| Content | Enhancing Fire Safety In Hostel Designs
Housing is one of the basic human needs, apart from food and clothing. The increasing number of postgraduate students in tertiary institutions, Nnamdi Azikiwe University in particular, has raised accommodation problems. Establishment of off-campus private hostels was initially perceived as a solution but property owners have taken advantage of the high demand to increase rents. basket asics femme pas cher. Students and parents are reeling under this financial burden. This has equally become a University management concern. asics homme pass cher Subsequently, the current trend of fire in hostel buildings has become a concern in our society today. air max pas cher. There has been a lot of incidence of fire in hostels, where student has lost their lives and valuable properties. These issues need to be reconciled with the building codes, fire safety design and cost constraints of the project. nike air max 1 pas cher. Consequently, this dissertation tends to identify the problems and attitudes associated with fire in hostel buildings and proffer solution through design approach that will help to prevent ignition of fire, limit spread, minimize damage and maximize life safety of the occupants and for the firefighters. | EVALUATION OF HABITABILITY FACTORS OF WET SPACESAT QUEENS LODGE
ABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to evaluate the wet spaces in Queens hostel in oko, Orumba north in Anambra state and its specific objectives were to determine the size and location of the kitchen components as stated by the researcher. Two research questions and one research hypothesis were formulated and tested. A simple technique was used. The population size used to carry out the research was a total number 54 students comprising of males and females in queens hostel. A 54 item structured questionnaire consisting of sections and groups was used. Section A has personal data of the students, Section B contains questions question concerning the evaluated components which was used by the researcher to determine the respondent’s perspective. The research questions were processed using percentage and table. The major findings of the study were the sizes, location and arrangement of the kitchen components. ie.(cabinets, sink and gas cooker) were the major problem facing the wet space ‘kitchen’ in the hostel of queens, oko, Orumba north in Anambra state.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page I
Approval page II
Dedication III
Acknowledgement IV
Table of content V
Abstract V
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Statement of the problem 2
1.3 Aim and object 2
1.4 Objective of the study 3
1.5 Research Questions 3
1.6 Significance of the study 3
1.7 Scope and Delimitation of the study 4
1.8 Limitation of the study 4
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW 5
2.0 Introduction 5
2.1. Historical development of kitchen 5
2.2 Historical Kitchen in African and Nigeria 6
2.3 Location 7
2.4 Space 7
2.5 Design
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction 9
3.2 Research design 9
3.3 Area of the study 9
3.4 Sources of data 10
3.5 Primary data 11
3.6 Secondary data 11
3.7 Population 11
3.8 Sample size 12
3.9 Techniques 12
3.1.0 Data collection instrument 12
3.1.1 Reliability and instrument validity 13
3.1.2 Method of presentation 13
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
4.1 Data Presentation and discussion 14
CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Conclusion 29
5.2 Recommendations 29
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION:
1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
In most of the world the term wet space has gone viral. However wet space is also used predominantly when it comes to architectural analysis. (Wikipedia free encyclopedia, 03/09/2015)
Wet space usually refers to rooms or spaces containing sanitary fixtures and appliances- including bathrooms and en suites, toilets, laundries and kitchen. It has dated way back since people started building modern house. Wet spaces are subjected to high level of; direct wetting, high humidity levels, condensation etc. (Wikipedia free encyclopedia, 03/09/2015)
Wet spaces are designed in order not to increase the risk of slip and other safety hazards, and are to be made accessible and comfortable for the occupant. It must be designed to meet statutory requirements, including the requirements of building code clause E3 internal moisture, which aims to safeguard building users against illness, injury and loss of amenity and to protect the rest of the building from water damage. (Wikipedia free encyclopedia, 03/09/2015)
With good design, detailing and installation of waterproof membranes and impervious finishes to manage the moisture generated, wet areas can be durable, healthy, safe and comfortable, and should not result in damage to the building structure, surface finishes and fixtures. (Wikipedia free encyclopedia, 03/09/2015)
1.2 THE STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The statement of problem is such that the project can take care of the following?
· Provision of functional and habitable wet space for Queen`s hostel Oko.
· Through the wet space evaluation it will increase the standard of hostel in Oko.
· Reduce the high level of ill health caused by bad wet space design.
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES
The aim of the study is the evaluation of wet space at Queen`s hostel Oko.
· Provision of a functional and habitable wet space at Queen`s hostel Oko.
· Reduction of high level of ill health caused by bad wet space design.
· To increase the standard of hostels in Oko.
· To arrest the existing wet space problem at Queen`s hostel Oko.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
· Is the location of the wet spaces at Queen`s hostel appropriate?
· Is the space allotted for the wet spaces adequate?
· Is there any need for a new design of the wet spaces at Queen`s hostel?
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The project will benefit the students at the Queen`s hostel.
1.6 SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The scope covered only the students that stay at the Queen`s hostel.
1.7 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
Inadequate co-operation from some of the respondent. The problem is solved by what is called (focus group) which is referred to as a scientific research method. | ISSUES AND CHALLENGES IN THE EXECUTION OF PUBLIC SECTOR HOUSING PROJECTS IN NIGERIA
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
Housing (Shelter) is unarguably one of the basic necessities of man. It used to be ranked second after food in the hierarchy of man’s needs but according to Ebie (2009) it is the first and most important of all rights. According to him, because of the importance attached to housing and coupled with the fact that housing in all its ramifications is more than mere shelter, then, execution of public sector housing embraces all social services and utilities that go to make a community or neighbourhood a livable environment, this is now a right in Nigeria. This position is reinforced by section 16(1)(d) of 1999 constitution under the Fundamental Objectives of State Policy which compels the Nigerian State “to provide suitable and adequate shelter for all citizens” Even though this provision is not actionable, it reinforces the call for public sector driven mass housing provision in Nigeria. Housing being a right entails that all strata of a society including the less privileged members of the society, the old, the disadvantaged, the wondering psychotics should own or have access to decent, safe and sanitary housing accommodation at affordable disposal prices or rental with secure tenure.
Unfortunately the reverse is the case as in spite of the policies, institutions and regulations which various Nigerian Governments have put in place since independence; there is still dearth of housing for low income segment. A recent study of housing situation in Nigeria put existing housing stock at 23 per 1000 inhabitant. Housing deficit is put at 15 million housing units (Mabogunje, 2007) while 12 trillion naira will be required to finance the deficit. This is about 4 times the annual budget of Nigeria (FHA, 2007). Housing is of supreme importance to man and one of the best indicators of a person’s standard of living and his place in society. However, at no point has it been adequately supplied either quantitatively or qualitatively (Jiboye 2009; Omoniyi & Jiboye, 2011). Over time, the need for adequate shelter has continued to attract global attention especially in developing countries where the urbanization process has been growing at an alarming rate. The phenomenal rise in population, increase in number and size of most cities in the past decades have led to acute shortage of adequate dwelling units in many urban centres globally (Jiboye, 2009).
Consequently, in recent time, the issue of housing has formed part of the major discussion in several global summits such as the 1992 Rio-de Janeiro summit on environment and development, the 1996 Habitat summit at Istanbul, the 2000 New York, United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDGS) summit, 2002 World Summit in Johannesburg and the 2005 La Havana, UN sustainable Cities Documentation of Experience Programme (Oladunjoye, 2005; UN-Habitat, 2007; UNDPI, 2008).
Nigeria, like other developing countries is saddled with uncontrollable growth of the urban population caused by lack of provision of infrastructural facilities and poor economic conditions in the rural areas. The proportion of the Nigerian population living in urban centres has increased phenomenally from 7% in the 1930s, 10% in 1950, 20% in 1970, 27% in 1980 to 35% in 1990
(Okupe, 2002). Over 40% of Nigerians now live in urban centres of varying sizes. The incidence of this population in urban centres has created severe housing problems, resulting in overcrowding in inadequate dwellings, and in a situation in which 60% of Nigerians can be said to be “houseless persons” (Federal Government of Nigeria, 2004).
Besides the incidence of overcrowding in the existing housing stock, rural-urban drift has occasioned the sprouting of make shift dwellings or squatter settlements in cities that are devoid of minimum structural and normative quality. Majority of the houses are constructed with all sorts of refuse/second-hand materials in illegally occupied self allocated land, they are badly maintained and lack the basic necessities of life like sanitary facilities, light, air and privacy. As evidenced by past researches in housing studies, most urban centres in the country are characterized by high density buildings, acute sanitary problems, pollution of air, surface water, noise and solid wastes (Filani, 1987, Agbola, 1998). According to Olotuah (2002) estimated 2.3 million urban dwelling units are substandard, only 33% of urban houses can be considered to be physically sound, and 44% and 19% require minor and major repairs respectively to bring them to normative and structural quality. Despite all efforts of the government at achieving sustained housing delivery to the common people, existing realities indicate the goal is far from being achieved. It is against this background that this research examines the major issues and challenges of execution of public sector housing in Nigeria with a view to stimulating relevant agencies of government and other stakeholders into designing appropriate strategies for effective execution of public sector housing in Nigeria.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
In many developing countries, including Nigeria, urban housing crisis is escalating unabated despite a number of new policies, programs and strategies being engaged in by public and private sectors aimed at execution of public sector housing in addressing this problem (Okupe, 2002). Since execution of public sector housing is principally carried out by government agencies and their collaborators, the researcher argues that one vital step to addressing myriads of issues and challenges in execution of public sector housing in Nigeria is to identify areas of weakness in public housing agencies and subsequently address such weakness for enhanced productivity (Jiboye, 2009). It is for this reason that the study investigated the contextual and organizational challenges related to execution of public sector housing in Nigeria in the post independence era.
This study attempted at using key organizational components to assess areas of challenges in execution of public sector housing among government agencies in the study area. This is with a view to assisting public-sector housing policy makers and program managers chart future pathways for improved performance in public housing provision and management in Nigeria.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The general objective of this research is to analyze the issues and challenges in the execution of public sector housing in Nigeria while the following are the specific objectives:
1. To examine the challenges of execution of public sector housing in Nigeria.
2. To ascertain the factors causing housing challenges in Nigeria.
3. To determine the solution to the issues of execution of public sector housing in Nigeria.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
1. What are the issues and challenges in execution of public sector housing in Nigeria?
2. What are the factors causing housing challenges in Nigeria?
3. What are the solutions to the issues of execution of public sector housing in Nigeria?
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The following are the significance of this study:
1. Outcome of this study will educate stakeholders in housing development and the general public on the issues and challenges of execution of public sector housing in Nigeria thereby making the study very useful as a guide to policy makers in government. This will however helped in better housing development policy adoption and implementation.
2. This study will also assist public-sector housing policy makers and program managers to chart future pathways for improved performance in execution of public sector housing and management in Nigeria.
3. This research will also serve as a resource base to other scholars and researchers interested in carrying out further research in this field subsequently, if applied, it will go to an extent to provide new explanation to the topic.
1.7 SCOPE/LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
This study on issues and challenges in the execution of public sector housing project in Nigeria will cover the major issues on poor housing development in Nigeria with a view to determine a strategic framework for massive execution of public sector housing projects in Nigeria.
LIMITATION OF STUDY
Financial constraint- Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).
Time constraint- The researcher will simultaneously engage in this study with other academic work. This consequently will cut down on the time devoted for the research work.
1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Housing: Buildings or structures that individuals and their family may live in that meet certain federal regulations. Different housing situations vary for individuals and may depend on age, family, and geographic location. For example, a recent university graduate in an urban environment in the US may live in a rented apartment whereas a middle-aged entrepreneur may live in a house with or without a mortgage.
Public: of or concerning the people as a whole.
Population: all the inhabitants of a particular place.
Migration: Movement of people to a new area or country in order to find work or better living conditions: the extensive rural-to-urban migration has created a severe housing problems.
REFERENCES
Agbola, S.B. (1998) The housing of Nigerians – A review of policy development and implementation. Research Reports No. 14 Ibadan, Nigeria: Development Policy Centre.
Ebie, S.P.O.F.(2009, May). Public sector driven housing; achievements and problems. Paper presented at the 2009 Faculty of Environmental Sciences Annual lecture, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.
Federal Government of Nigeria (2004) National Housing Policy Draft, Abuja.
Federal Republic of Nigeria (1999) Constitution 10
Jiboye, A.D (2009). The challenges of sustainable housing and urban development in Nigeria. Journal of Environmental Research and Policies 4(3), 23-27
Okupe, L (2002) Private sector initiative in housing development in Nigeria – How feasible? Housing Today, 1(6), 21-26
OladunJoye, A. O. (2005). Implementation of the sustainable cities programme in Nigeria. Havana 2005 – Documentation of experience SCP.LA21. Sustainable cities programme. Locating Agenda 21 Programme.
Olotuoh, A.O. & Ajemifujah, A.O. (2009). Architectural education and housing provision in Nigeria. CEBE Transactions 6(1), 86-102. Retrieved from http://www.cebe.heacademy.ac.uk/transactions /pdf/ olotuahajemifujah6 (1) p.d.f.
Omoniyi, S & Jiboye, A.D (2011). Effective housing policy and sustainable development in Nigeria. International Journal of Development Studies. 6(1), 129-135
UN-Habitat, (2007) Milestones in the Evolution of Human Settlement Policies. 1976-2006. State of the World Cities. Report 2006/2007. The MDGS and Urban Sustainability. 30 years of Shaping the Habitat Agenda. Earsthean
United Nations Development of Public Information (UNDPI) (2008). Achieving the Millennium Development Goals in Africa. Recommendations of the MDG steering group. Retrieved from http://www.indgafrica.org.pdf.
| EVALUATION OF UGA MICRO
CHAPTER ONE
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The history of micro financing can be traced back as long to the middle of the 1800s when the theorist by sander spooner was writing over the benefits from small credits to entrepreneurs and farmers as a way getting the people out of poverty. But it was at the end of world war II with Marshall plan the concept had an big impact. The today use of the expression micro financing has it roots in the 1970s when organizations, such as Grammeer Bank of Bangladesh with the micro finance pioneer Mohammad Yunus, where starting and shaping the modern industry of micro financing (Wikipedia 2015).
In United states, micro finance institutions was developed in 1980s. They served low income and marginalized minority communities. By 2007, there were 500 micro finance organizations operating in the US with 200 lending capital (Wikipedia 2015).
In Africa the first credit union in Africa was established in Northern Ghana in 1955 by Canadian Catholic missionaries. However, susu, which is one of the micro finance schemes in Ghana, is thought to have originated from Nigeria and spread to Ghana in the early twentieth century (www.economicswebinstitute.org).
In Nigeria micro finance banking came into being in 2005 with the launching of the micro finance policy by the former CBN governor Professor Chukwuma Soludo. The policy was influenced by the globally acclaimed impact of micro finance in helping the economically active poor to exit the poverty threshold and thus leading to significant poverty reduction. Hence micro finance banking was introduced with the expectation that over time, it would in reducing poverty in the country (Ngutor Nyor, 2013).
In Anambra state, micro finance banking came into existence following the 2005 government policy which leads to the conversion of community banks to micro finance bank so many banks were given provisional approval while others were given final license (Chukwuma 2007).
In Uga micro finance bank came as a result of 2005 policy so Uga community bank was converted to Microfinance bank with provisional approval (Umunne, 2009).
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMS
Despite the importance of micro finance bank to the community, there has been complaint form both staff and customers regarding to
1. The location
2. The design
3. Space
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES
The aim of this study is o evaluate the location design and space of Uga micro finance bank building.
OBJECTIVES
1. To determine a suitable location for Uga micro finance bank building.
2. To re-design Uga micro finance bank building.
3 to create comfortable spaces in Uga micro finance bank.
1.4RESEARCH QUESTIONS
i Is Uga micro finance bank properly located?
ii Does the design of Uga micro finance bank functional?
iii Does the spaces inside Uga micro finance bank comfortable ?
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The finding of this study will significantly contribute to the re-designing of Uga Micro finance bank.
The study will also provide a suitable location for easy access for staff and customers. The study will provide a comfortable and ventilated spaces in Uga micro finance bank
1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This study is made to evaluate the location, design and space of Uga micro finance bank. It covered only micro finance bank not Akpo micro finance bank.
1.7 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
1. Poor attention was given to the researcher because the bank were having their annul supervision by the federal government.
2. Staff and customers list were not easily provided.
3. Most customers did not return their questionnaire. | INFRASTRUCTURE RENEWAL PROGRAMS
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY The population of Lagos is at present in excess of 18 million. A megacity status is conferred by the United Nations on cities with a population of 10 million and above. Building and preserving a model mega city comes with great challenges. Providing a sufficient amount of infrastructure and other necessities that would accommodate the needs of over 18 million people could be daunting (Ayeni, 2008).
By 2025, officials and population analysts agreed that the number of people in the city and in the surrounding communities, especially, in Ogun State axis, would leap to 30 million. Prominent among the challenges are housing, infrastructure and transportation, particularly in more than 10 local government areas (LGAs) that made up of the state, excluding local council development areas (LCDAs). Besides, the notorious traffic jams, choking pollution, inadequate supply of potable water, insecurity and absence or inadequate social and economic needs of the people pose more challenges. Apart from series of efforts put in place by government through several urban renewal programs, the uncontrolled influx of people from virtually every states of Nigeria, including neighboring countries, such as Benin Republic, Togo, Ghana and others, is heightening the fear that the next few years would provoke a daunting task for the authority (Tim, 2003). It has been observed that in some houses in Lagos metropolis, septics are channeled directly into the drain. The government is, therefore, challenged to invest heavily in the protection of the environment through urban renewal programs in order to avert environmental abuse and its consequences. People migrate from villages to the city-centre, without adequate understanding of reality on ground. Here, culture comes into play, such as open defecation as being done in the village, spreading of clothes publicly and cooking exercise in any open place, among others which is frustrating the efforts of the state government at transforming the city through urban renewal programs. Official admitted that planned urban renewal is a major challenge in an emerging model city like Lagos (Batley, 2003). Prior to the current urban regeneration efforts by the government, Lagos used to be referred to as a jungle of various emerging slums. However, a systematic urban development and slum renewal programme, in partnership with several development agencies, has since been put in place to reverse the trend being a major remedy to combat the menace characterized by urbanization. Consequently, various model city plans that included Ikeja Model Plan, Victoria Island/Ikoyi Model City Plan, Lekki Comprehensive Land Use and Infrastructure Master Plan have been completed while Mainland Central Model City Plan Badagry Draft Master Plan and Alimosho Master Plan have been concluded, while others are at various stages of execution. However, in order to give the urban renewal programme a legal backing, the Lagos State Model City Development Law was enacted in 2009 while the State Urban and Regional Planning Law were signed on July 7, 2010.
According to Lindan (1993), certainly, a megacity requires a stronger financial base. The sheer size of funding required in sustaining a megacity is beyond what a government could provide on its own. To this end, Kadiri was of the view that both federal and Ogun state governments should support Lagos in her efforts to sustain the challenges involved as a result of its mega status through the urban renewal programmes. According to Ogunleye, for the fact that many of the old slum areas are not in hidden locations make it easier for government to incorporate them in its urban renewal programmes. The formation of new slums is prevented but people’s influx is however not controllable in Lagos State, knowing full well that no legislation that frown against migration to the city. But government will do well if it opens up new settlement with the necessary infrastructure put in place. Although, government has embarked on infrastructure renewal projects that include the execution of on-going projects such as the light rail scheme from Orile to Mile 2, the redevelopment of the Lagos-Badagry expressway into ten lanes incorporating BRT lanes and light rails, on-going reconstruction of the Mile 12-Ikorodu road incorporating BRT lanes, the recently commissioned Ejigbo- Ajao Estate link bridge, recovery and redevelopment of loops hitherto used by criminals as hide-outs among others could only become feasible with a sustained system of funding. Notwithstanding the profoundness of these projects, it appears that much still need to be done to meet the need of millions of commuters on daily basis.
The condition of the environment also constitutes a major challenge to the Lagos megacity city. Lagos, for instance, generates 10,000 tonnes of waste daily, almost three times higher than what the whole of Ghana generates daily. Also, the kind of industrial pollution experienced in Lagos is second to none in the country. Maintenance of law and order is another major challenge of the Lagos mega city. Though a mega city status is conferred on a city as a result of population growth, building and sustaining a model mega city is not a tea party as reflected in the Lagos experience. In the case of Lagos, a major challenge, however, is how to cope with the ever-increasing population of Lagos with its attendant consequences on infrastructure
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM This study considers the solution to the challenges of Lagos mega-cities characterized by urbanization as an effective urban renewal programme. This approach is aimed at providing housing, environmental policies and planning strategies appropriate for facing the challenges of the urban growth and development. A megacity is usually defined according to the United Nation as a metropolitan area with a total population in excess of 10 million people. Some definitions also set a minimum level for population density (at least 2,000 persons/square km). A megacity can be a single metropolitan area or more metropolitan, depending on the definitions and boundaries being used. However, the researcher will provide an overview about urban renewal programme as a remedy to Lagos Mega city challenges. 1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The following are the objectives of this study:
- To examine the challenges of the Lagos mega city.
- To identify the urban renewal programmes put in place by government of Lagos State in addressing Mega city challenges.
- To determine the effectiveness of urban renewal programmes in Lagos State.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
- What are the challenges of the Lagos mega city?
- What are the urban renewal programmes put in place by government of Lagos State in addressing Mega city challenges?
- What is the effectiveness of urban renewal programmes in Lagos State?
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The following are the objectives of this study:
- The outcome of this study will educate the general public on how an effective urban renewal programmes can curb mega city challenges. This will also sensitize the policy makers on the need to introduce an urban renewal programme in controlling issue related to megacity problems in their territory.
- This research will also serve as a resource base to other scholars and researchers interested in carrying out further research in this field subsequently, if applied will go to an extent to provide new explanation to the topic.
1.7 SCOPE/LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY This study on infrastructure renewal programmes as a remedy to Lagos mega city challenges will cover all the programmes set up by the Lagos State government at tackling infrastructural challenges created as a result of the mega city. This study will also cover the issues leading to infrastructural decay in the State.
LIMITATION OF STUDY Financial constraint- Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview). Time constraint- The researcher will simultaneously engage in this study with other academic work. This consequently will cut down on the time devoted for the research work.
REFERENCES Ayeni, B. (2008), “Lagos: Problems and Planning in Third World Cities”, St. Martin's Press, New York. Batley, R. (2003), “Political Control of Urban Planning and Management”, Managing Fast Growing Cities: New Approaches to Urban Planning and Management. Longman, London, pp. 176-206. Halla, F. (1994), “A Coordinating and Participatory Approach to Managing Cities”, Habitat International, Vol.18 No 3, pp. 19-31. Linden, E. (1993), “Mega-cities”, Time Magazine, 11 January, pp. 141-2, Tim, M. (2003), “Cairo Megacity“, Travel Guides Hotel Reviews; virtualtourist.com | RESIDENTIAL BUILDING COLLAPSE IN NIGERIA: CAUSES, EFFECTS AND SOLUTIONS
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
Since independence, the Nigeria government has desperately continued to make concerted effort in the area of quantitative (but not qualitative) supply of mass housing through huge budgetary and policy provisions but, surprisingly, the rate at which existing ones are collapsing calls for an urgent attention. The site of building collapse scattered across the length and breadth of Nigeria is quite alarming that it is unimaginable what effects it will have on the building industry and Nigeria economy as a whole. One could imagine what edifices these buildings would have been if only they were constructed accordingly. It has been reported that Nigeria, especially Lagos State has become the “world’s junk-yard” of collapsed buildings worth billions of naira (Famoroti, 2005). It is quite unimaginable that a county blessed with so great potentials in its construction industry can experience such magnitude of building collapse Fadamiro in 2002 defined building as “an enclosure for spaces designed for specific use, meant to control local climate, distribute services and evacuate waste”. Buildings can be defined as structural entities capable of securing self by transmitting weights to the ground. More so, buildings are defined “as structures for human activities, which must be safe for the occupants”(Odulami, 2002). However, these same buildings have been posing treats and dangers to people either during or after construction as a result of its collapse. Collapse as a whole occurs when part or whole body of a structure fails and suddenly gives way, the structure, as a result of this failure, could not meet the purpose for which it was meant for. Building collapse is an extreme case of building failure. It means the super-structure crashes down totally or partially (Arilesere, 2002). Building failure occurs when there is a defect in one or more elements of the building caused by inability of the material making up the components of such building elements to perform its original function effectively, which may finally lead to building collapse. Buildings are meant to provide conveniences and shelter to the people, but the same building has been a danger trap to the same people. Building is expected to meet certain basic requirements such as buildability, design performance, cost effectiveness, quality, safety and timely completion (Olusola, Atta & Ayangade, 2002). Generally, buildings are expected to be elegant and functional but many projects are constructed that do not meet any of these basic requirements. The recurring incidence of building collapse, some of which claimed innocent lives is a consequence of this. Many studies has been carried out and various workshops organized in major cities of the country by various bodies, government agencies and institution in order to look into causes of the incidence of building collapse in Nigeria, but none has been able to come out with how each of the determined factors directly lead to building collapse in the country. There are many factors that cause building collapse in Nigeria and they are structural design and quality management according to Olusola (2002).The quality management entails material variability, testing variability, judgment factor, contractors’ variability, poorly skilled workmen and unprofessional conduct. The study aimed at examining the cases of residential building collapse in Nigeria with a view of identifying the causes, effect and solution.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Building collapse is a defect or imperfection, deficiency or fault in a building element or component. It may also be as a result of omission of performance. The degree of building collapse can therefore be related to the extent or degree of deviation of a building from the “as – built” state which is in most cases represent the acceptable standard within the neighborhood, locality, state or country. (Ikpo, 1998). However, building collapse can simply be defined as a total or partial/progressive failure of one or more components of a building leading to the inability of the building to perform its principal function of comfort, satisfaction, safety and stability. The incessant buildings collapse in Nigeria has become a great concern to all the stakeholders – the professionals in building industry, government, private developers, clients and users, as well as the neighborhood residents. Fall out of the researcher’s concern about the increasing incidents of collapse building nation-wide form the basis for this study to find out the major causes, effects and probable remedial measures to collapse of buildings in Nigeria.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The following are the objectives of this study:
1. To examine the causes of building collapse in Nigeria.
2. To identify the effects of building collapse in Nigeria.
3. To identify the remedial measures or approaches to building collapse in Nigeria
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
1. What are the causes of building collapse in Nigeria?
2. What are the effects of building collapse in Nigeria?
3. What are the remedial measures or approaches to building collapse in Nigeria?
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The following are the significance of this study:
1. The outcome of this study will educate the general public and the government of the day on the causes, effect and solutions to the cases of building collapse in Nigeria.
2. This research will also serve as a resource base to other scholars and researchers interested in carrying out further research in this field subsequently, if applied will go to an extent to provide new explanation to the topic
1.7 SCOPE/LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
This study on residential building collapse in Nigeria with careful examination of the causes and the effects with a view of finding a lasting solution to the issue of incessant building collapse in Nigeria.
LIMITATION OF STUDY
Financial constraint- Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).
Time constraint- The researcher will simultaneously engage in this study with other academic work. This consequently will cut down on the time devoted for the research work.
REFERENCES
Arilesere, D. (2000). The role of professionals in averting building collapse. Proceedings of a workshop on Building collapse: Causes, prevention and remedies(pp. 60-68). The Nigerian Institute of Building, Lagos State.
Fadamiro, J.A. (2002). An assessment of building regulations and standards and the implication for building collapse in Nigeria. In D.R. Ogunsemi (Ed.), Building Collapse: Causes, prevention and remedies (pp. 28-39). The Nigerian Institute of Building, Ondo State.
Famoroti, F. (2006, March 30). Before the next building collapse. The Punch (p. 9)
Ikpo, I. J. (1998). Application of the Weibull Distribution Technique in the Prediction of the Times between Failures (MTBF) of Building Components, Nigerian Journal of Construction Technology and Management, Vol. 1, No 1, P. 79 – 87
Odulami, A.A. (2002). Building materials specification and enforcement on site. InD.R. Ogunsemi (Ed.), Building Collapse: Causes, prevention and remedies (pp. 22-27). The Nigerian Institute of Building, Ondo State
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