| Description | ABSTRACT
This research is on Biological water quality of mabolo river in Ankpa Kogi state Nigeria. Urban River, streams and wetlands are susceptible to pollution and so, river Mabolo faces a similar problem. This river is a source of water for domestic industrial and agricultural activities for Ankpa municipality and its environs but due to poor waste management proliferation of motor gurage, markets, hotel, hospital, school and industrial setups it waters quality could have got compromise. The proposed study at four sections (including entry and exits from the municipality) seeks for access the water quality of this section of the river using biological agents like feacal coliforms and e coli and aquatic macro invertebrates as indicators for water quality the changes of the mentioned biological variables will be accessed considering a sessional variations the information generated from this study will be used by relevant stakeholders in water management to design aim at reducing water pollution and make it safe for human and aminals consumption. | CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
In the early centuries cooperative societies have been in existence This is to say that they started even before the creation of the Earth. There was cooperation between the holy spirits or trimly ( that is God the father God the son and God the holy spirit) which led to the achievement of the creation of the world. This was as a result of certain factors.
In addition at the time of the stone age men and the wonders there was need for cooperation. This occurred at the agricultural sector through it was limited within families. After some time things begins to improved and it came a time when there was communal farming system. This occurred because of certain factors and because there is need for it.
Further more countries began to relate in businesses exchanging goods and services from one country to another or from one state to among countries. Certain factors gave rise to that because there is need for it. That is to say that nothing achieving can come into existence without needs for it or without needs for it or without certain factors which must have led to it indeed these factors leading to cooperation among people states. Countries and the world at large are not for fetch but are those desires that needs to be satisfied or measured. These factors as put under this introductory section can be either positive or negative.
1.1 STATEMENT OF THE FACTORS
As indicated earlier the factors that can influence the establishment of cooperatives can either be positive or negative. These factors as well differs from state to state country to country etc. But the most important is the type of cooperative or its members involved in its operations.
In recent times a lot of persons and scholars have tried to talk on the factors that can influence the establishment of cooperates. This is because slot of people and to their own understanding has failed to understand what these factors are .rather they often mistake it for motives. So to say these worlds are two different things altogether. At the later side of this project the difference between factors and motives well be talked on.
However in Owerri L.G.A Imo state there are a lot of factors that can influence cooperative establishment. According to Mr L.M. Ejwnye (principal register of cooperatives Imo state) he said that the factors that influence cooperative establishment in Owerri L.G.A Imo state .
In essence this factors are those things needs or desires or even set back that has led to identifications of needs there by organizing together for the purpose of establishment.
Despite these factors that has led to the establishment of cooperatives a lot of these cooperative society still fails and closes up and this occurs as a result of certain factors as well.
1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
This academic exercise is meant to appraise the feasibility of the factors that can influence the establishment of cooperatives and the socio-economic standard of cooperatives member and its society at large in Owerri L.G.A Imo state. These factors are as follow;
a. To know how these factors has helped cooperatives its members and generally the public at large.
b. To know how these factors have led to the establishment of cooperatives in Owerri L.G.A.
c. To know the number of cooperatives that has failed in Owerri L.G.A.
d. To ascertain the number of cooperatives that are still in existence in Owerri L.G.A Imo state.
e. To ascertain the achievement of cooperatives in the economy of Owerri L.G.A, Imo state.
f. To bring foreword how much cooperatives has helped to reduce unemployment in Owerri L.G.A, Imo state
g. To find on the problems militating against the establishment of cooperatives in Owerri L.G.A, Imo state.
1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
Cooperatives have done a lot in the development of many countries or nations. In countries like Krael, Denmark, Sweden, India, Britain etc. cooperatives has played vital role in sectors like manufacturing distributions and even consummation.
At the end of this research many people will find out the importance of cooperatives to human existence. This involves the above mentioned;
a. The government both the federal state and local government.
b. The society in general
c. The cooperative section and
d. The general academics
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTION
a. What are the factors that can influence the establishment of cooperatives in Imo state ?
b. In what ways can these factors really influence the establishment of cooperatives in Imo state?
c. Are these f actors negative or positive
d. What are those negative factors that can influence the establishment of cooperative in Imo state?
e. As a result of these factors, how many cooperatives are viable in Imo state
f. What are the likely causes that has led to their failure?
1.5 SCOPE OF STUDY
The study covers the extent of those factors that can influence the establishment of cooperative society in Imo state . It went further discussing the importance or objectives of the cooperatives in Imo state. Also the factors that led leads to their failure.
Further more the study covers an extent of cooperative that are viable and non viable societies in Imo state.
1.6 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
A lot of circumstances dismounted the extent of this research. One of the major circumstance is time which restricted the researchers from collecting and gathering materials from cooperative department (or in Road secretariat) Imo state. There was no time to collect other questionnaires sent out.
Secondly finance was another constraint that restricted movement from various cooperative offices.
Thirdly protocols in getting the right source to feed the researcher with useful information and details. I was striated from one area office to the other and from one zonal office to another and finally to the head quarters of cooperative department. Finally my school programmes was another major constraint that compelled my movement to be timely and limited. | CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Biology as a subject of life and living things needs to taught not just theoretically but practically for it be functional and to lay the base foundation needed for science and technological development.
Erickson (2005) noted that for a science teaching and learning to be effective every student must be given an opportunity to handle the materials of science and experience science personally. Biology is the study of life and living things, so a resourceful teacher does not have any reason for teaching biology, supporting him Asiabaka(2010:266) education is the key to national development, it provides the intellectual capability needed by man to enhance the human and material resource for scientific and technological advancement.
To advice the objectives of senior secondary education, the teaching and learning process have to be in order. Thus, Curriculum is planted at different levels of education system by different people. The curriculum of any school is carried out for the purpose of bringing about a change in the behavior of students, It is part of the school academic programme which the school presents to the student in response to societal demand. According to onyedikachi(2011), in educational setting it is impossible to teach without tools. We use new tools to spice up the teaching and learning process to make it possible for students to teach themselves. This is why Ezekoka(2008) states that instructional materials constitute an important component in the teaching and learning environment. She viewed it as the vehicles that carry messages or information from a transmitting source (teacher) to the receiver (learner).
Since the objectives of any biology teaching determines the content, materials and materials needed for achieving such: objectives. The materials use for enhancing instructional effectiveness are aspect of media employed for achieving the instructional objectives recent emphasis on teaching and learning method is on that in which learners are made to have active participation. Active participation of learners will increase motivation and also minimize abstraction associated with learning. Thus, increasing learning experiences (Afokloi and Adeleke, 2010:406). This can be facilitated by making use of instructional materials and resources which can minimize abstraction associated with learning. Teaching can only be effective when adequate and relevant instructional materials in teaching.
To this end, Onasanwa and Omosewo(2011) defined instructional materials as a system components that may be used as part of instructional process which are used to disseminate information message and idea or which make possible communicable in the teaching process.
Teaching aids are important catalyst of social re-engineering and change in learners. The role of instructional materials or teaching aid to enhance teaching for desired social and behavioral changes cannot be fully accomplished without the use of instructional materials. In modern teaching and learning situation, the utilization of instructional materials have become prominent because several experts and scholars are of the view that teaching will be better done if teaching aids or audio-visual aids are used and skill, students learn better if they are exposed to use the teaching materials no matter how prototype it would be.
It is against this background that the researcher deemed it necessary to investigate the effect of using instructional materials to teach biology in senior secondary schools in Orlu local government area of Imo-state.
Statement of the Problem
The ultimate goal of any instructional activity is to facilitate effective teaching and meaningful learning and the teacher is responsible for the translation, and implementation of educational policies, curriculum,instructional materials package and assessment of a school outcome. When a curriculum is developed without adequate support by appropriate and sufficient materials and information technology support, there is a waste and when teachers are inadequately trained to interpret the curriculum and to create and use learning materials there is also a waste (Amoo, 2002). It has been observed that public schools lack basic instructional facilities, in some cases students are achieved to buy chalks and other instructional materials for the teaching and learning process. Consequently, students academic performance have been poor as it can be seen over the years through public examination and other examinations. In our senior secondary schools, teaching materials needed for teaching biology subjects are not made available to teachers and at affordable price to students where necessary, the teachers and students are therefore denied of the requisite exposure to such materials. This study therefore pose as a question, what are the effect of using instructional materials to teach biology in senior secondary school in Orlu local government area of Imo-state.
Scope of the Study
This study covers all the public secondary schools in Orlu local government area of Imo-state, thus, investigating the effects or the effectiveness use of instructional materials to teach biology in senior secondary schools in Orlu local government area of Imo-state(source: Semb2012). The study will cover the utilization, functions and constraints, types of Instructional materials.
Purpose of the Study
The general purpose of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of use of instructional materials in teaching biology in senior secondary schools in Orlu local government Area of Imo-state, but specifically the study will attempt to:
1. To ascertain if teachers use instructional materials in teaching and learning of biology in senior secondary schools in Orlu.
2. Ascertain the extent to which instructional material help to facilitate effective teaching and learning and understanding concepts.
3. To ascertain the challenges hindering teachers from using instructional materials in teaching and learning process.
4. To ascertain how effective teaching and learning can be achieved in the classroom situation by using instructional materials.
Significance of the Study
This study is significant in many way as I will be beneficial to educational management, policy makers, teachers and students, through the following ways:
To the educational managers, state government and federal government, it will enable them to organize seminars and workshops for teachers soars to improve their quality of secondary school education. The study will serve as a feed back to the education sector especially the department of teachers training and development, curriculum and evaluation.
The findings of this study if discussed at seminars and workshops in the area of this study, it will enable teachers have a clear knowledge on effectiveness use of instructional materials and also learn to take appropriate measure to improve the situation.
To the students, the study will help them if adequate instructional materials are provided, it will help them to reach learning and understanding classroom instruction very well.
Finally, the findings of this study will be beneficial to scholars andresearchers since it will serve as reference materials on the related topics and also show case ways of improving students academic performance and to achieve better learning.
Research Questions:
The researcher formulated the following research questions to guide the study:
1. Do teachers use instructional materials in teaching and learning process in secondary schools in Orlu L.G.A?
2. To what extent do instructional materials help to facilitate effective teaching and learning and understanding concepts?
3. What are the challenges hindering teachers from using instructional materials in teaching and learning process in secondary schools?
4. How can effective teaching and learning be achieved in the classroom situation by using instructional materials? | CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Conflict management in a education sector, the management of conflict in education sector using peaceful, non-violent methods has been around for a long time. In nearly all African societies there is a preference for the peaceful settlement of dispute along the line prescribed frowned at. In a few instance where it may be tolerated, the community rather than the individual has to be sanctioning authority, the sanctioning following due process. In all civilized parts of the world, there is growing resort to the peaceful settlement of dispute in an organization. The image of violence presented by the media is not as such a true reflection of the dominant method of settling conflict in an organizations. There is an enormous amount of dispute taking place at various levels and in many organizations communities, groups and international levels.
A wider range of non-violent method of managing conflict avails to the conflict transformation world. These methods are available at the individual, family, group, community and international levels.
Conflict management is the process of reducing the negative and destructive capacity of conflict through a number of measures and by working with through the parties involved in that conflict. This term is some times used synonymously with ?conflict regulation?. It covers the entire area of handling conflict pristinely at different stages, including those efforts made to prevent conflict by being practice. It encompasses conflict limitation, containment and litigation. In the words of (John Barton), this may include ?conflict prevention? (Barton 1990) a term he used to connote containment of conflict through steps introduced to promote conditions in which collaborative and valued relationships control the behavior of conflict parties. The term ?conflict management? is perhaps an administration and admission of the reality that conflict is in evitable but that not all conflicts can always be resolved. Therefore what practitioners can do is to manage and regulate them.
Conflict resolution is seen by Miller (2003:8) as a variety of approaches aimed at terminating conflict from management or transformation through the constructive solving of problems, distinct from management of conflict. Miall etal (2005;21)indicated that by resolution, it is expected that the deep rooted sources of conflict are addressed and resolved and behavior is no longer violent, nor are attitudes hostile any longer while the structure of the conflict has been changed. Mitchel and bank (1996) use conflict resolution to refer to:
(i) An outcome in which the issue in an existing conflict are satisfactorily dealt with through a solution that is mutually acceptable to the parties, self-sustaining in the run and productive of a new, positive relationship between parties that were previously hostile adversaries and
(ii) Any process or procedure by which such an outcome is achieved.
Conflict transformation has been introduced by John Paul leaderach of the Eastern Mennonite school of peace building. It is assumed that this goes beyond conflict resolution to build longer standing relationships and the conditions that created the conflict, the process of change in perceptions and attitudes of parties, their relationships and perceptions.
Miall etal (2001). Conflict transformation entails the coming into being of new situations involving conflict issues, perceptions relationships and communication pattern (Jeong, 2000).
According to John ledorah (1995) sees conflict transformation as change. It can be descriptively in the change created by social conflict, and prescriptive in the deliberate intervention by third parties to create change. Conflict transformation takes place at different levels and has a number of dimensions. At the personal level, it involves emotional, perceptual and spiritual aspects of change desired for the individual. It also affects relationship touching on communication between parties that needs to change to positively affect poorly functioning communication. Change also needs to affect structures that generate conflict through deprivation, exclusion and other forms of injustice. It also seeks to understand cultural patterns and values.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM:
The challenge for conflict management theory is to study real problems in the world rather them just deal with cases. In the issues in practice section a number of topics that confront theoretical and practitioners on all levels of activity are introduced and analyzed in view of the theoretical approaches. Most of these issues are answers to problems that span across the entire field of conflict management, or cross cutting agendas that have to be dealt with in order for the theoretical approaches to truly tackle the reality of conflicts. It involves evaluating the effectiveness of conflict management as well as its readiness to deal with new problems and new issues, such as terrorism.
Organizational conflict can be many and varied the most common causes are the following:
1. Scarcity of resources (finance, equipment, facilities)etc.
2. Different attitude, values or perceptions.
3. Disagreements about needs, goals, priorities and interest
4. Poor communication.
5. Poor or inadequate organizational structure.
6. Lack of team work.
1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
1. Does management decision, policy and organizational chart cause conflict among workers in an organization?
2. Does poor motivation and management of personal lead to conflict in an organization?
3. Does the blatant exhibition of personal differences by management in the bid to distribution themselves from organization lead to conflict?
4. Does management of conflict lead to conflict transformation?
5. How does conflict resolution lead to increase in productivity?
6. Is there any relationship between conflict management and conflict transformation?
1.4 HYPOTHESIS:
In order to guide the major activities of this project under study and based on research question, highlighted above, the researcher from the research questions decided to formulate the following research hypothesis.
Ho: that there is a relationship between inappropriate selection of managers with good leadership qualities and conflict in an organization.
H1: there is no relationship between inappropriate selection of managers with good leadership qualities and conflict in an organization.
1.5 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:
The objective of the study are:
1. To identify the nature and characteristics of organizational conflict.
2. To examine the current strategies adopted in managing organizational conflict.
3. To determine the effect of organizational conflict.
4. To reveal the short falls and prospects of the current strategies adopted.
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY:
A conflict arises when individuals have varied interest opinions and through processes and are just not willing to compromises with each other. It is always wise to adjust to some extent and try to find a solution to the problem rather than cribbing and fighting. Conflicts and disagreements only lead to negativity and things never reach a conclusion. It only adds on to the tensions and spoils your reputation. Every individual should try his level best to avoid conflict at the first place rather than resolving it later. Precautions must be taken at the right time to avoid a conflict.
This research aims at finding the benefits of conflict management, to the organization society, government and academics:
1. Conflict management prevents fall out between organizations society government stress free. Blame game never helps anyone, instead it makes life miserable. No idea can ever be implemented it the individuals fight among themselves.
2. Through conflict management skills an individual explores all the possible reasons to worry which might. Later lead to a big problems and tries to resolve it as soon as possible.
3. Stress disappears, people feel motivated, happy and the world definitely become a much better place to stay as a result of conflict management.
4. Conflict management avoids conflict a great extent and thus also reduce the stress and tension of the employees. No one likes to carry his tensions back home and if you fight with your colleagues and other people, you are bound to feel uncomfortable and restless even at home.
1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY:
This study is restricted to finding the real causes of conflict in an organization (eduation sector) case study of SIAT limited Rivers state. Its effect on productivity and profitability enhancement. Beside recommending possible ways of managing conflict in an organization, hence actions management can takes to deal directly with conflict in the organization without personnel to mention but a few.
This study does not cover conflict resolution or management outside the corporation world like in a political arena social clubs or gathering communities states or nation as a whole which are other area interact arm or SIAT limited (River State) line would definitely constitute sub-optimality as they are colored by unnecessary bias and prejudice which is not to the benefit of the organization.
1.8 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY:
The researchers in the process of carrying out the research encountered the following constraints.
1. Lack of finance and time and combing it with school work.
2. Non disclosure of required information by the respondents.
3. Error in interpreting and recording answers.
4. Sampling procedure.
5. Non response error
6. Lack of research equipments like computer contributed to slowing down the pace. He pace of the research.
7. Scanty information base.
8. Inadequate statistics
9. Lack of mobility/mobilization of interviewers, inadequate personnel to be interviewed. | ABSTRACT
This study was carried out in order to determine Health Implications of Divorce among Children and Mothers in Jaba Local Government Area of Kaduna State in Nigeria. A total of three hundred and forty three (343) questionnaires were distributed to respondents in Jaba Villages within the local government jurisdiction of Kaduna State. The sample size of 300 was arrived at after using the spearman?s rank of correlation for sample size determination. The statistical tool used in the study is known as Spearman?s Rank Order Correlation Coefficient to test the level of significance of hypotheses, and if there exist a relationship between the variables under investigation. The study shows that majority of respondents were of the opinion that mothers and children?s wealth have health effects due to divorce, while others argued against this opinion. It also shows that majority of the respondents acknowledges that divorces has an implications of women and children and others disagreed of this opinion. The study shows that majority of the respondents were of the opinion that problem of finance and sexual problem results to societal menace of divorce, while others disagreed of these opinions. Other effect that may occur due to divorce includes societal problem, problem of infertility on the bearing of child, negative effect of child education, in-laws-intrusions, alcoholism, assaults, slapping, bitting amongst others. The study concludes that a marriage devoid of problems is said to be happy marriage, unlike those marriages with problems. The survival of any marriage life goes with deep level of understanding. The study recommends that Government should set up agencies where marital-related issues can be resolved, so that if there exist breakdown of marriage agreement it can be done on a peaceful ground
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study.
Marriage is as old as man himself. It is a socially recognized and approved union between individuals, who commit to one another with the expectation of a stable and lasting intimate relationship (Ahron Constance, 2004). It begins with a ceremony known as a wedding, which formally unites the marriage partners. A marital relationship usually involves some kind of contract, either written or specified by tradition, which defines the partners? rights and obligations to each other, to any children they may have, and to their relatives. In most contemporary industrialized societies, marriage is certified by the government. In addition to being a personal relationship between two people, marriage is one of society?s most important and basic institutions. Marriage and family serve as tools for ensuring social reproduction. Social reproduction includes providing food, clothing, and shelter for family members; raising and socializing children; and caring for the sick and elderly. In families and societies in which wealth, property, or a hereditary title is to be passed on from one generation to the next, inheritance and the production of legitimate heirs is a prime concern in marriage. However, in contemporary industrialized societies, marriage functions less as a social institution and more as a source of intimacy for the individuals involved. When the primary purpose of this sacred union is defeated and no longer seen as an ideal agreement by the partners involved, an annulment of the marriage vows is embarked on which is divorce and this exonerates both partners of their marital rights and vows. Divorc which is the legal dissolution of a marriage contracted between a man and a woman. It is legal in the sense that its dissolution is affected by a reputed court of law. It is the court of law that determines the end of marriage by the term ?divorce?. Divorce is quite different from separation between a husband and wife that are not legally married. It then means that, Divorce is distinguished from annulment, which declares a marriage void from the time of its celebration.
Barlet (2004) posited that Divorce is so widespread in our society that an intelligent study of divorce is necessary if one is to have the attitude and understanding that will help him/her build a good marriage and avoid eventuality of divorce. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), Health is a state of complete physical, social and mental well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. Based on this definition, it is virtually impossible to attain complete state of health in divorce. This correlates divorce and its health implication generally on men, women, children and also its adverse effects on the society at large. Studies have shown that divorce has its massive effects more on women and children since it is believed that women are the weaker sex although this research is not based on that ideology but at the same time on the health implications on women and children.
According to a New York Times article, ?More Americans Rejecting Marriage in 50s and Beyond?. In the past 20 years, the divorce rate has increased over 50% amongst the baby boomers. More and more adults are staying single and according to an analysis of census data conducted at Bowling Green State University in Ohio, they say the divorce numbers will continue to rise. Baby boomers that remain unmarried are five times more likely to live in poverty compared to those who are married. According to the statistics, it will also be three times as hard to receive food stamps, public assistance or disability payment
According to Lawson (2002) Sociologists believe that the rise in the number of older Nigerians who are not married is a result of factors such as longevity and economics. Women, especially, are becoming more and more financially independent which allows them to feel more secure with being alone. In previous generations, being divorced or single was seen differently than it is now. This has resulted in less pressure for baby boomers to marry or stay married. Therefore the study seeks to explore health implications of divorce among children and mothers in Jaba Local Government Area of Kaduna State in Nigeria.
1.2 Statement of Problem
According to Bramlet (2001) divorce no longer seems a hard decision to come by due to the intensive increase in divorce rate. In Nigeria, between 2003 to 2005 divorce had risen by 70% as estimated by court statistics. Individuals tend to see divorce as an escape route to marital issues and incompetence when in the actual sense divorce expands the issues and make them complex exposing them to more dangers than is already experienced. Many years ago, the mere mention of divorce aroused massive attention but with the level exposure and association with the western world where divorce seem to be as easy and instant as marriage vows. The health implications of divorce on children amount to their the effects it has on the education, relationship with parents and peergroup ,religious effects, social effects, psychological effects amongst others. This observations motivated this study and is carefully analyzed.
1.3 Purpose of the study
The main purpose of the study was to determine the health implications of divorce on children and mothers in Jaba LGA of Kaduna state
Objectives of the study
Specifically, the objectives were;
1. To determine the physical health implications of divorce on mothers and children
2. To determine the emotional health implications on children and mothers.
3. To determine the social health implications of divorce on mothers and children
4. To determine the predisposing factors to divorce among couples in Jaba LGA.
5. To determine if the social health implications differ according to women of different religious background.
6. To determine if the physical health implications of divorce is related to the age of the children.
1.4 Research Questions
1. What are the physical health implications of divorce on children nd mothers?
2. What are the emotional health implications of divorce on children and mothers?
3. What are the social health implications of divorce on children and mothers.
4. What are the predisposing factors to divorce in Jaba LGA.
5. Are there differences in social health implications among women according to different religious backgrounds?
6. Are the physical health implications of divorce related to the age of children?
1.5 Research hypotheses
There is no significant difference in social health implications among women according to religious background.
There is no relationship between the physical health implications on children according to age.
1.6 Significance of study
The findings and recommendations from this study will be of immense value to these various groups:
ú The women of Jaba Local Government Area of Kaduna State who are in a better position to outline their differences in life as both married and divorcees.
ú The children in Jaba Local Government that will share their experiences a children of divorcees or married parents.
ú The children in Jaba Local Government share their experiences a children of divorcees or married parents.
ú The women and children will be made to understand the various health implications of divorce on them.
ú The People of Jaba Local Government generally and the society at large will be informed about the health implications of divorce ,preventive measures against divorce as an ultimatum.
ú This study will be a reference point for some students who may wish to carry out research work on similar topics in the future.
ú To health workers, social workers and the public generally, it will unfold the negative health effects surrounding divorce.
1.7 Scope of study
The study focuses on health implications of divorce among children and mothers in Jaba Local Government Area of Kaduna State in Nigeria. Specifically, villages like Sabonsarki, Sabangida, Habori, Kwaturu, Gidantagai and Jibir of Kaduna State will be investigated to find out the relationship between the independent and the dependent variable. | ABSTRACT
This research is on Food consumption pattern and micro nutrient intake of mothers in Imo state.This study was carried out to assess the food consumption pattern and micronutrient Intake of mothers in Ojo Local Government Area in Lagos State. One hundred and eighty respondents were selected randomly. Data was collected using food frequency and anthropometric data such as height, weight and body mass index. Other date collected include the socio-economic and demographic characteristics of the respondents. The data were analyzed using descriptive analysis such as frequency count, percentage and mean.
Using the BMI classification, 48.2% of the subjects are within the normal range 6.5% are mildly malnourished while 1.2% of the population is severely malnourished. Based on findings on their food habits majority of the women eat three times a day, and also eat between meals 55% include fruits in their daily diet, 18.9% eat vitamin A rich foods once in a week and 30.6% take vitamin and iron supplements regularly. 74% consume animal protein once in a day, and 39% occasionally. The results of the study indicate that the food intake of mothers in Ojo Local Government area is satisfactory but their micro nutrient intake was not sufficient. |
| Content | CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
This research is on Biological water quality of mabolo river in Ankpa Kogi state Nigeria. The river Mabolo transects over five districts located in south earthen of Kogi including Okura Ubele, Ofu, Ankpa, and Otukpo watershed. This river is the major source of the main economic activities in district and most of these activities take place within the river itself and others take place within the catchments such activities include water abstraction, sewage treatment, cattle rearing, agriculture and agro-forestry and many other practices. These activities are all done without the notification of downstream user and as a result the river has deteriorated both in quantity and quality including drying up of wetland around, fringing the river (Mukwaya and Mugabe, 2010). Beside this factors the river Mabolo catchments experience
The total nutrient discharged into surface waters in a river basin is normally larger than the nutrient load at the river mouth (Wassman and olli, 2004); and such discrepancy is a explained by the process of nutrient retention which is a collectives expression for a large number of biochemical and hydrological process of a large temporarily decrease, decay, degrade, transform or permanently retard and removes the substance from the river channel. The significance of streams as nutrient recipients from terrestrial catchments to receiving water bodies is of environmental concern as it may lead to excessive nutrient loading and inability of the system to cope with the loading (Peterson, et, al, 2001).
Ankpa lakes and rivers like other water bodies face a threat of pollution due to increasing human population, urbanization, industrialization and agricultural modernization (Joensuu 1996). There are concerned efforts by government to reduce water pollution and there include the establishment of the Direct ovate of water development under ministry of water and environment which is the principle agency of government and the provision of water supplies in rural and urban centers. The mandate of National sewage corporation (NWSC) is to operate and provide water and sewage services in area entrusted to it by the water Act (1995) and the NWSC Act, cap 150, national Environment offices, National resources management personnel, among others government also formulated polices and regulation to guide national use of water resources in order to achieved sustainable water quality and quantity. Such policies and regulation include the water statute (1995) which provide the frame work for the use protection and management of water resources and water supply, the national water policy (1999) the water resources regulations, (1998) and the waste water discharge Regulations (1998) which prescribe the threshold and procedures for applications to construct any water works. However there are still many challenges including lack of human capacity, inadequate facilitation and inter-institutional co-ordination in order to handle the associated environmental problems.
The Mabolo River has its source right within Ankpa town at a place called Ogaji, climate in the local government. Like other urban rivers and streams its faces similar threats of population and understanding its water quality dynamics as an urban river is an important aspect. Nutrient uptake and transformation is a central ecosystem function of streams (Payne, et, al., 2005), and although many studies may have been done on the water quality of river Mabolo by various researchers, more needs to be known about its water quality of river Mabolo dynamics or variations in terms bacterial load and chemical contamination.
It is notice that the water resources in the river Mabolo have decline over 12 years. This can be attributed to increased degradation of the resources (this has been observed, but it is not measured) due to increase agricultural in the catchments, using poor land and soil management systems, in addition it is noticeable that there has been a declining trend of the catchments rainfall and such phenomena are believed to be the impact of climate change and global warming.
There has been growing concern about the need to protect the environment from the various form of population caused by growing human populations, used of modern agricultural methods etc. (Hunt and Wilson 1986). Micro organisms often play a major role in determining the extent of this pollution (Higgins and Burns 1975) and municipal waste water is a primary contributor of bacteria to the aquatic environment (Linton et al. 1974). The presence of faecal coli-form is considered as presumptive evidence of faecal pollution (Mara, 1978) pathogenic bacteria that have been transmitted by water or waste water include, vibriocholarae, salmonella, leptospira, campylobacter and Yesinia (APHA; 1992).
1.1 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
Urban river, streams and wetland are prone to pollution (natumanga et al; 2009) and decoration of water quality reduce a river’s amenity and aesthetic value. Like any urban water body, river Mabolo is a source of water for domestic, marketing and agricultural activities within its catch mere (Ankpa municipality inclusive). Due to economic activities in the area such as market, hospital, schools, and industrial setups the water quantity of river Mabolo could be compromised. Not only is this a dilemma for the welfare of the riparian communities using the river for their domestic and economic needs, it is a problem for other aquatic resource as well.
Therefore he propose study seeks to assess the quality status of the river basing on the levels, of the pathogenic micro organisms (E. coli and faecal coli-forms) and aquatic micro invertebrates as indicators for water quality in addition to the physic- chemical parameters within that sector of the municipality.
1.2 RESEARCH QESTIONS.
- What are the responses of others biotic communities (e.g. aquatic macro invertebrates) to the aquatic environment which may be compromised by anthropogenic activities?
- how is the status of the abiotic environmental factors (physico chemical parameters in relation to the ecosystem services they offer to other aquatic resource that are in turn utilized by human to satisfy their needs?
- Worldwide water borne diseases are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in human (WHO, 1996), and water borne pathogens infect around 250 million people per year resulting in 10-20 million deaths to what extent is the river Mabolo by pathogenic microorganisms considering that some people fetch and use this water directly for different domestic purpose?
1.3 JUSTIFICATION
Pollution of water bodies by the ever increasing human activities (agricultural, discharge and domestic waste waters, solid waste disposal run offs etc.) is a serious problem (Chapman 1996), worldwide water born diseases are a major causes of morbidity and mortality in human (WHO 1996), and water born pathogen infect around 250 million people per year resulting in 10-20 million deaths (Annon, 1996)), River Mabolo within Ankpa municipality is not an exception to this threat because of the many activities that are carry out with in and around it catchment. These studies will therefore asses the faecal indication (Escherichia coli and faecal coli forms) and the status of aquatic macro invertebrates as indicators of water quality in relation to the physico chemical parameters.
1.4 LITERATURE REVIEW
Sea level in the up lands Agbaja plateau, which range from 335 to 366 meters above sea level, and the much higher Okoro Agbo hills in Ijumu L.G.A are some of the predominant to land forms of the state, the state is drained by the Niger and Benue rivers which could be view and from the top of mount Patti is located within the state of the Benue river is navigable as far as Garua in the rainy sea son floods, but up to Makurdi in Benue state in the dry season the Mabolo (Anambra) is the biggest river in Igala land Mabolo Okura, Ubele and Ofu rivers run off the Dekina, Onkpo, Otukpa, water shed. Osomera falls at kilometer four on Okene, Ajaokuta Road, of Ofejiji falls in Okura Olafia and Egeneja warmed spring in based local government area are other drainage features (Benue State 1985). Together with breakage of the dysenteric chromatic results in genetically unbalanced gametes, which at fertilization are lethal to the zygotes development consequently, no recombinant progeny resulting from such aberration survive exception recombinant progeny (Hart well et al 200) this observation lends substance to the abstract. | | | | CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study.
This research is on Health implications of divorce among children and mothers in jaba local government area of kaduna state. Marriage is as old as man himself. It is a socially recognized and approved union between individuals, who commit to one another with the expectation of a stable and lasting intimate relationship (Ahron Constance, 2004). It begins with a ceremony known as a wedding, which formally unites the marriage partners. A marital relationship usually involves some kind of contract, either written or specified by tradition, which defines the partners’ rights and obligations to each other, to any children they may have, and to their relatives. In most contemporary industrialized societies, marriage is certified by the government. In addition to being a personal relationship between two people, marriage is one of society’s most important and basic institutions. Marriage and family serve as tools for ensuring social reproduction. Social reproduction includes providing food, clothing, and shelter for family members; raising and socializing children; and caring for the sick and elderly. In families and societies in which wealth, property, or a hereditary title is to be passed on from one generation to the next, inheritance and the production of legitimate heirs is a prime concern in marriage. However, in contemporary industrialized societies, marriage functions less as a social institution and more as a source of intimacy for the individuals involved. When the primary purpose of this sacred union is defeated and no longer seen as an ideal agreement by the partners involved, an annulment of the marriage vows is embarked on which is divorce and this exonerates both partners of their marital rights and vows. Divorcé which is the legal dissolution of a marriage contracted between a man and a woman. It is legal in the sense that its dissolution is affected by a reputed court of law. It is the court of law that determines the end of marriage by the term “divorce”. Divorce is quite different from separation between a husband and wife that are not legally married. It then means that, Divorce is distinguished from annulment, which declares a marriage void from the time of its celebration.
Barlet (2004) posited that Divorce is so widespread in our society that an intelligent study of divorce is necessary if one is to have the attitude and understanding that will help him/her build a good marriage and avoid eventuality of divorce. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), Health is a state of complete physical, social and mental well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. Based on this definition, it is virtually impossible to attain complete state of health in divorce. This correlates divorce and its health implication generally on men, women, children and also its adverse effects on the society at large. Studies have shown that divorce has its massive effects more on women and children since it is believed that women are the weaker sex although this research is not based on that ideology but at the same time on the health implications on women and children.
According to a New York Times article, “More Americans Rejecting Marriage in 50s and Beyond”. In the past 20 years, the divorce rate has increased over 50% amongst the baby boomers. More and more adults are staying single and according to an analysis of census data conducted at Bowling Green State University in Ohio, they say the divorce numbers will continue to rise. Baby boomers that remain unmarried are five times more likely to live in poverty compared to those who are married. According to the statistics, it will also be three times as hard to receive food stamps, public assistance or disability payment
According to Lawson (2002) Sociologists believe that the rise in the number of older Nigerians who are not married is a result of factors such as longevity and economics. Women, especially, are becoming more and more financially independent which allows them to feel more secure with being alone. In previous generations, being divorced or single was seen differently than it is now. This has resulted in less pressure for baby boomers to marry or stay married. Therefore the study seeks to explore health implications of divorce among children and mothers in Jaba Local Government Area of Kaduna State in Nigeria.
1.2 Statement of Problem
According to Bramlet (2001) divorce no longer seems a hard decision to come by due to the intensive increase in divorce rate. In Nigeria, between 2003 to 2005 divorce had risen by 70% as estimated by court statistics. Individuals tend to see divorce as an escape route to marital issues and incompetence when in the actual sense divorce expands the issues and make them complex exposing them to more dangers than is already experienced. Many years ago, the mere mention of divorce aroused massive attention but with the level exposure and association with the western world where divorce seem to be as easy and instant as marriage vows. The health implications of divorce on children amount to their the effects it has on the education, relationship with parents and peergroup ,religious effects, social effects, psychological effects amongst others. This observations motivated this study and is carefully analyzed.
1.3 Purpose of the study
The main purpose of the study was to determine the health implications of divorce on children and mothers in Jaba LGA of Kaduna state
Objectives of the study
Specifically, the objectives were;
- To determine the physical health implications of divorce on mothers and children
- To determine the emotional health implications on children and mothers.
- To determine the social health implications of divorce on mothers and children
- To determine the predisposing factors to divorce among couples in Jaba LGA.
- To determine if the social health implications differ according to women of different religious background.
- To determine if the physical health implications of divorce is related to the age of the children.
1.4 Research Questions
- What are the physical health implications of divorce on children nd mothers?
- What are the emotional health implications of divorce on children and mothers?
- What are the social health implications of divorce on children and mothers.
- What are the predisposing factors to divorce in Jaba LGA.
- Are there differences in social health implications among women according to different religious backgrounds?
- Are the physical health implications of divorce related to the age of children?
1.5 Research hypotheses
There is no significant difference in social health implications among women according to religious background.
There is no relationship between the physical health implications on children according to age.
1.6 Significance of study
The findings and recommendations from this study will be of immense value to these various groups:
- The women of Jaba Local Government Area of Kaduna State who are in a better position to outline their differences in life as both married and divorcees.
- The children in Jaba Local Government that will share their experiences a children of divorcees or married parents.
- The children in Jaba Local Government share their experiences a children of divorcees or married parents.
- The women and children will be made to understand the various health implications of divorce on them.
- The People of Jaba Local Government generally and the society at large will be informed about the health implications of divorce ,preventive measures against divorce as an ultimatum.
- This study will be a reference point for some students who may wish to carry out research work on similar topics in the future.
- To health workers, social workers and the public generally, it will unfold the negative health effects surrounding divorce.
1.7 Scope of study
The study focuses on health implications of divorce among children and mothers in Jaba Local Government Area of Kaduna State in Nigeria. Specifically, villages like Sabonsarki, Sabangida, Habori, Kwaturu, Gidantagai and Jibir of Kaduna State will be investigated to find out the relationship between the independent and the dependent variable. | CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
This research is on Food consumption pattern and micro nutrient intake of mothers in Imo state. Nutrition is the science of food, nutrients and other substances, their action, interaction and balance in relation to health and disease and the processes by which the organism ingests, digests, absorbs transports, utilizes and excretes food substances.
The development of nutrition made food to be recognized as the fundamental source of nutrients. Food and nutrition are basic human rights because they are necessary for human development.
Malnutrition is the major contribution to illness and diseases in the world. This includes risk factors related to under nutrition, excess consumption of certain diet components (carbohydrates, fat, etc) and low consumption of other food items like fruits and vegetables. Rural dwellers food consumption pattern depends on many factors intervention into the life patterns of the community to which they belong. These factors affect food availability and how each food could be processed and stored.
Food consumption patterns can be defined as the recognizable ways of eating foods rural dwellers tend to adhere to their old eating patterns rather than venturing to seek new and more proper eating habits. In order to maintain healthful diets, a variety and balance of foods from all food groups and moderate consumption of all food items is very important.
Variety in diet implies choosing a number of different foods within any food group, rather than eating the "same old thing" day after day. Food consumption patterns has been observed to be influenced by socio-economic factors including sex, income, occupation, type of house and source of cooking energy, food consumption patterns of the mother prior to conception during pregnancy and lactation affects the reproductive cycle and health of the newborn infant. A mother with poor food consumption patterns has the risk of delivering a baby that is physically and mentally handicapped. Wright and Sims (1987) assert that many complex interacting systems affect man's food consumption pattern and his consequent state of health. They further explained that natural environment (climate, topography soil conditions etc) determines what food can be produced. The man made environment (technological developments for processing, storing and distribution of food) affects what food will be made available for consumption.
Proper and adequate food consumption patterns is the instrument for achieving other rural developmental goals, most especially those connected to reduction in child mortality and improvements in material health. Primary educational enrolment and achievement, gender equity and the capacity of resist disease, in order to be healthy and active women need to have food in adequate quantity, quality and variety in order to meet energy and nutrient. Consumption patterns of the mother prior to conception and during pregnancy and lactation affects the reproductive cycle and health of the newborn infant. A mother with poor food consumption patterns have the risk of delivery a baby that is physically and mentally handicapped.
Adequate food plays an important role in rural development activities. It ensures their capacity to embark on livelihood activities that is sustainable.
1.1 OBJECTIVES
Broad Objective
- To assess the food consumption pattern and micro nutrient intake of mothers in Imo State Local Government Area Lagos.
Specific Objectives
- To assess the nutritional status of mothers in Imo State L.G.A
- To investigate, measure and assess the food pattern of mother in Imo State L.G.A.
- To assess the micronutrient intake of mothers in Ojo L.G.A.
1.3 JUSTIFICATION
Malnutrition remains an existing problem among Nigerians especially women and children. Malnutrition could be due to lack of food or socio-cultural factors of people. This study will throw light on the following
- It will add to our knowledge on the relationship between nutrition of people and the socio-economic characteristics of the people
- The actual or real causes of malnutrition in Nigeria.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
- What is pattern of women activity
- What is the current food consumption pattern of mothers in Imo State L.G.A
- What is the socio-economic and demographic characteristics of women in Imo State LGA.
- To determine the relationship between their food consumption patterns and their environmental health condition.
1.5 PROBLEM STATEMENT
Malnutrition is a poor condition of health, caused by a lack of food or a lack of the right type of food. Many Nigerians are plagued with malnutrition. Malnourished Nigerians was as high as 24% in the rural area and 26% in the urban area.
It is important to know the reasons for the existing poor nutritional state of population could it be due to
1. Lack of nutritional awareness of the people
2. Un-availability of nutritional foods
3. Thus this study will examine the food consumption patterns and micro nutrient intake of mothers in Imo State LGA Lagos.
1.6 Limitations of study
- Some of the questions asked in the questionnaires were felt to be personal like how much their annual income.
- Some of the women could not spare time to fill the questionnaires
- Some were illiterates and so could not understand the questionnaires
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