRATED CIRCUIT 33
2.8.1 OPERATING PRINCIPLE OF SG3524 34
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 METHODOLOGY 36
3.1 ELECTRONIC WORKBENCH 37
3.2 GALVANOMETER 37
3.3 OSCILLOSCOPE 38
3.4 VOLTMETER 39
3.5 AMPMETER 41
3.6 WATTMETER 43
3.7 MULTIMETERS 44
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION METHODS 46
4.1 COMPLETE CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF A UPS 47
4.2 STAGE BY STAGE DESIGN 47
4.2.1 OSCILLATOR SECTION 50
4.2.2 DRIVER/SWITCHING SECTION 51
4.2.3 THE OUTPUT SECTION 52
4.2.4 THE CHANGEOVER SECTION 53
4.2.5 THE LOW BATTERY CUTOFF SECTION 54
4.3 COMPONENT JUSTIFICATION 55
4.3.1 MOSFETS 55
4.3.2 SG3524 OSCILLATOR 55
4.3.3 OPTOCOUPLER 56
4.3.4 RESISTORS 56
4.4 TEST AND ANALYSIS 56
4.4.1 TESTING AND SETTING THE INVERTER 57
4.5 BILL OF ENGINEERING CONSTRUCTION 60
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 CONCLUSION 62
5.1 RECOMMENDATION 62
REFERENCES 63
| ABSTRACT
Automatic water level controller for both overhead and underground tank is designed to monitor the level of water in a tank. It displays the level of water and when it is at the lowest level; a pump is activated automatically to refill the tank. When the tank is filled to its maximum capacity, the pump is automatically deenergized. Several circuits are put together to ensure proper working of this design, and the block diagram includes the supply unit, the microprocessor unit, the sensor unit, the display unit and the pump drives unit. The power unit is responsible for turning on the entire circuit. Some components are used to set up power unit and they include; a 15v step down transformer, a bridge rectifier circuit, a smoothening capacitor and a voltage regulator IC. The microprocessor AT89S50 controls virtually all the actions carried out in this design. AT89S50 is used in the design. The sensor unit is responsible for sensing the level of water and transfer the current position of water to the microprocessor. The display unit in the circuit is use to physically show the current position of water in the tank, the properties of seven segment display are been used.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.0 BACKGROUND
The project automatic water level control with an automatic pump control system is design to monitor the level of liquid in the tank. The system has an automatic pumping system attached to it so as to refill the tank once the liquid gets to the lower threshold, while offing the pump once the liquid gets to the higher threshold. Sustainability of available water resource in many reason of the word is now a dominant issue. This problem is quietly related to poor water allocation, inefficient use, and lack of adequate and integrated water management. Water is commonly used for agriculture, industry, and domestic consumption. Therefore, efficient use and water monitoring are potential constraint for home or office water management system. Moreover, the common method of level control for home appliance is simply to start the feed pump at a low level and allow it to run until a higher water level is reached in the water tank. This water level control, controls monitor and maintain the water level in the overhead tank and ensures the continuous flow of water round the clock without the stress of going to switch the pump ON or OFF thereby saving time, energy, water, and prevent the pump from overworking Besides this, liquid level control systems are widely used for monitoring of liquid levels in reservoirs, silos. Proper monitoring is needed to ensure water sustainability is actually being reached with disbursement linked to sensing and automation, such programmatic approach entails microcontroller based automated water level sensing and controlling or using 555 timer IC.
1.1 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
The goal or objectives of which the designed device is expected to accomplish is to build an automatic water level control with automatic control system. In this project sensors are place at different level of the tank and with the aid of this sensors, the microcontroller monitor the level of the liquid at any particular point in time, some of the objectives are
1. to design an automatic water monitoring system
2. to incorporate an interactive medium between the end user and the machine
3. to prevent over labor of the pumping machine and prevent it from getting bad
4. to avoid wastage of water
1.2 JUSTIFICATION
Automatic water level monitor came into existence because of human error and inconsistence that is associated with manually operated water pumping machine. This is because it takes time for individual who is manually operating the water pump to turn off the pumping machine and this may cause water spillage and at times the individual might not know that the water level has drop so low until the tank is completely empty. This was the problem that leads to the development of the ideal of an automatic water level control and automatic pump short down.
1.3 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
The project was design to automatically control the pump which ensures constant reserve of water in the reservoir. The scope of the design was keep concise and simple to in other not to introduce unnecessary complexities and render it generally uncomfortable. The system does not have attached complex peripheral device which though impossible for the detail printable information has been excluded for reasons of affordability material of low range and less accurate performances as opposed to a well built automatic water pump was use d to achieve this aim, the automatic water level controller detect and control the water in the tank
1.4 CONSTRAINS
The biggest setback experience during the course of this project is difficulties in finding the design of the project, secondly sourcing of material and component I used for the project were difficult to find like pump and buffer for programming
1.5 LIMITATIONS OF THE PROJECT
It is significant to know that this design is limited to 12v, 5amps electric pump and cannot be use to control industrial water pump above 5 amps
FIG 1.0 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF AUTOMATIC WATER LEVEL CONTROL WITH PUMP
1.6 PROJECT REPORT ORGANISATION
The organization of this project report is well detailed and vast in its coverage it covers all the activities encountered during the research work. The first chapter of this work took care of the introduction, aims and objective, scope, Justification and project report organization. Chapter two highlight on literature review chapter three highlight on description of system and some of the component used were emphasized chapter four highlight on the system design and implementation, construction, testing and packaging of the pump. Chapter five is all about the conclusions problem encountered recommendation and cost of the project. | ABSTRACT
Tjunction traffic light controller is such a device that will play a significant role in controlling traffic at junctions, to ease the expected increased rush at such junctions and reduce to minimum disorderliness that may arise, as well as allowing the pedestrians a right of the way at intervals rather than being struck down when in a hurry to cross the roads. Such an electrical system with a touch of electronics that control the flow of traffic in a predetermined sequential pattern at a junction, has its diagram comprising of different components. The power supply unit provides the control unit with specified voltage from primary source. The pulse generator consisting of a timer generates pulse for the system. The clock or counter moderates the signal that enters the decoding logic system. The display unit of each stand consists of led, the first is red in colour, the second is amber in colour and the last is green in colour.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The traffic on our roads, especially intracity traffic due to increasing number of cars grow by the day and unless adequate steps are taken to control the situation, we shall soon meet with circumstances we do not bargain for. That the innumerable traffic junctions in the country by far outnumber the staff strength of the traffic wardens available and that the traffic wardens even where they are enough to control all the junctions cannot do so throughout the day is not in doubt. Traffic control at T. junctions or elsewhere ensures orderliness of movements of vehicles, goods and pedestrians while its absence strongly indicates chaos and most at times leads to accidents.
In the light of the above, it is imperative to recognize the need to compliment the physical exhausting efforts of the traffic wardens. In doing so, steps to be taken should assume permanence in nature rather than any adhoc exercise. Such is the role expected to be played by an installed operational road junction traffic controller.
This project DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A THREE WAY JUNCTION TRAFFIC LIGHT CONTROLLER is such a device that will play significant role in controlling traffic at junctions to ease the expected increased rush at such junctions and reduce to minimum such disorderliness that may arise as well as allowing the pedestrians a right of the way at intervals rather than being struck down when in a hurry to cross the roads.
1.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
The main objective of the study includes:
1 To investigate the practicality of the theoretical knowledge about these components to be used.
2 To experiment on the compatibility of the working relation between components to be used.
3 To investigate the extent to which the design and construction of the control unit can be useful to mankind.
4 To investigate the immediate usefulness of the control system as complimentary to traffic wardens.
1.3 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The scope of this project is to enlighten all electronics students on the use of microcontroller base traffic light 3ways and timer system in Tjunction. On the practical usage it is limited to the laboratory used for reference purpose. The larger application of this project work is found in most of our mega cities like Abuja, Lagos, Calabar, Enugu etc, to control and manage heavy traffic congestion.
1.4 PROJECT REPORT ORGANIZATION
This report is structured to follow the history and origin of traffic light system all through the design and implementation phase. The report takes into account the step by step process followed in order to arrive at the final design |
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