| Description | ABSTRACT
This project was centered on health clinical database information system. The current process of keeping records of patients is being operated manually and due to this procedure numerous problem are been encountered. A design was taken to computerized the manual process in order to check this problem. The problems were identified after series of interviews and examination of documents after which analysis was made and a computerized procedure recommended. This project will also suggest how to successfully implement the computerized procedure and to overcome the obstacle that would hinder the successful implementation of the system. The new system was designed using Microsoft visual basic 6.0 programming language. This language was chosen because of its easy syntax and features for developing windows based applications. | Abstract
voter registration systems supplement the traditional paper-based process, by which new voters fill out a paper form that is submitted to election officials, who confirm the registration is valid, and enter the information from the paper application into the registration system.
Online voter registration follows essentially the same process, but instead of filling out a paper application, the voter fills out a form via an Internet site, and that paperless form is submitted electronically to election officials. In most states the application is reviewed electronically; if the request is confirmed to be valid, the new registration is added to the state?s voter registration list.
That validation step is done by comparing the information on the online registration form against the information provided by the same individual when he or she received a driver?s license or other state-issued identification card. The signature already on record with the state becomes the signature on record for voting. When the information does not a match, the application is sent to officials for further review or action.
Online systems are not equipped to register voters who do not have state-issued driver?s licenses or identification cards. Those voters, or any voters who care to, can use a paper registration form | ABSTRACT
In our today activities, most people have some kind of ?database? collections of CDs, students? academic entries, a phonebook of phone numbers and name entries, vehicles parts, records to be processed by a program. With a bit more precision, the term database means a logically coherent collection of related data with inherent meaning, built for a certain application and representing a ?mini-word?. A database management system (DBMS) is the software that allows database to be defined, constructed, and manipulated. Developing HTTP and RDBMS information service for federal polytechnic Nekede, owerri was the core of this project work. The integration which implemented, project the strength of the institution, provided most level of functionality and reduced the hitherto duplication of data so often the case with student particulars and the resultant stressful situation which the academic staff face in record manipulation.
In considering the design of a web driven relational database management system; it is obvious that RDBMS succeed to a very large extent which depends on the level of data structure while structure itself depends on the level of reliability, which can be achieved through the kind of tables and web interface to be rendered, and the requirements needed. It is my convictions that a closer look at this project work give insight and vital information to any interested person who wish to know the requirement for developing a HTTP and a relational database management system server to effectively implement an academic information system. The design has demonstrated its HTML web pages integration via ASP.NET programming by demystifying and defining what it takes to implement an Internet information service, HTTP server, a MsSQL relational database management system and a ASP.NET web pages.
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
There is an outgrowing need for electronic accessories in a world where there is great necessity for speed, efficiency and perfection of work. Information factors efficiency, access to electronic device and relevant information is usually considered in the setting up of a relational database for a local network intranet. The internet has revolutionized the computer and communications world like nothing before. The invention of the telegraph, telephone radio and computer, set the stage for unprecedented integration of capabilities. The intranet is at once a location-based broadcasting capability, a mechanism for information disseminating and a medium for collaboration and interaction between individuals and their computers without regard for extensive location.
Presently, the internet represents one of the most successful examples of the benefits of sustained investment and commitment to research and development of information infrastructure. Starting with the early research in pocket switching, the government, industry and academic have been partners in evolving and developing this existing new technology. Terms like ?http:www.yahoo.com? and ?Uktehamum Edu? trip off the lounge of the random person on the street.
The aim of this project is to give an introduction to database and its integration with HTTP server. Before the specifics and theoretical, lets focus on some of the more generic aspects of this study.
1.2 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Information handling has gone beyond papers and is now at the discretion of the PC. Thus, this project is a conceivable effort to ameliorate the pressing need for a more web centric environment. Although its primary focus is not on web site design, yet it is inevitable. Since the emergence of the internet and its accompanying protocols, web use has intensified and so developing web applications is a promising way of reaching greater audience. Web use is not limited to the internet, but to virtually any application that can interface and communicate via web protocols. Intranet with the proposed design, staff, students and any authorized person can get all the available information from the polytechnic intranet integrated database. They can get their syllabus, academic calendars and results, register course, to mention just a few.
1.3 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Invariably, the problem that gave rise to this system study is from the continuous use of manual methods of dispensing academic details in the institution. The core is information management. As they say if you are not informed, you are deformed and he who is deformed cannot perform?. It would not be an exaggerated statement if I say that graduates from Nigerian institutions are deformed because they are not being well informed due to inadequate information acquisition facilities. It can be seen that information is not only important in this age but also the method of accessibility. No wonder it is termed as power, without it there is no headway. According to the U.S. Gen. Collins Powell (1995) ?Lack of information breeds analysis paralysis? without adequate information on any subject matter, it would be difficult to handle. However, the enatic nature of power supply, especially in third world countries has tremendously affected online information systems and remote access to queries, information down time and data corruption is inevitable.
In Federal Polytechnic, Owerri the method of information processing and sharing is done manually and therefore slows down the speed at which information is stored, processed and shared. To eradicate this to its optimum a robust database and web server should be implemented where the information no longer have to reside in man?s brain or on his desk but on the network and can be accessed by anyone who is privileged.
1.4 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The new system will bring about efficient and effective academic information system. The concise documentation of students and staff details will tremendously improve its timely decision support.
The project would also go a long way in fostering good perception of the information age in our various institutions and individual organization thereby breaking the ugly bone of continuous use of manual and archaic systems. It fosters on the in depth principles, rules and protocols of coding, scripting and hosting of database driven web pages. It will also help in making the processing of information as well as on the sport feedback faster and provide spring board for our young database developer. It also stirs and gives focus to our institutions of higher learning on the facilities obtained in the use of modern system of communication.
In order to produce a more classified knowledge of the subject matter, the researcher intends to describe the tools required to design and implement a functional Internet information service server, HTTP web server and a MsSQL relational database server for the institution through HTML encoded ASP.NET web interface. The objective of developing the system and procedure for the polytechnic is to ensure that end users are provided with requisite tolls and data that are cost effective and easily accessible.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
These research works critically explores the possible ways of demystifying the mystery behind database and related technologies, web hosting services, protocols and of course design, and encourage young programmers to joint the race without feeling interns to their counterparts in the development parts of the world.
Without shifting this focus to web site design, we might still be in darkness for the next twenty years and by then a new inventions might be made which can sentence us unto another one thousand years of Dark Age. The study will go a long way to cutting down on time wastage, inefficient use of statistical data, manual errors and duplication of efforts by both staff and academic personnel. It will also enhance efficient query and enquiring ensure security of records and assist the polytechnic in copying with the daily work load.
1.2 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
Data not withstanding of its size cannot be too large to process. However, a guided approach is adopted to stay within limits for easy comprehension. To this end, the study will only focus on the students together with its accompanying web interface, students? registration details and academic results.
In its most common form, the wide application of computers in accessing remote files paved way for adopting of more superior ways of making information available to the millions of users. And it also exposes the researcher to the core about the intricacies of database programming for web, an all round technology.
Although economic constraints did not stop this project room completion, yet adequate funds would have aided the provision of industrial standard hardware and software. The limitations encountered in this case are mainly based on the fact that the institution, Federal Polytechnic Nekede, Owerri does not have the necessary software and extended network of computers, that is, it lack the projected operational hardware. Nevertheless, the researcher simulated typical sceneries. Now, the last and not the least, the time to develop, test and implement the complete scenario was without unbearable sleepless night and frustration from public power supply.
1.3 DEFINITION OF TERMS
API A term used to denote Application Programming Interface. An interface that is defined in terms of a set of functions and procedures, and enables a program to gain access to facilities within an application.
BYTE It is a fixed number of bits that can be treated as a unit by the computer hardware. It is a unit of storage capable of holding a single character equal to 8 bits, large amount of memory are referred in terms of kilobytes (1,024 bytes), megabytes (1,048,576 bytes), and gigabytes (1,073,741,824 bytes).
BANDWIDTH The amount of data or signal that can be transmitted in a transmission medium or media in a given time. It is measured in bits per second (bps) for digital devices and Hertz (HZ) for analog devices.
COUNTER Keeps track of how many times a web page is visited.
DOWNLOAD TIME The time it takes foe a web page to be completely visible on the computer screen.
FILE SIZE How large the file containing the data is usually measured in kilobytes or megabytes. File size is used when referring to pages, HTML documents and any other type of file.
FRAMES Formatting a page so that more than one HTML document is visible on the screen at the same time.
HOME PAGE The main and first page of a website, containing introductory information about the facility that has been accessed, together with links to the actual details of services or information.
HTML An abbreviation for Hypertext Mark-Up Language. A form of SGML (standard generalized mark up language) intended for use on the World Wide Web. It is used to create documents for the World Wide Web.
HTTP Hypertext transfer protocol. An application level protocol with the lightness and speed, necessary for distributed collaborative hypermedia information systems. It transfers hypertext requests and information between servers and browsers.
INTERNET The global information network that now links a very substantial fraction of the world?s computer networks.
INTRANET A private network setup by an organization or company that resembles the World Wide Web, but which is inaccessible by external users.
JAVA A language for object-oriented programming on the internet, especially applicable to the World Wide Web.
JAVA SCRIPT A scripting language designed to add features to web pages.
OPERATING SYSTEM The set of software products that jointly controls the system resources and the processes using these resources on a computer system | ABSTRACT
Computer is an extension of man?s ability to compute. One of the most important characteristics of a computer is its ability to store and process information. This ability of computer is all achieved through programming. In the world today, application software has been assisting various organizations in carrying out their operations successfully and reliably. Manual examination recording has been a problem to many institutions of higher learning like Kogi State Polytechnics, Lokoja using Computer Science Department as a sample for the research work. The effort made so far towards overcoming this problem by the manual system have been sabotage by error and abuse of different kinds, this and many other difficulties involved have prompted a curious attention towards Computerization of student examination result system at a every level of education, because it reduce cost and time, increase accessibility of information on students examination and proper recording. | ABSTRACT
The tremendous impact of electronic technology (like computer and computer embedded devices, computer networking, artificial intelligence, multimedia among others) on the human psychological capabilities productivity, intellectuality and other human related activities are very obvious. The quest and virtual implementation of computer in all the fields of human endeavor increases with its inevitable impact, these impacts are on its increase due to the need for high quality and timely response. Therefore, this project titled, ?Design and implementation of e-learning platforms for an introduction to C++ programming language?, is aimed at exploring and incorporating some of these sophisticated technologies for the development of electronic tutorial materials. This work examines and explains the step-by-step procedure for accomplishing the development of the proposed software products, the attainment of the goals and necessary requirement for their implementation. It considers and discusses the impact of the proposed products on the targeted end-users. This project is implemented using HTML, Microsoft asp.net and SQL Server for the online learning platform tutorial application package, and an e-book | ABSTRACT
Libraries have been an important part of educational and information sector of any school. The success of any library largely depends on proper management.
Several libraries have suffered failure as a result of inadequate management and incapacitations in handling sensitive information as regards members of the library.
This research therefore, aimed at developing a digital library system, which will help direct and position library to meets its ever increasing demands.
In the course of the development of this new system, the current system was analytically and critically studied or assessed and thus the identified strengths and weaknesses were highlighted and a new system was designed for the weakness.
The present system was analyzed using a standard procedure recognized worldwide for such purpose and this is called Structured System Analysis and Design Methodology (SSADM). The visual basic 6.0 programming language was used to code the program modules developed for the system using some computer aided design tools. |
| Content | CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY
Integrated of documentation and knowledge based computerized services in information system is a tremendous means to help health professionals in their daily practice and to improve its quality.
Effort is continuously being made in designing and developing economically and reliable database system to satisfy a clinical database information system. This project is about the design and development of a clinical database system for medical management of the federal poly Nekede medical centre and shows how records and data can be handled and stored within the system.
The system will store patients? records, drug inventory and dispensation as well as other relevant clinical information within the polytechnic community. The system will be used by the staff doctor, nurses, clerks, consultants, and other relevant authorities as the demand may be within the clinic. It will process data speedily and accurately, provide information when and where required.
The clinical database system will be used to store data, produce reports and handle management enquires. In clinics that are made up of doctors, nurses, patient and other personnel staff, an Information system is required to keep track of the day to day transaction of the clinic and to improve the communication skills. Also this system will help in highlighting risk/complex patients for consultant input alert of DNA; easily identify all patient taking certain medications; monitor frequency of major complication example peptic ulcer, check for known drug interaction; improve evidence based practice, record questions in clinic for later response from the team when not sure of correct reply.
Therefore, it is hoped that the design and development of a clinical database system would provide a flexible and reliable management of the polytechnic clinic. This program is carefully design to work in a standalone system or in a multi-user environment.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
It is observed that federal polytechnic Nekede medical centre most of its record on staff, students, patients, drug and inventory and dispensary are handled manually. The problems associated with the manual method include inaccurate data, poor quality of patient care and administrative inefficiency. The task involved in this design is as follows:
? Careful study of the manual operation of federal polytechnic Nekede medical centre
? Collection of information on general problem confronting the medical centre
? Study the identified problems, design and develop a clinical database system that will help in solving these problems
? Develop computer software that will help in the management if the medical centre.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The primary aim of this project is to design and develop a clinical database system for federal polytechnic Nekede clinic, which will achieve the following:
? Improve efficiency and the communication skill in the clinic
? Keep proper patients record, drug inventory, dispensing and efficiency of drug dispensed
? To bring about a computer pollution free environment that will ensure a secured public health of the staff, and the polytechnic community
? To acquire practical experience in the design and development of a clinical database system and other related software
1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The scope of this project is mainly on patient?s record, the drug prescription, available drugs, the drug dispensed and the efficiency of the drug dispensed. The application of query in getting the desired reports on drug inventory in the pharmaceutical unit.
1.5 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
? User resistance and misconception: Human fear towards change was a major problem encountered in this course of study; hence vital information was hidden away from me.
? Sensitivity of the study: Due to the sensitive nature of drug management, some secrets were not given out for professional reasons.
? Duration: The time allocated to carry out this project is quite small for adequate and complete investigation of the study.
1.6 METHODOLOGY
The project is carried out, following the appropriate stage involved in design and development of clinical software. The stage are briefly discussed below
? Problem identification: The problems associated with the medical centre are first identified. This is done by critically analysis of the existing system.
? Data collection: The data required for this clinical database is obtained by interviewing staff, students and other medical personnel. Also vital information was also obtained in designing and developing a clinical database.
? System modeling: Using relevant facts obtained from relevant sources, the clinical database system is designed.
? System development and implementation: The conceptual designed are developed and implemented as computer program. After the development and implementation, the system is tested to ensure that, is fulfils the objective of the project.
? System installation: The developed clinical database system software is installed on the computer system and made ready for use.
1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS
History file: This is a master file that contains data antenatal form. E.g. Patients? names, address, medical histories, diagnosis, sex, age, type of admission, drug treatment, data for admission and discharge.
1.8 DATA DICTIONARY
This contains the list of items used and their different meanings according to how it is applied in the project. | CHAPTER ONE
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Voting is a means of selecting or choosing leaders. It does not apply only to local governments, states and federal government of Nigeria but also in different institutions and social organizations. Therefore, the conduct of elections in a democratic society is very important not only because through it a change of government is effected but also because voting is the main form of political participation for most people for democracy to be sound and smooth, it should be enhanced on election free from fraud.
Many centuries ago, most societies were societies were primitive and had not evolved a system of voting to elect the leaders that will govern then and promote societal harmony and peace. This means that people have to devise a system whereby a leader or a set of leaders have elected from the ranks of the people. At that point the idea of voting and being voted for became important and necessary. But before an individual can cast his or her vote, there are certain conditions to be met, one of which is to be registered as a voter.
Since independence in 1960, the Nigeria political scene has witnessed incessant upheavals, wide scale dishonesty and societal bitterness, which in most instances, degenerated into lawlessness and destruction of lives and property. Theses unfortunate situations paved the way for and served as spring boards for the emergence and growth of unskilled democrats and military leaders in the governance of the nation. Many Nigeria?s are disappointed that a post independent 46years-old Nigeria is still operating constitution which does not enjoy an overwhelming national acceptance, as evident in the persistent calls for the convocation of a sovereigns national conference on the one hand, and the growing demand for ethnic nationalities on the other.
For about four and half decades since independence, the nation had shifted position between parliamentary and presidential system of government, with several military in cursions into polities over the years. Even the present presidential democratic dispensation is still undergoing experimentation with varying degrees of trial and error approach. It is in the light of the foregoing, that this project on voter registration, is written to serve as a useful tool of enlightenment in the hands of voters, the electorate and the general public.
However, voter registration is a critical aspect of the electoral process. A credible voters register is a prelude to free and fair elections. It is also important for people to know is qualified to vote, where, when and how to vote. Also, a full knowledge of the registration procedure will encourage eligible voters to participate in the electoral process.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The inefficiency of voting process in Enugu has resulted in a lot of problems. These problems have continued to obstruct the peace of democracy in Enugu because the choice of a capable candidate is not encourage by the current system. The problems could be emendated as follows.
- The high incidence of multiple voting massive transferred of ballot papers and forging of electoral papers using fictitious names. Indiscrete manipulation and inflation of election figures by electoral commission officers to suit the interest of their favoured candidates.
- Thuggery operation, fear of intimidation and victimization and smuggling of ballot papers into the ballot boxes.
- The fragile nature of some ballot boxes make them vulnerable to destruction
- Lost of votes due to either wrong voting or the case of any of accident occurring during transporting of the statement of result forms and other electoral materials to the collation centers.
- The delay in the generation and announcement of the results which gives room for other manipulations.
Therefore, there should be change for data handling.
1.3 PURPOSE OF STUDY
The purpose of design and implementation of a web based voters registration system is to
1. Design a voter registration system which will help to improve the voters system
2. Implement a web voters registration system.
3. Improve the standard of vote registration
4. Avoid unnecessary delay in vote registration.
5. Update the voters registration roll without bribery and conspiracy.
1.4 OBJECTIVES OF STUDY
The main objectives of this project work is to design a fully web voter registration system which should be able to
- Effectively carryout the task of voting automatically and timely.
- Put to an end the indiscriminate alteration of election results by any officer of the electoral commission of Enugu. This will inculcate discipline in the commission and promote their independence.
- Secure ballot papers and elections results from any accident what server and to quickly detect any defaced ballot paper or a ballot paper that is wrongly plumb printed.
- stop multiply or double voting, forgery in any shape or form and smuggling of ballot papers into ballot boxes. This will restore the integrity of votes cast in any election in Enugu state.
- Generate accurate report and effect a sticks knowledge of election results using an on-line computer processing system.
1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The study covers voting processes as it is done at the ward councillorship elections, local government chairmanship elections, the state house of assembly elections, the Gubernatorial elections the national house of parliamentary elections and presidential elections. It also inculcates the voters personal records, candidates personal records and voting procedures it covers election with at most five polling centers.
1.6 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
This study is limited by the restricted nature of the number of polling centers it cover. It does not represent a general election to cover the whole federation of Nigeria at the same time due to time constraints. Also there was limited time to effectively combine the research work with class study. It does not show the position (1st,2nd e.t.c) of candidate.
1.7 ASSUMPTIONS
It is assumed that the implementation of the new system will rapidly improve the economic and the socio-political lives of the people of Enugu state. There will be no room for rigging and election malpractice.
1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS
VOTER
ELECTION
POLITICAL PARY
BALLOT
DEMOCRACY
POLLING
JUDICIARY
ELECTORAL COMMISSION
INEC
ELECTORAL OFFICIALS
POLL CLERK
RESIDING OFFICER
SUPERVISORY PRESIDING OFFICER
COLLATION/RETURNING OFFICER
POLL ASSISTANT/ORDERLY
NOTICE OF ELECTION
PUBLICATION OF THE LIST OF CANDIDATES
1. VOTER:- A voter is a person who has a right to participate in an election as an elector
2. ELECTION:- This is a set of activities whereby members of a community choose their leaders
3. POLITICAL PARTY:- Is a group of people who share common principles about the management of their affairs, with the aim of capturing political power in a given polity.
4. BALLOT:- This refers to the system of voting in a country balloting could be open secret or open secret.
5. DEMOCRACY:- This is government of the people by the people and for the people. This form of government places emphasis on the majority of people.
6. POLLING:- A system of voting.
7. JUDICIARY:- The organ of government responsible for the interpretation of laws and punishment of offenders for the the reach of law.
8. ELECTORAL COMMISSION;- This refers to an independent responsibility to conduct all election from the level of government election to the presidential election in the country.
9. INEC:- Independent National Electoral commission.
10. ELECTORAL OFFICIALS:- personals who carryout election exercises.
PO;; CLERL:- A person who assists the presiding officer and deputizes in an event of the letter?s absences.
12. PRESIDING OFFICER:- He or she is the actual officer who conducts the election in the polling station where he is in charge.
13. SUPERVISORY PRESIDING OFFICER: He or she charge of election in a ward usually made up of about 10 polling stations.
14 COLLATION/RETURNING OFFICER: He or she collates data from the elections and declares the results where required.
15. ROLL ASSISTANT/ORDERLY:- There may be one or more poll assistants or orderlies in a polling center. Their duty is to
assist in election duties and ensure orderliness in the station.
16. NOTICE IF ELECTION:- This is a notice issued not less than 90days before the date appointed for holding of an election which is published in each state of the federation and the federal capital territory.
17. PUBLICATION OF THE LIST OF CANDIDATES: This is the publication by the electoral commission of the final list of all candidates who stand nominated, to all candidates together with the names of the persons nominating them, including their respective addresses and occupations. | | CHAPTER ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Man has continually been working for better, easier and faster ways of doing things. Technological development through the years has enabled us to do things with less effort new development in computer technology has allowed us to expense our capabilities. This is also applicable to our learning system.
Student at all levels of learning (i.e. primary, secondary and tertiary institutions) are expected to see their performance in classroom, exercises and examinations are carried out at the end of each term (semester) to enable grade performance monitoring and keep record for decision-making based on the instructions (school?s policy)
Grading of performance is needed to measure the level of understanding of lectures, lessons and the ability to accommodate accordingly; decision such as knowing the record of the highest student down to the lowest student in sequential order and to enable processing of result.
Normally, the examination recording involves arithmetic manipulations which are presently handled manually. Since this operation involves human operations problem arise from errors as a result of imperfection and inaccuracy, show speed, insecurity as well as high expenses are bound to exist.
In Kogi State Polytechnic, Lokoja which is the pivot of this research, a general application package (i.e. Microsoft excels) is use in result compilation and recording. However, it is observed that some short comings are still exhibited by the package owing to the fact that development is for general purpose applications. It involves about 80% manual and 20% computerization.
In the course of this research, a verbal discussion and examination recording revealed that a lot of time and human efforts are being wasted at the operation end of every semester result compilation. This makes the result recording a tedious and boring venture.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Result recording and compilation in Kogi State Polytechnic, Lokoja is associated with various problems. This project is step towards identifying this problem, which is likely to militate against god decision-making in the institution and ways to alleviate the burden associated with the existing system.
The head of department of various schools in the institution are involved in result recording of students in their departments. With the growing number of student in this institution, the need for comprehensive evaluation of each student performance, the existing system in use becomes so complex and tedious that the hands involved can no longer cope with the task at hand as such, the following problems are identified:-
a. Delay in recording exams result and decision making.
b. Poor security to data and information, hence giving room to illegal access to information.
c. Incorrect data entry giving rise to wrong information resulting in wrong decision making.
d. Inaccurate record keeping (on academics).
e. It becomes expensive involving too many hands.
1.3 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
The main aim of this study is to create a program that will allow for easy examination i.e. result recording system in the institution (i.e. Kogi State Polytechnics); it shall:-
a. Study and identify the limitation of the existing system.
b. Determine the deficiency in the package and hardware being used.
c. Reducing time and labour required in the existing system.
d. Facilitate accuracy and data security during and after recording.
e. Reduce to minimum or eliminate entirely, the problems encountered during updating of examination recorded.
The main objectives of this research work is to determine what the meaning of examination is and to develop a computer program using visual basic that could be used for documentation of examination result recording.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The under-listed are the significance of the proposed system:
a. Increase speed in result recording system thereby allowing for timely protection of exams record and taking of decision by management.
b. Eliminate drudgery (irrelevancy).
c. Reduce cost involvement and improved skill of the users.
d. Improve the accessibility and updating of data or information.
1.5 SCOPE AND LIMITATION
The scope of this project is to develop an automated examination recording that can handle result compilation and recording of the entire departments in the institution with ease.
The limitation of this research work is restricted for the automation of examination result recording. Also, the time factor poses major barriers to the researchers, in gathering enough facts within the period necessary for the completion and subsequent submission of this project.
1.6 DEFINITIONS OF TERMS
a. EXAMINATION: This is the gesture of the school program, which make demand on lecturers to test the student assimilation of the things they were taught in the lecture room.
b. RECORDING: Recording can simply be defined as the process of keeping record of the student exams offered in a semester.
c. VISUAL BASIC PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE: This is a high level language used to code and subsequent running of a program.
d. MICROSOFT ACCESS: This is one of the database management system (DBMS) that is capable of storing a large volume of data.
e. RESULT: This is the outcome of an examination conducted for students.
f. NOTATION: Such as;
1. RCU- Registered credit unit
2. TCU- Total credit unit
3. CCP- Cumulative credit point
4. GPA-Grade point average
5. CGPA- Cumulative grade point average
6. CRCU- Cumulative registered credit unit
7. C/O- Carry over
8. GP- Grade point
9. U- Unit
10. CP- Credit point. | CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Background of the study
Learning is one of the very vital human activities that require concentration blended with interactivity, clear and distinct understanding of the facts been stated or discussed, high communication skills and techniques, attractive learning qualities such as colorful pictorial presentations of information among others. Nevertheless, all not learning process is considered to be effective. Effective could be assumed to had been achieved if about hundred percent (100%), of the population lectured assimilate the knowledge and/or ideas across; this is quite different when the population size is very high and there is existences of certain un-conducive learning conditions such as noise, poor ventilation, and extreme temperatures.
For effective learning to take place, it is dependent on many factors. In most cases, these factors arise from the teachers, the students, the teaching and learning media or materials, and the learning environment with its structures. For instance, if a teacher lacks communication skills and techniques, the students, will find it difficult to comprehend, if the necessary media or materials required for teaching and learning is not provided or if the provision is inadequate, the understanding of the subject topic or issue been discussed might be impaired. In addition, the duration for teaching and learning, the rate of understanding and individual learning style effect the assimilation of knowledge by the students; and may have impact on the extent to which the teacher covers the teaching scheme. These factors will, certainly, hamper the effective teaching and learning by the teacher and by the students respectively (see figure 1 in appendix).
Most especially, the factors affecting effective learning is pronounced in learning aspects where intensive or much practical approach is required for the impacting of knowledge to the students. For example, in computer science much practical knowledge is required especially in computer networking, computer programming, and computer maintenance. The practical equipping of students are been affected by certain factors such as the duration for practical teaching and learning, inadequate computers, availability of computer laboratories, and poor power supply among others. As a result it is generally observed that most computer science students with little or no practical knowledge engages the service of the road side ?computer training institute? due to the fact that it is not financially intensive and there is great need for the services, this approach, by such student has high tendency of impacting wrong knowledge on students especially on the terms and explanation of concept s found or used in the computer science world. Therefore, there is the need to reduce this different situation and ensure that the practical standard required of the students is attained.
The progress made in the computer world through the development of sophisticated hardware, software, and other technologies could be employed for the remedy of the situation. Exploring the powerful capabilities of multimedia and implementing it on teaching and learning processes via the production of learning material and products such as e-book, computer assisted learning (CAI), computer aided instruction(CAT), computer based training(CBT), internet based training among others would go a long way towards improving the advancement of the practical and theoretical knowledge of the students. With high quality content value of the e-learning products and the captivating multimedia features embedded in them, a student can easily, assimilate such knowledge (even in the absence of a teacher and the required physical environment) through repetitive
Accessing of the e-learning materials and following the animated instructions contained therein. Finally, the case study computer science department, federal polytechnic nekede, owerri is selected due to its proximity.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
It is very obvious that it is required of the computer science students to be practically and theoretically sound so as to face the challenges to be encountered in the labor market. Disappointingly, most of the computer science students are not equipped as expected before lunching them into the labor market.
Often time, the students are found to be the highest set of customers patronizing most of the side ?computer training institute? and in turn, might not get the value of services they requested. This situation had been ascribed to many claims, in most occasions, had been made by both students and teachers on the pattern of teaching and learning respectively .for instance, the students claim the greater percentage of the teachers have poor teaching communication skills, and likewise the teachers blame the inadequate teaching and learning facilities and/ or infrastructure as the reason for ineffective learning.
Hence, the problem centers on effective teaching and learning processes for the impacting and the advancement of the students? theoretical and practical knowledge.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
owing to the difficulties experienced during teaching and learning processes, this project is aimed at implementing e-learning through the development of a web site expected to be published over the internet, a CAL application package that will be installed in a computer, and on e-book in portal document format (PDF); this is to provide different remedy platforms for the shortcoming found in the traditional teaching and learning procedures.
Focusing on the above, the objectives of the study are to develop e-learning applications that are capable of:
I. providing coherent instruction for the selected subject topics
II. Accommodating individual learning style.
III. Encouraging learning and mastering of the individual topic contained therein.
IV. Enhancing the students practical knowledge and broaden their theoretical knowledge.
V. Creating a more interacting learning process.
VI. Overcoming most factors affecting effecting learning such as noise.
VII. Promoting students concentration during learning.
VIII. Accommodation learner?s unrestricted learning schedule.
IX. Promoting quick assimilation of information.
X. Providing accurate and high quality content value.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This project uses the combination of multimedia features, little artificial intelligence features, and human ?computer interaction principles for the development of a web site for an online and implementation offline implementation of e-learning. Both of the e-learning are designed for the learning of c++ programming language at its introductory level. These proposed e-learning avenues are deviations from the traditional teaching and learning procedure, and as a result have their main importance as follows:
i. Effective learning of the subject topic by the students- the traditional classroom methods have high tendencies of responding to the many factors affecting effecting learning (see table 1 in the appendix for more information). But with the adoption of e-learning, these factors may exist with little or no impact on the learner. Hence, this project is focused on developing e-learning application that will be captivating through the provision of different learning platforms and skillful use of multimedia which will lead to the enhancing of effective learning and reduction of teachers teaching work load.
ii. Cost of learning materials-could be reduced significantly when compared to the cost of traditional learning materials or the cost of conventional instructional system. This is, however, accomplished in this project by providing free access with limited content value to the user.
iii. Reduction in the duration of teaching and learning, and strengthening of teachers effort-according to some research, the training time could be reduced up to sixty percent (60%) as against the traditional classroom method using e-learning products. (khoo, 1994). These, in turn, increase the rate of knowledge assimilation and allow the teachers to direct more effort on other areas where the students are deficient. This is basically achieved in this project the use of certain technological features such as the multimedia features.
Apart from these main importance of the study, other reasons like protecting the students from assimilating wrong information passed on by the quack, the inadequate learning and teaching materials, difficulties to have access to information on time, and the general factors affecting effective learning could take care of.
1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The proposed e-learning products are targeted for the attainment of effective learning through the use of interactive presentations. Further, the products are expected to be used by computer science students with little or no pre-knowledge of c++ programming language. The product contents are structured to accommodate novice in computer programming and their usage are not limited to computer science students alone but to students of other disciplines who wish to have basic fundamental knowledge on programming using programming language.
In the development of the proposed products, certain security consciousness likes piracy where moderately considered while some security measures like password were implemented. Each of the proposed e-learning products have different security requirement. On the side of the e-learning application package, password usage was implemented for discriminating the premium users from the free users. The internet application is designed to have an open unrestricted accessibility; this is to boost products awareness and marketing. The e-book is created in portal document format (PDF) so as to ensure content authenticity. Nonetheless, the three e-learning products do not implement any strong piracy security due to the fact that day after day more sophisticated hardware and software are developed which, in the contrary reason for their development and usage, used for computer product piracy. Finally, the physiological and cognitive impact of the proposed e-learning products on their users have their scope for achieving them limited to the use of multimedia features and interface design. This is one of the most important tasks required to be embedded in the products. In this learning application package, this is accomplished through the use of help menu and help animations, the internet application accomplishes the same task through the use of hyperlinks, flash animations, and still images while the e-book made use of hyperlinks and still images.
1.6 LIMITATION AND DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY
Apart from the usual risk and limitation present in every project due to time, scope, quality and financing, a major limitation arises from the gathering of information or data from the concerned individuals with fair and un-bias judgment of the proposed e-learning products. Many of the individual, especially the expected users, were unwilling to give feedback on the impact of the proposed products on them while some other will prefer to give haphazard information which tantamount dirty data. In addition, the tendency of receiving unfair and bias information and materials (which ranges from reference materials to development support devices) required for actualizing the proposed e-learning products specifications posed a great impediment to the study. Nevertheless, in the attempt to overcome these impediments, the research work of other scholars and practitioners were used in conjunction with the result of my project research evacuation and analysis. This approach is adopted to ensure accurate and good developmental practices
Considering the multi-tasking nature of the project, much time and financial resources are required. Owing to this fact, specifications of the proposed e-learning products were adjusted to suit the available financial budget allocated to it and which is obtainable. However, efforts were made, towards retaining the e-learning products quality, accomplishing of the projects objectives and completion of the project within the specified period of time.
1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Software ? a set of logical related program modules that are given to the computer for the accomplishment of a specific task or asset of task.
Program module ? this is made up of one or more program procedure, routine, function, or events that handle a definite task or set of task.
Program procedure ? a set of program codes that response to a particular action such as click or could be called for execution from another program procedure depending on its scope.
Program routine ? see program procedure.
Program function ? this is of ascribe to program procedure that is used for accomplishing a specific task, especially mathematical operations, whenever call for execution. See also program procedure.
Program event ? see program procedure.
Program- a set of logical related instruction codes that is given to the computer which enables it to perform a specific task or events.
Application ? this is synonymous to application software or application package. Application software is a class of software that runs on an operating system and its design to handle a specified task related to any human career.
Operating system ? it is a set of logical related programs which enables the computer to manage its resources. The resources which it manages are hardware components.
System software ? this is a class of software that are made up of other suit of software designed to enable the computer handle its resources and carry out some set of task. The system software comprises of operating system, program translators, editors and utility programs.
Translator ? this is synonymous to program translator or language translator or programming language translator. This is software whose function is to translate or transform program codes written in one programming language level to another (from high level programming language code to low level programming language codes). A translator could be an assembler, an interpreter or a compiler.
Dirty information ? this is also known as dirty data. It is information that does not conform to the directives for its supply. Example: supplying your date of birth as against date of employment using the title finger instead of ring finger in a finger print which requires ring finger.
High level programming language ? this is a class of programming language that is much closer to human language. It requires program translator for its codes to make meaning and be executed by the computer. Examples of high level programming language are BASIC, JAVA, HTML, C++ and PASCAL.
BASIC ? this is a high level programming language, is very simple and less difficult to learn and use. It can come in the form of command oriented programming language e.g. QBasic or could come in the form of object oriented programming language e.g. visual basic.
HTML ? this is one of the programming languages which could be used for developing web documents.HTML stands for hypertext markup language. Other languages that could be for web development are XML (extended markup language) and XHTML (extended hypertext markup language).
Programming language ? this is a set of operation of grammatical rules (syntax or protocol) use for written and developing instructional codes given to the computer for task performance.
Programming language application software ? this is application software designed to allow the user write and develop program and/or application using a particular programming language. For instance, visual Basic programming language.
Interpreter ? this is a kind language translator that translates high level programming codes equivalent and at the same time executes the program codes line after line, this is achieved if and only if the line of code is error free.
Compiler ? this is a kind of language translator that translates high level programming language code into its low level programming language codes equivalent and makes it executable only if this entire program code is error free.
Low level programming language ? this is a class of programming language that requires language translators for it to be understandable by the computer. This class of programming language has the characteristics of machine independency, easer to debug and comparatively show during program execution. Example, Basic, FORTAN, java, Pascal, C, C++ among others.
Debug ? this refers to detecting and correcting or removing errors contained in a source program.
Source program ? this is a set of program codes that contains the instructions and response to events. It is usually used in guiding the computer on the reaction to take place or the specific task to carryout for a given action. The source program codes are usually executed by the computer and are not to be seen by the user especially if the target program is application software.
User interface ? the environment that is seen by the end-user of application software which allows the end-user to make use of it.
Event ? An action that is made by the computer system though its input devices or software.
Object code ? codes that are displayed as a result of executing the sources program or the source codes. Object codes are displayed on the user interface.
Media ? these are those things, materials or tools used for storing and delivering of information or data. Media can also imply channels, links or materials that convey data or information.
Learning media ? learning materials that convey information to a student or from which a student can extract knowledge from. Example, textbooks novels, among others.
Multimedia ? as applied to this project, it is media and content that uses a combination of different content forms.
Contents ? information and experiences that may provide value for end-user.
Content form ? this refers to the way information or content is been presented. The different features of the multimedia forms its content forms. Example audio, video, text, among others.
Content value ? this refers to the usefulness of information contained in media.
End-user ? also known as user. this is an individual or an organization that make use of finished product or for whom a product is designed and developed.
Hardware ? this is a physical component of a computer that could be touched or felt. Example visual display unit (VDU).
CAL ? this stands for computer Assisted learning. It is an application package that is designed to enable the user learn a particular subject through the provision of tutorial that may or may not companied by questions. CAL is popularly called tutorial software. CAL is very close to CAI and could be used interchangeable, but in some cases, might not mean exactly the same.
CAI ? this is an abbreviation of computer aided instruction. It is an application package that is designed to enable the user learn and/or get acquainted with a specific subject or an aspect of life.CAI, in most cases, is a simulation of real life event or true appearance of the subject for which for the user is to be educated on. Most CAI comes in the form of examination preparatory tutorials like TOEFL (test of English as a foreign language) and safety training tutorials like military combat training. Computer game is not always regarded as a CAI application rather entertainment application software.
Project ? this is finite endeavor having started and completion dates undertaken to create quantifiable product. It is made up of series of job to be completed individually within the time duration allocated such a project.
Project completion time ? those resources or inputs that are required for accomplishing a project. The major project resources are human materials and financial resources.
Data collection ? the act of gathering information or data from different sources within the problem defined set. Data collected are processed and the information used for validating the proposed product of the project.
Problem defined set ? the population set for which an evaluation must be made to verify the impact of the proposed product. For instance, the problem defined set for this project are the students (especially, the computer science students) and instruction ( the instructor who wishes to introduced to C++ programming language) | CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Digital Library System (DLS) extends and integrate approaches adopted in traditional libraries as well as in distributed information systems, to yield high-end information systems, services and institutions. Here we will explore some of the parts or components of digital libraries and discuss several of the developments in this emerging field.
Building a comprehensive digital library system will help users to manage all phases of the information lifecycle. Of particular importance is to simplify the authoring and creation process so that wider population can participate by adding all types of multimedia content directly into digital libraries. Downstream access allows readers to benefit from this type of computer-mediated communication, across time and space. Ultimately, it is believed that knowledge will be shared and then lead to yet another cycle of discovery, authoring and utilization that is facilitated by digital libraries.
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Times are fast changing; we now live in a jet age which is mainly characterized by rapid changes in technology, lifestyle and value. This is indeed an age of information explosion.
One of the major inventions that have driven the world to a fast pace of technological advancement is the computer. The computer is primarily an electronic information processor that is rapidly changing the way we acquire, organize, recall, access, analyze, synthesize and apply information. The effectiveness with which the information is generated and communicated determines the rate of progress of a society and the fulfillment of its people. Modern society is information driven and information today is a universal need.
Moreover, computers have affected the ways which people use information. It has changed the rate of work done, the method for accomplishing the work alongside the relationship among the people carrying and using the information. However, computers and libraries are not left out in the utilization of computer to carry out their day-to-day activities especially as it concerns the amount of information generated. Libraries have evolved over the years which gave rise to digital libraries.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
There are numerous problems with the traditional libraries. These in-adequacies are enumerated below.
1. The users of the traditional library need to go the library physically which most times could lead to congestion of the library?
2. Inability for the library resources to be accessed 24/7.
3. The library resources cannot be simultaneously used. It is one at a time.
4. Traditional libraries are limited by storage space.
1.3 GENERAL OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The proposed system Digital Library System has it?s general objectives which it is set out to achieve. They are as follows:
a) To create variety of access services for searching, browsing and discovering resources.
b) To organize and index digital objectives for different purpose which includes cataloging, finding aids and database.
c) Reduction of loan and acquisition through the use of digital library.
d) Comprehensive storage of large repository of data that can be accessed by authorized users.
e) Reduce the cost of maintaining a traditional library.
1.4 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The objectives of this proposed system has been narrowed. This is geared towards ensuring that the objectives are achieved. They are as follows:
? Removal of Physical Bounding: Ensure that the users do not always go to the library physically, but can access library resource once he/she is connected to the server.
? Round the Clock Availability: To enable users to be able to gain access 24/7 to the information.
? Information Retrieval: To make it easy and convenient for the user to use any search term (Title OR Authors name) to search the entire collection, thus providing user-friendly interfaces, and giving clickable access to it?s resource.
? Preservation and Conservation: Provide access to materials that would otherwise fall to degradation from repeated use.
? Multiple Access: Ensure that the same resources can be used simultaneously by a number of persons.
? Space: Able to provide storage for information digitally by using little physical space to contain them.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
In implementing the objectives of this study, the advantages of a digital library over the traditional library are enormous. Users will be able to access library resource digitally without the inconveniences of users carrying books, journals, magazines etc which could result in rapid wear and tear of this library resource. Besides, it will afford users the opportunity to access digital books simultaneously without waiting for the book to be returned to the library.
The proposed system will provide security to help track library resources through the development of a comprehensive database that will be used to house the library resources. The system will also eliminate some of the routine manual work prevalent in a traditional library.
1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The findings of this research work for the proposed system (Digital Library System) was carried out in the Nnamdi Azikiwe University (NAU) in their digital library section. The scope of this study will include the following:
1. Information indexing/cataloguing.
2. Classification of library resource.
3. Searching and retrieval (downloading).
4. Registration of books/uploading of digital resources
5. Registration of users.
6. Database management.
1.7 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
This proposed system will not take into consideration audio collections. It is web based not a stand alone delivery system with its own user file and login ID and password. Also, time constraint during the time for this project work is short. Financial resources is a limitation encountered in the course of this research work.
1.8 DEFINITION OF RELATED TERMS
? Digital: Relating to or using signals or information represented by discrete values of a physical quantity.
? Library: A building or room containing collections of books, periodicals and sometimes films and recorded music for people to read, borrow or refer to.
? Digital Library: Is a type of information retrieval system in which collections are stored in digital format.
? Information: This is a collection of facts or data. |
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