The construction of automatic voltage inverter and a battery charger

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND Heart beat rate means the number of heartbeats per unit time, usually expressed as beats per minute bpm. The human heart pounds to pump oxygen rich blood to the muscles and carry cell waste products away from the tissues. Heartbeat rate can vary according to the demand of the muscles to absorb oxygen and excrete carbon dioxide changes such as during exercise or sleep. It also varies significantly between individuals based on age, fitness and genetics. This means that the heart must beat faster to deliver more oxygen rich blood. During exercise routines, the heartbeat rate gives a strong indication of how effective the exercise is to the body. The patient monitoring systems is one of the major improvements in the global health care program because of its advanced technology. A patient monitoring system measures the heartbeat and body temperature by using embedded technology. This advancement in technology is highly needed because many sick patients at the hospitals die because of high fever and heart attacks. The trend of cardiovascular disease has shown that heart beat rate plays a key role in determining the possibility of a heart attack while an increase in the body temperature can induce fever on a patient. Another vital thing to monitor in a patient is the heartbeat rate. It is very important that the heartbeat is to be normal. That is 72 BPM. If there is any abnormality, then the patient is in distress. Heartbeat rate means the number of heartbeats per unit of time. The normal heartbeat rate of a resting person is about 70 bpm for adult males and 75 bpm for adult females. The average heartbeat per minute for 25year old ranges between 140170 beats per minute while for a 60year old it is typically between 115140 beats per minute and body temperature is 37 degree Celsius or 98.6 Fahrenheit. . Normally it is difficult to keep track of the abnormalities in the heartbeat count of by manual means. Patients are not well versed with the manual treatments, which the doctors normally use for tracking the count of the heartbeat. Thus, there must be some kind of device which would help patients and their family member to keep track of their health by themselves. This sole reason is why this project presents a heartbeat and temperature monitoring device using radio frequency RF.. The concept of developing an RF. based patient monitoring device is to have a simple home and hospital based pulse and body temperature monitoring device for sick persons that are in critical condition and needs to be constantly or periodically monitored by clinician or family. 1.2 WHAT IS A PATIENT HEARTBEAT AND TEMPERATURE MONITOR USING RF. A patient heartbeat and temperature monitor using RF. is a radio frequency based pulse wave and body temperature monitoring system, which allows the control of a sick persons condition in real time. The system monitors the heart beat and temperature of a patient simultaneously and if the patients heartbeat rate or body temperature is abnormal, the system alerts sends an alert to the doctor or patients family members to quickly examine or diagnose the patients condition and take early precaution to save the patients life. The alerts sound can be triggered at any time as long as there is a deviation in the health condition of the patient from the normal, such that the status of the patient can be known on time. The system consists of a sensor, which monitors the patient and sends a signal to a microcontroller, which processes it to determine the temperature and heartbeat rate of the patient before sending an alert to a receiver using radio frequency. The receiver has to be in the possession of the patients doctor or family members. This project can also be used by athletes who engage in physical exercise and by medical professionals. Individuals, such as athletes, cyclists or those who are interested in monitoring their heartbeat rate and body temperature to gain maximum efficiency from their training can also use this project. It can be used during physical exercise and healthcare. 1.3 PROBLEM DEFINITION The human health is one of the most important concerns in the world today. Anything/everything becomes meaningless when one becomes sick and dies due to improper Medicare. For health reasons, people, governments and several voluntary bodies spend a lot of money to ensure a better health condition for themselves and the entire populace. Scientists and Engineers are always at work to device a means of supporting/sustaining a sound health condition for all through the invention of numerous technologies both Electrical/Mechanical gadgets that are in use for health care delivery today. The heart is a very delicate organ in the human body once it stops beating, nothing else matters. Thus, If early actions are taken and on time the heart condition can be managed effectively and many patients can be cured and saved. 1.4 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES The major aim and objective of this design of a patient heartbeat and temperature monitor using RF. is to help the doctors and family members to keep track of the heartbeat condition of their loved ones as well as their body temperature in the case of an abnormality in the health condition for those with heartbeat defects and those that run excessive high temperature beyond normal. If any varied change takes place, it is notified. This notification through RF. Channel would to take an appropriate action at an instance of time, thereby alerting the appropriate persons. 1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT There are various instruments available in the hospitals to keep track of the internal body changes, but many of them have limitations regarding to maintenance, cost, size of instruments, and mobility. This project is so significant because it is mobile, small in size, cost effective, very easy to use, highly efficient performance, portable and light in weight etc. It uses RF. to help both the patient and the concerned doctor to take an appropriate action. 1.6 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT This project operates at a 30 feets distance on open space. It is designed to operate with an alkaline battery of a minimum of 9 volts to a maximum of 12v consumes 50mA. It uses a buffer, temperature sensor, AT89c51 Microcontroller and a led display with buzzer for the alert. The hardware and soft ware of the system is oriented towards the AT89c51 single chip microcontroller. Hence, reducing the size of the device. A regulated 3.7v RF. operates in the frequency range of 415 MHZ per second used for data transmission, which can easily penetrate over three floors of a building and go over 30 feets in open space. 1.7 PROJECT REPORT ORGANIZATION The organization of the project report is well detailed and vast in its coverage. It covers all the activities encountered during the research work as shown in the block diagram below. Fig 1.1: PROJECT ORGANIZATION BLOCK DIAGRAM The first chapter is the introductory chapter, which covers the background, project objectives, scope of the project, constraints and block diagram overview of the states. Chapter 2 presents the literature review. Chapter 3 covers the system analysis and design including the design methodology in block diagram form. Chapter 4 presents the system implementation, which shows the component layout, the wiring schedule, the wiring diagram and the complete schematic diagram. Chapter 5 covers the testing and integration of the project design. The system testing was first carried out in a laboratory. Chapter 6 is the summary and conclusion, which includes the summary of achievements, problems encountered during project design, recommendation and suggestion for further improvement. BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE TRANSMISSION BETWEEN THE TRANSMITTER AND THE RECEIVER IMAGE HERE Fig.1.2. Basic idea of a transmitter and receiver transmission using RF. With the aid of a simple, low cost microcontroller based heartbeat rate and temperature measuring device with LCD output. The heartbeat rate of a patient is measured from the index finger or the wrist or neck using IRD infrared device sensors and the rate is then averaged and displayed on a text board LCD. The device sounds an alarm when the heartbeat and body temperature exceed the safe threshold value. The programmer stipulates this threshold value at the time of programming of the microcontroller. The threshold value given for the device is between 20 to 120 pulses per minute for heart beat indication and 18 degrees Celsius to 38 degrees Celsius for temperature.

ABSTRACT The main objective of this project was to ensure a proper security to car being parked in garage against theft or an intruder. The circuit uses three NE555 timers; one of the NE555 was wired as a monostable oscillator and remaining two were wired as tone generator and amplified to obtain a maximum audible sound. However, pin 2 of the first NE555 was used as sensor part .When pin 2 has contact with human body or hand it will activate the IC1 which will also bias transistor and this transistor was wired in a way that once it is powered it will close circuit thereby passing a negative supply voltage to tone generator circuit and outputted out through a loud speaker or buzzer. This device functions as a major security device against car theft as stated above. It is an electronic device that is connected to the battery of the car it is being installed in and gets activated when the car engine is switched off and the car stationed at a place. The device is not seen but, it has an indicator light which shows that the alarm has been activated. When the body of the car is touched by human hand, it sends a negative signal to the device which needs a negative pulse to get activated; it sends this negative from the human hand to the tone generator IC which triggers the alarm. TABLE OF CONTENT Title Page ....i Certification.ii Dedication ...iii Acknowledgement .. iv Abstract .v Table of content ...vi List of Symbols . vii CHAPTER ONE: Introduction 1.1 Background of study 1 1.2 Aims and objectives 3 CHAPTER TWO: Literature Review.4 CHAPTER THREE: Specification and operation of system component 3.1 Description of NE55 Timer.12 3.2 Description of Resistor. 14 3.3 Description of Capacitor.. 16 3.4 Description of Diode 27 3.5 Description of Transformer 32 3.6 Description of Loud Speaker and Buzzer 41 3.7 Description of Transistor. 43 3. 8 Description of L.E.D.. 47 CHAPTER FOUR: Operation of system and its circuit and block diagram 4.1 Operation of circuit 55 4.2 The circuit diagram.. ..57 4.3 The block diagram58 CHAPTER FIVE: Construction, Testing and Packaging 5.1 Values of components.59 5.2 Assembly60 5.3 A schematic diagram of the finished work.63 CHAPTER SIX: Conclusion and Recommendation 6.1 Conclusion .. .64 6.2 Recommendation . . ..65 6.3 Observations ..66 6.4 Dificulties.. 57 6.5 References. 68

CHAPTER ONE 1.0. INTRODUCTION: The low cost smoke alarm is a security device designed to protect both private and commercial resident when there is fire outbreak. The fire alarm system that provide medical alert services. Here a person with health problem who lives alone carries a radio transmitter that can trigger the system in case they need assistance; signals received at the monitoring station are identified by the type fire, burglary, medical alert so that the proper response can be made. A feature of most monitoring services or fire alarm is ability to keep special information on the residence which comes up on the computer screen whenever the alarm is received from their home. Thus if there is a disabled person in the home who needs special assistance, this fact will be known to the operator and can be passed along to the fire department for rescue when they are called. Consequently, the use of fire alarm widely reduced the huge yearly lose and damage of life and properties globally. Basically, there are two types of fire smoke fire alarms available for home use. They are; I. The ionization type which is the most simplest and most commonly used and is usually the least expensive one. This type reacts quicker to fuming fire. II. Photo Electric type reacts quicker to smoldering fire commercial photoelectric. Smoke alarm can also be used to cover large areas using point to point lasers. Other types of smoke detector which are widely used in business and public buildings are; Thermal type which is used to detect heat in the room Manual type has to be manually pulled to set off the alarm. Water flow type is activated when a fire sprinkler has started flowing. Interconnected type is one that interconnects all the smoke alarm in a building so that when one goes off, they all will go off. Hard wired control panel type is a type where smoke and heat sensors and other fire sensors that are connected to a central panel where any sensor will set off a facility alarm and be communicated to fire dispatchers. 1.1. DEFINITION OF THE PROBLEM Analysis statistically shows that over 45 citizens across the state level have been affected of fire to obtain remote monitoring services. This services becomes very important in cases where family members may not be capable of escaping from a fire or water flood without assistance, thus alarm alone might not be enough to assure their safety. In construction of low cost fire alarm, the following deficiencies were discovered hence on type of smoke alarm can sense every kind of fire or smoke every time. 1. I discovered that alarm unit falls if the power is turned off or if the battery is dead. 2. Improperly location of alarm to avoid nuisance alarms 3. Alarm unit not function very well where detector guides are used. 1.2. REMEDY: In attempt to ensure maximum protection and function of the alarm, it is better to use an ionization type that works from two completely different power sources such as an AC direct wire with battery backup smoke alarm that can give an extra measure of protection in case of an AC power failure or a dead battery. 1.3. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT: This project work is aimed at the following: I. To seek better ways/methods of protecting life and properties. II. To minimize burning of homes, industrial motors and vehicles caused by fire smoke III. To ensure comfort of living/sleeping in homes and hospitals. 1.4. SCOPE OF THE PROJECT: The scope of the project entices collecting the required materials, drawing the circuit diagram, construction, research work and write up. The following items were used in putting the unit together. Namely; fire alarm sensor, piezoelectric buzzer that produces the alarm sound, incandescent bulb or infrared led, collimate lens, photodiode, control panel and ionization chamber that is normally open to the air and a served reference chamber.