| Content | Abstract
This project is on Design and construction of a Simple sensitive touch alarm. Detection of unauthorized access to residential and commercial buildings when the residents are far away from the access gate of the house. The system is a simple and reliable touch activated security system and uses sensor technology to revolutionize the standards of living. The system provides the best solution to most of the problems faced by house owners in their daily life. Due to its simple electronic components nature, it is more adaptable and cost-effective. The system is divided into three units the power supply unit which employs the use of both DC battery and mains supply to ensure constant power supply to the circuit, the trigger unit which is responsible for activating the alarm unit and designed to have much time and period and moderate sensitivity in order to reduce the rate of false alarm, and the alarm amplitude unit which main function is to produce amplitude alarm sound when triggered by the trigger unit with the aim of producing a large audible sound that can alert the entire neighborhood or scare an intruder away. | ABSTRACT
Automatic water level controller for both overhead and underground tank is designed to monitor the level of water in a tank. It displays the level of water and when it is at the lowest level; a pump is activated automatically to refill the tank. When the tank is filled to its maximum capacity, the pump is automatically deenergized. Several circuits are put together to ensure proper working of this design, and the block diagram includes the supply unit, the microprocessor unit, the sensor unit, the display unit and the pump drives unit. The power unit is responsible for turning on the entire circuit. Some components are used to set up power unit and they include; a 15v step down transformer, a bridge rectifier circuit, a smoothening capacitor and a voltage regulator IC. The microprocessor AT89S50 controls virtually all the actions carried out in this design. AT89S50 is used in the design. The sensor unit is responsible for sensing the level of water and transfer the current position of water to the microprocessor. The display unit in the circuit is use to physically show the current position of water in the tank, the properties of seven segment display are been used.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.0 BACKGROUND
The project automatic water level control with an automatic pump control system is design to monitor the level of liquid in the tank. The system has an automatic pumping system attached to it so as to refill the tank once the liquid gets to the lower threshold, while offing the pump once the liquid gets to the higher threshold. Sustainability of available water resource in many reason of the word is now a dominant issue. This problem is quietly related to poor water allocation, inefficient use, and lack of adequate and integrated water management. Water is commonly used for agriculture, industry, and domestic consumption. Therefore, efficient use and water monitoring are potential constraint for home or office water management system. Moreover, the common method of level control for home appliance is simply to start the feed pump at a low level and allow it to run until a higher water level is reached in the water tank. This water level control, controls monitor and maintain the water level in the overhead tank and ensures the continuous flow of water round the clock without the stress of going to switch the pump ON or OFF thereby saving time, energy, water, and prevent the pump from overworking Besides this, liquid level control systems are widely used for monitoring of liquid levels in reservoirs, silos. Proper monitoring is needed to ensure water sustainability is actually being reached with disbursement linked to sensing and automation, such programmatic approach entails microcontroller based automated water level sensing and controlling or using 555 timer IC.
1.1 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
The goal or objectives of which the designed device is expected to accomplish is to build an automatic water level control with automatic control system. In this project sensors are place at different level of the tank and with the aid of this sensors, the microcontroller monitor the level of the liquid at any particular point in time, some of the objectives are
1. to design an automatic water monitoring system
2. to incorporate an interactive medium between the end user and the machine
3. to prevent over labor of the pumping machine and prevent it from getting bad
4. to avoid wastage of water
1.2 JUSTIFICATION
Automatic water level monitor came into existence because of human error and inconsistence that is associated with manually operated water pumping machine. This is because it takes time for individual who is manually operating the water pump to turn off the pumping machine and this may cause water spillage and at times the individual might not know that the water level has drop so low until the tank is completely empty. This was the problem that leads to the development of the ideal of an automatic water level control and automatic pump short down.
1.3 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
The project was design to automatically control the pump which ensures constant reserve of water in the reservoir. The scope of the design was keep concise and simple to in other not to introduce unnecessary complexities and render it generally uncomfortable. The system does not have attached complex peripheral device which though impossible for the detail printable information has been excluded for reasons of affordability material of low range and less accurate performances as opposed to a well built automatic water pump was use d to achieve this aim, the automatic water level controller detect and control the water in the tank
1.4 CONSTRAINS
The biggest setback experience during the course of this project is difficulties in finding the design of the project, secondly sourcing of material and component I used for the project were difficult to find like pump and buffer for programming
1.5 LIMITATIONS OF THE PROJECT
It is significant to know that this design is limited to 12v, 5amps electric pump and cannot be use to control industrial water pump above 5 amps
FIG 1.0 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF AUTOMATIC WATER LEVEL CONTROL WITH PUMP
1.6 PROJECT REPORT ORGANISATION
The organization of this project report is well detailed and vast in its coverage it covers all the activities encountered during the research work. The first chapter of this work took care of the introduction, aims and objective, scope, Justification and project report organization. Chapter two highlight on literature review chapter three highlight on description of system and some of the component used were emphasized chapter four highlight on the system design and implementation, construction, testing and packaging of the pump. Chapter five is all about the conclusions problem encountered recommendation and cost of the project. |
ABSTRACT
The main objective of this project was to ensure a proper security to car being parked in garage against theft or an intruder. The circuit uses three NE555 timers; one of the NE555 was wired as a monostable oscillator and remaining two were wired as tone generator and amplified to obtain a maximum audible sound. However, pin 2 of the first NE555 was used as sensor part .When pin 2 has contact with human body or hand it will activate the IC1 which will also bias transistor and this transistor was wired in a way that once it is powered it will close circuit thereby passing a negative supply voltage to tone generator circuit and outputted out through a loud speaker or buzzer.
This device functions as a major security device against car theft as stated above. It is an electronic device that is connected to the battery of the car it is being installed in and gets activated when the car engine is switched off and the car stationed at a place. The device is not seen but, it has an indicator light which shows that the alarm has been activated. When the body of the car is touched by human hand, it sends a negative signal to the device which needs a negative pulse to get activated; it sends this negative from the human hand to the tone generator IC which triggers the alarm.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Title Page ....i
Certification.ii
Dedication ...iii
Acknowledgement .. iv
Abstract .v
Table of content ...vi
List of Symbols . vii
CHAPTER ONE: Introduction 1.1 Background of study 1
1.2 Aims and objectives 3
CHAPTER TWO: Literature Review.4
CHAPTER THREE: Specification and operation of system component 3.1 Description of NE55 Timer.12
3.2 Description of Resistor. 14
3.3 Description of Capacitor.. 16
3.4 Description of Diode 27
3.5 Description of Transformer 32
3.6 Description of Loud Speaker and Buzzer 41
3.7 Description of Transistor. 43
3. 8 Description of L.E.D.. 47
CHAPTER FOUR: Operation of system and its circuit and block diagram
4.1 Operation of circuit 55
4.2 The circuit diagram.. ..57
4.3 The block diagram58
CHAPTER FIVE: Construction, Testing and Packaging
5.1 Values of components.59
5.2 Assembly60
5.3 A schematic diagram of the finished work.63
CHAPTER SIX: Conclusion and Recommendation
6.1 Conclusion .. .64
6.2 Recommendation . . ..65
6.3 Observations ..66
6.4 Dificulties.. 57
6.5 References. 68
| ABSTRACT
Tjunction traffic light controller is such a device that will play a significant role in controlling traffic at junctions, to ease the expected increased rush at such junctions and reduce to minimum disorderliness that may arise, as well as allowing the pedestrians a right of the way at intervals rather than being struck down when in a hurry to cross the roads. Such an electrical system with a touch of electronics that control the flow of traffic in a predetermined sequential pattern at a junction, has its diagram comprising of different components. The power supply unit provides the control unit with specified voltage from primary source. The pulse generator consisting of a timer generates pulse for the system. The clock or counter moderates the signal that enters the decoding logic system. The display unit of each stand consists of led, the first is red in colour, the second is amber in colour and the last is green in colour.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The traffic on our roads, especially intracity traffic due to increasing number of cars grow by the day and unless adequate steps are taken to control the situation, we shall soon meet with circumstances we do not bargain for. That the innumerable traffic junctions in the country by far outnumber the staff strength of the traffic wardens available and that the traffic wardens even where they are enough to control all the junctions cannot do so throughout the day is not in doubt. Traffic control at T. junctions or elsewhere ensures orderliness of movements of vehicles, goods and pedestrians while its absence strongly indicates chaos and most at times leads to accidents.
In the light of the above, it is imperative to recognize the need to compliment the physical exhausting efforts of the traffic wardens. In doing so, steps to be taken should assume permanence in nature rather than any adhoc exercise. Such is the role expected to be played by an installed operational road junction traffic controller.
This project DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A THREE WAY JUNCTION TRAFFIC LIGHT CONTROLLER is such a device that will play significant role in controlling traffic at junctions to ease the expected increased rush at such junctions and reduce to minimum such disorderliness that may arise as well as allowing the pedestrians a right of the way at intervals rather than being struck down when in a hurry to cross the roads.
1.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
The main objective of the study includes:
1 To investigate the practicality of the theoretical knowledge about these components to be used.
2 To experiment on the compatibility of the working relation between components to be used.
3 To investigate the extent to which the design and construction of the control unit can be useful to mankind.
4 To investigate the immediate usefulness of the control system as complimentary to traffic wardens.
1.3 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The scope of this project is to enlighten all electronics students on the use of microcontroller base traffic light 3ways and timer system in Tjunction. On the practical usage it is limited to the laboratory used for reference purpose. The larger application of this project work is found in most of our mega cities like Abuja, Lagos, Calabar, Enugu etc, to control and manage heavy traffic congestion.
1.4 PROJECT REPORT ORGANIZATION
This report is structured to follow the history and origin of traffic light system all through the design and implementation phase. The report takes into account the step by step process followed in order to arrive at the final design |
ABSTRACT
This project work, construction of an Electromagnetic field detector is to sense any traces of electromagnetic field in our environment. The EMF detector is made up of the probe which was the sensing part of the detector , the operational amplifier, the headphone or digital meter where the output result was heard or readout. Coupling of all these and some other electrical components together form the basis of this project. Unknown to many people, the environment will live in can pose danger to us. Some of these problems dangers come in various forms range from the ones we can see with our naked eyes, those we can perceive, to those we can not see nor perceive. Under the category of those we can not see nor perceive falls an electromagnetic field. This field with higher level of concentration can cause a lot of hazards when one exposes his or her body to it. In order to avoid or reduce these hazards to a minimal bearable level, the need for an apparatus that will sense this field and notify us of the intended danger must be conceived and developed so that the general public can benefit from it. In view of this, an apparatus called electromagnetic field detector is conceived and developed.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Certification. iii
Dedication. iv
Acknowledgement v
Table of Contents vi
Abstract viii
CHAPTER ONE. 1
1.0 General Introduction..1
1.1 Introduction. 1
1.2 Aim and Objectives of the Study. 3
1.3 Justification. 4
1.4 Scope of the Study. 4
1.5 Limitation. 4
1.6 Definition of Terms4
CHAPTER TWO. 6
2.0 Literature Review. 6
2.1 Electromagnetic waves....................................................................... 6
2.2 Forms and Importance of Maxwells equation........................................ 7
CHAPTER THREE. 14
3.0 Materials and Method...................................................................... 14
3.1 Materials, Tools and Equipment Used. 14
3.2 Circuit Diagrams of EMF Detector..................................................... 19
3.3 Methodology /Construction. 21
3.4 Principle of Operation. 21
3.5 Power Supply Design. 22
3.6 Operational Amplifier Terminals23
3.7 Casing. 24
CHAPTER FOUR.................................................................................... 25
4.0 Result and Discussion...................................................................... 25
4.1 Result............................................................................................ 25
4.2 Discussion...................................................................................... 26
CHAPTER FIVE..................................................................................... 27
5.0 Conclusion and Recommendation..................................................... 27
5.1 Conclusion. 27
5.2 Recommendation . 28
References29
| ABSTRACT
The aim of this project is to design and implement a single phase inverter which can convert DC voltage to AC voltage at high efficiency and low cost. Solar and wind powered electricity generation are being favored nowadays as the world increasingly focuses on environmental concerns. Power inverters, which convert solarcell DC into domesticuse AC, are one of the key technologies for delivering efficient AC power. A low voltage DC source is inverted into a high voltage AC source in a twostep process. First the DC voltage is stepped up using a boost converter to a much higher voltage. This high voltage DC source is then transformed into an AC signal using pulse width modulation. Another method involves first transforming the DC source to AC at low voltage levels and then stepping up the AC signal using a transformer. A transformer however is less efficient and adds to the overall size and cost of a system. Therefor the former method is the one used to implement this project.
To deliver such performance, the power inverters is driven by highperformance PIC 16F877A microcontroller units MCUs that can achieve highlevel inverter control, and therefor this microcontroller is the heart of the system and controls entire system. The microcontroller is programmed using embedded c compiler and in specific mikroC pro to generate sine pulse width modulated SPWM pulses which are used to drive Hbridge. By alternate switching switches of two legs of Hbridge alternating 340V DC voltage is converted into 240V Ac voltage.
The design is essentially focused upon low power electronic appliances such as personal computers, chargers, television sets. To build the design it is first mathematically modeled then is simulated in Proteus and finally the results are practically verified. |
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