DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A PHOTO SENSITIVE AUTOMATIC SWITCH

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION The industrial batch counter is an electronic and electrical device that handles the counting and controls the flow of individuals using an automated slide door that allows access only when the administrator permits. The technique involved in the design is a simple sensor unit that opens and closes the door when someone obstructs the light path. These parameters can be used to determine when someone has moved in or out of the conference hall for instance. The light sensing type involves monitoring the unit with photon or optical devices; this consists of the encoder transmission path or the source of energy and the decoder receiver unit that converts the light intensity to electrical signal. An LED emitter, combined with a photo detector Light Dependent Resistor, photo transistor or infrared sensing diode in proximity, form a very useful object called optocoupler or optoisolator. When the opto coupler is obstructed, the door opens and the display shows an increase or decrease of individuals in the room depending on the path followed. This project report creates a greater picture of the industrial batch counter. 1.1 THE AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT The aim of this project is to demonstrate a smart device that counts the number of people inside a conference hall; and prevents people from entering once the room has reached its capacity. 1.2 JUSTIFICATION OF THE PROJECT The need for counting the number of persons inside the conference hall is for statistical record, which will help the conference hall management take a proper account of people; and as well, control the conference hall capacity from being over populated. 1.3 THE SCOPE OF THE PROJECT This project covers the features of the capacity monitor, the hardware description, the use of transistor logic and microcontroller, how the system works and its applications. 1.4 THE PROJECT REPORT ORGANIZATION This project report is organized into five chapters. The first chapter covers the introduction, aim scope and justification of the project. The second chapter talks about the technology behind the project, the description of the microcontroller, as well as the working principle of the project. Chapter three covers the methodology of the project. Chapter four discusses the designing and construction of the project, as well as other components used in designing this project. Chapter four also talks about the testing of the individual components and packaging of the project. And lastly, chapter five summarizes and concludes the project.

CHAPTER ONE 1.0. INTRODUCTION: The low cost smoke alarm is a security device designed to protect both private and commercial resident when there is fire outbreak. The fire alarm system that provide medical alert services. Here a person with health problem who lives alone carries a radio transmitter that can trigger the system in case they need assistance; signals received at the monitoring station are identified by the type fire, burglary, medical alert so that the proper response can be made. A feature of most monitoring services or fire alarm is ability to keep special information on the residence which comes up on the computer screen whenever the alarm is received from their home. Thus if there is a disabled person in the home who needs special assistance, this fact will be known to the operator and can be passed along to the fire department for rescue when they are called. Consequently, the use of fire alarm widely reduced the huge yearly lose and damage of life and properties globally. Basically, there are two types of fire smoke fire alarms available for home use. They are; I. The ionization type which is the most simplest and most commonly used and is usually the least expensive one. This type reacts quicker to fuming fire. II. Photo Electric type reacts quicker to smoldering fire commercial photoelectric. Smoke alarm can also be used to cover large areas using point to point lasers. Other types of smoke detector which are widely used in business and public buildings are; Thermal type which is used to detect heat in the room Manual type has to be manually pulled to set off the alarm. Water flow type is activated when a fire sprinkler has started flowing. Interconnected type is one that interconnects all the smoke alarm in a building so that when one goes off, they all will go off. Hard wired control panel type is a type where smoke and heat sensors and other fire sensors that are connected to a central panel where any sensor will set off a facility alarm and be communicated to fire dispatchers. 1.1. DEFINITION OF THE PROBLEM Analysis statistically shows that over 45 citizens across the state level have been affected of fire to obtain remote monitoring services. This services becomes very important in cases where family members may not be capable of escaping from a fire or water flood without assistance, thus alarm alone might not be enough to assure their safety. In construction of low cost fire alarm, the following deficiencies were discovered hence on type of smoke alarm can sense every kind of fire or smoke every time. 1. I discovered that alarm unit falls if the power is turned off or if the battery is dead. 2. Improperly location of alarm to avoid nuisance alarms 3. Alarm unit not function very well where detector guides are used. 1.2. REMEDY: In attempt to ensure maximum protection and function of the alarm, it is better to use an ionization type that works from two completely different power sources such as an AC direct wire with battery backup smoke alarm that can give an extra measure of protection in case of an AC power failure or a dead battery. 1.3. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT: This project work is aimed at the following: I. To seek better ways/methods of protecting life and properties. II. To minimize burning of homes, industrial motors and vehicles caused by fire smoke III. To ensure comfort of living/sleeping in homes and hospitals. 1.4. SCOPE OF THE PROJECT: The scope of the project entices collecting the required materials, drawing the circuit diagram, construction, research work and write up. The following items were used in putting the unit together. Namely; fire alarm sensor, piezoelectric buzzer that produces the alarm sound, incandescent bulb or infrared led, collimate lens, photodiode, control panel and ionization chamber that is normally open to the air and a served reference chamber.

ABSTRACT The main objective of this project was to ensure a proper security to car being parked in garage against theft or an intruder. The circuit uses three NE555 timers; one of the NE555 was wired as a monostable oscillator and remaining two were wired as tone generator and amplified to obtain a maximum audible sound. However, pin 2 of the first NE555 was used as sensor part .When pin 2 has contact with human body or hand it will activate the IC1 which will also bias transistor and this transistor was wired in a way that once it is powered it will close circuit thereby passing a negative supply voltage to tone generator circuit and outputted out through a loud speaker or buzzer. This device functions as a major security device against car theft as stated above. It is an electronic device that is connected to the battery of the car it is being installed in and gets activated when the car engine is switched off and the car stationed at a place. The device is not seen but, it has an indicator light which shows that the alarm has been activated. When the body of the car is touched by human hand, it sends a negative signal to the device which needs a negative pulse to get activated; it sends this negative from the human hand to the tone generator IC which triggers the alarm. TABLE OF CONTENT Title Page ....i Certification.ii Dedication ...iii Acknowledgement .. iv Abstract .v Table of content ...vi List of Symbols . vii CHAPTER ONE: Introduction 1.1 Background of study 1 1.2 Aims and objectives 3 CHAPTER TWO: Literature Review.4 CHAPTER THREE: Specification and operation of system component 3.1 Description of NE55 Timer.12 3.2 Description of Resistor. 14 3.3 Description of Capacitor.. 16 3.4 Description of Diode 27 3.5 Description of Transformer 32 3.6 Description of Loud Speaker and Buzzer 41 3.7 Description of Transistor. 43 3. 8 Description of L.E.D.. 47 CHAPTER FOUR: Operation of system and its circuit and block diagram 4.1 Operation of circuit 55 4.2 The circuit diagram.. ..57 4.3 The block diagram58 CHAPTER FIVE: Construction, Testing and Packaging 5.1 Values of components.59 5.2 Assembly60 5.3 A schematic diagram of the finished work.63 CHAPTER SIX: Conclusion and Recommendation 6.1 Conclusion .. .64 6.2 Recommendation . . ..65 6.3 Observations ..66 6.4 Dificulties.. 57 6.5 References. 68

CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION The most recent advancement in technology has really given birth to different development in the field of telecommunication engineering. Provisions have been made by technologist who covers a wide range of humans environment giving solution to humans problems. In recent time, communication has been unstable in the world which has really affected consistent communication among the people of different countries. Many communication channels were found to be able to cover a certain area leaving majority of other area worth covering out. With the help of the present modern technology who brought about the use of satellite antenna have in a great way curtailed the problems of poor transmission and communication. Specifically, we are considering a cable television satellite system. A cable television satellite or TV aerial is an antenna specifically designed for the reception of over the air broadcast television signals which are transmitted at frequencies from about 41MHz to 250MHz in the VHF band and 470MHz to 960MHz in the UHF band in different countries. To cover this range, antennas generally consist of multiple conductors of different lengths which correspond to the wavelength range the antenna is intended to receive. The length of the element of a TV antenna is usually half the wavelength of the signal they are intended to receive. The wavelength of a signal equals the speed of light divided by the frequency. The design of a television broadcast receiving antenna is the same for the older analog transmission and the digital television DTV transmission which are replacing them. The cable television satellite system is parabolically shaped. It reflects the signal to the dishs focal point. Mounted on brackets at the dishs focal point is a device called feedhorn. This feedhorn is essentially the front end of a wave guide that gathers the signals at or near the focal point and conducts them to a low noise blockdown convert or LNB. The LNB converts the signals from electromagnetic or radio waves to electrical signal and shift the signal from the downlinked cband and or k_u band to the Lband range. Direct broadcast satellite dishes uses an LNBF which integrates the feedhorn with the LNB a new form of omini directional satellite antennas which does not use a directed parabolic dish and can be used on a mobile platform such as a vehicle that was announced by the University of Waterloo in 2004. 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY: The history and discovery of an antenna system of transmission can be traced back to the first experiment conducted by Michael Faraday around 1830s which involved the coupling of electricity and magnetism. He slide a magnetic material a magnet actually around the coil of a wire attached to a galvanometer. In doing so, he was actually creating a time varying magnetic field which as a result from Maxwells equation must have had a time varying electric field. The coil attached acted as a loop antenna and received the electromagnetic radiation which was detected by the galvanometer. The work of an antenna interestingly, the concept of electromagnetism has not been thought up at this point. The first satellite television signal was relayed from Europe to the Telstar satellite over North America in 1962. It was based on the principle of using the highly elliptical Molniya satellite for pre broadcasting and delivering of TV signal to ground downlink stations. The first commercial North America satellite to carry television was Canadas geostationary Anik which was launched in 1972. AT6, the worlds first experimental educational and direct broadcast satellite was launched in 1974. The first Soviet geostationary satellite to carry direct to home television called Ekran was launched in 1976. Satellite television is a program delivered by the means of communications satellite and received by an outdoor antenna, usually a parabolic reflector generally referred to as satellite dish and as far as household usage is concerned, and a satellite receiver either in the form of an external set top box or a satellite tuner module built into a TV set. Satellite TV tuner are also available as a card or a USB peripheral to be attached to a personal computer. In many areas of the world, satellite television provides a wide range of channels and services often to areas that are not serviced by terrestrial or cable providers. Direct broadcast satellite television comes to the general public in two flavors analog and digital. This necessitates either having an analog satellite receiver or a digital satellite receiver. Analog satellite television is being replaced by digital available in a better quality known as high definition television. 1.1. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: The following forms the problems that necessitated the research of this project work. I. High cost of communication receiving equipment in the third world countries II. The use of outdated and analog receiving satellite equipment which cannot receive all channels. III. The invention and discovery gap between the whites and the blacks. 1.2. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: The purpose of this study is aimed at cloning and installation of a cable television satellite system. It is necessitated by a quest to produce a comparatively cheap free to air antenna that can cover a wide distant and which can work as perfectly as the most recent antenna satellite in the market today. 1.3. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY: Having researched the problem faced by the telecommunication receiving system engineers, the following forms the objective of this study: I. Cloning a locally made cable television satellite using the Ekran launched in 1976 by the Soviet Union as a case study. II. Eliminating or atleast curtailing the communication gap between the haves and the have not. That is the rich and the poor. III. Improving the antenna gain of other already produced antenna by encouraging its correction using this project work as a case study. IV. To produce a free to air satellite that can easily be purchased by all. 1.4. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY: The cable television satellite system should be able to cover all the areas within the country or province where it is mounted. It should also be able to cover both the VHF and UHF requirement and as well be able to receive foreign channels which are comparatively cheap as the original prototype or case study. 1.5. SCOPE OF THE STUDY: The focal point of this work is to clone and install a cable television satellite, highlighting its objective and operational characteristics. The study covers only the receiving part of communication where antennas are used to intercept mobile frequency channels in the air. The type of antenna receiving system covered here is a parabolic antenna which is designed to receive microwaves from communication satellites which transmit or broadcast such as a satellite television. 1.6. BLOCK DIAGRAM: Fig. 1.0 block diagram of a cable television satellite system Figure1.0 represents a block diagram of the cable television satellite system. It is made up of three units namely; satellite antenna unit, the decoder/receiver unit and the television unit. A modular approach was adopted here in which the installation and cloning was incorporated namely; the antenna dish, the receiver/decoder and the television unit. These subunits would be cloned, installed and tested separately when all are confirmed to be working properly, they should be appropriately connected. Integrated circuit IC chips should be used in the cloning so as to reduce and enhance compatibility of the equipment and reliability 1.7. LIMITATION OF THE STUDY 1 FINANCIAL CONSTRAINT: sourcing for more information from diverse sources is limited to do, lack of money to extract more information through available sources in Nigeria. 2 TIME FACTOR: the time given to the researcher to source and write this project work was not enough because of other academic activities such as reading for exam and test. 3 COMPANY POLICY: the policies guiding the organization that have some information needed for the research work are restricted to give certain company files to the public who have no direct contribution to the well being of the company/organization. 4 MATERIAL FACTOR: the materials required for the cloning of the cable television satellite are limited because of this, alternative materials was used which may result in the constructed work not performing as expected. 1.8. DEFINITION OF OPERATIONAL TERMS a RADIO WAVES: These are a type of electromagnetic radiation with wavelength spectrum longer than infrared light. Radio waves have frequencies from 300GHZ to as low as 3KHZ and corresponding wavelength from one millimeter to 100 kilometers. Like all other electromagnetic waves, they travel at the speed of light. b VHF: the abbreviation stands for very high frequency. It is the radio frequency range from 30MHZ to 300MHZ. c RECEIVER/ DECODER: Commonly found in radio television cable and satellite broadcasting facilities, the IRD is generally used for the reception of contribution feeds that are intended for receiving antenna system. d TELEVISION: This is a telecommunication medium for transmitting and receiving moving images that can be monochrome black and white or coloured with or without accompanying sound. e ANTENNA: This is an electrical device which converts electrical current into radio waves and vice versa. It is usually used with a radio transmitter or radio receiver. f BANDWIDTH: An antennas bandwidth specifies the range of frequencies over which its performance does not suffer due to poor impedance. g ANTENNA GAIN: This is a parameter which measures the degree of directivity of the antennas radiation pattern. It is also known as the power gain. h POLARIZATION: The polarization of an antenna is the orientation of the electric field EPlane of the radio wave with respect to the earths surface and it is determined by the physical structure of the antenna and by its orientation. i WAVELENGHT: This is defined as the ratio of the velocity of the antennas electromagnetic waves to the frequency of the waves j IMPEDANCE MATCHING: This is the maximum power transfer for matching the impedance of an antenna system as seen looking into the transmission line to the complex conjugate of the receiver or transmitter. k SKEW: This refers to the angle of the electric field. l AZIMUTH: This refers to the rotation of the whole satellite dish assembly around a vertical axis or supporting pole. m ELEVATION: This refers to the look or upward angle between the dish pointing direction and the local horizontal plane. n RESISTANCE: This is the opposition that is offered by a resistor against the flow of current in a circuit. o INTEGRATED CIRCUIT IC: It is a complete electronic circuit in which both the active and passive components are fabricated on a tiny single chip of silicon. p SIGNAL LEAKAGE: This is the passage of electromagnetic fields through the shield of a cable and occurs in both directions. q SLEW RATE: This is the maximum rate of change of the output usually quoted in Volts per seconds or microseconds. r DIPLEXER: A diplexer is a passive device that implements frequency domain multiplexing. s MOTORDRIVEN DISH: A dish that is mounted on a pole and driven by a stepper motor or a servo can be controlled and rotated to face any satellite Position in the sky