| Content | CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY:
This project is on Causes of low productivity by Public Service Workers. A case study of the National Electric Power Authority. Productivity is very vital for the development of any country because it will help to improve the standard and quality of life of the citizens. The issue of low productivity by public service workers have in recent time been a matter of great concern to the nation.
Let us first of all define the term or rather make an attempt to the definition of productivity.
Productivity simply means the rate or efficiency of work especially in industrial production. Therefore, low productivity is simply the slow rate and inefficiency of work in production. Increased productivity will help to improve the conditions of the environment as well as enhance security. This is why David Ricado stated in his study of population “that food needs to grow at a geometrical rate in order to meet the demand of the growing population. This emphasizes the need for increased productivity.
Yesufu T. M. (1962) was of the view that productivity can be defined as the ratio between output and all the resources used in production, i.e. capital, labor, raw materials etc. The problem of raising output is one of making the most efficient use of all available resources. With these definitions, one may ask Why is the Nigerian Public Service workers inherently characterized by low productivity in spite all government’s efforts to improve productivity?
Increasing productivity is a way of increasing the ability of people to do what they want to do as such that it can provide the wherewithal for achieving a higher standard of living for those suffering from low income and inversely boosting the prosperity of the overall Nigerian economy.
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM:
There have been concerned efforts by the government and the organized private sector to enhance productivity in Nigeria. For instance, the Federal or State Government organizes seminars and workshops aimed at making its personnel to increase productivity. We also have the National Productivity Centre and the Federal Government gives merit award to individuals who have distinguished themselves in terms of being highly productive. But in spite of all the efforts being made, the public sector is still experiencing low or decreasing productivity.
Especially in the Public Service today, there is relatively low level of productivity as most of the personnel are not putting in their best; some are idle, others come late to work and still others are absent from work without permission. There is general laxity amongst workers who believe that government work is nobody’s work.
Nigerians cannot withstand the competition in the world market; this is also attributable to low productivity especially in the public sectors. In other countries, their level of technology is very high thereby enhancing their level of productivity which puts them in a favourable position in international market.
This study will therefore provide answers to questions like – the causes of low productivity in the public sector of the Nigerian economy using NEPA, Enugu North Local Government Area as the case study.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:
In view of the fact that the issue of low productivity has become a matter of great concern to the various sectors of the Nigerian economy, against this backdrop, the objectives of this study are aimed at finding out:
- Why productivity is low in the public sector
- The roles of motivation in productivity
- Also the management problems that causes inefficiency and low productivity of workers.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS:
In pursuance of this study, the following research questions were considered relevant. Though the research questions were formulated based on the objectives of the study;
- What are the ways or means through which the management of NEPA motivates their workers?
- How does motivation relate to productivity in an organization?
- What are the relevance of motivation in the management of public organizations (NEPA)?
- How does motivation serve as a management tool for increasing productivity?
- What are the management problems that cause inefficiency and low productivity of workers?
1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
According to Osuala (1985:27) “an adequate statement of the problem also defines it very carefully in terms of its scope, and it is obvious for a researcher to set forth the bounds of the topic being researched on”.
Based on this, the scope of this study covered the National Electric Power Authority (NEPA) within Enugu North Local Government Area.
1.6 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
A study of this nature cannot be completed successfully without the researchers encountering some major constraints. Against this backdrop, one of the major constraints of this study was inadequate time.
Another limitation to this study was inadequate fund, which would have marred the efforts of the researchers.
Moreover, a major limitation to this study was the uncooperative attitude of some of the respondents (ie the workers) from the organization under study especially as it concerned the completion of the copies of questionnaire administered to them.
1.7 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study would be of immense benefit to the government and the management of public organizations especially those who are indifferent to the plights of the workers, since the study through the recommendations provided solutions and suggestions through which workers could be gingered for greater performance. A major significance of this study is that it will serve as another contribution to the academic development of the theories of productivity.
1.8 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF ENUGU NORTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT
Enugu North Local Government Area was formed in 1991 after the creation of Enugu State. This Local Government was carved out from the then Enugu Local Government which was a premier Local government Area in the former Anambra State.
Enugu North Local Government is bounded on three sides by three Local Government Areas. These Local Government Areas are: Enugu South Local Government in the South, Enugu East Local Government in the East and Udi Local Government on the Western side of Enugu North Local Government Area.
Within Enugu North, there exist four notable markets, these markets are:
- The famous Ogbete Main Market, which is the biggest market in Enugu State. It is sighted within the nerve center of Enugu North Local Government.
- Aria Market which is situated between the Iva-Valley Coal Mine and Enugu Gold course.
- Enugu Industrial Market at Coal Camp where motor parts are sold and manufactured.
- The New Haven Ultra Modern Market, Enugu.
Enugu North Local Government has three tertiary institutions located within its locality. There are namely:
- University of Nigeria Enugu Campus (UNEC)
- Enugu State University of Science and Technology (ESUT)
iii. The Institute of Management and Technology (IMT), Enugu.
Enugu North is also endowed with some tourist attractions such as: The Modern Amusement Park (Polo Park) with its unique facilities.
- An Art Gallery within the complex of Institute of Management and Technology, Campus II on Okpara Avenue, Enugu.
- The Enugu Zoological garden and
- The National Archives all situated within or very close proximity to each other.
There is also the International Trade Fair Complex, and within this complex is a communication outfit by NITEL for International and Local calls.
Enugu North Local Government has two indigenous communities namely:
- Hill-top Indigenous Community in Enugu-Ngwo and
- Ogui – Nike indigenous community.
1) HILL-TOP INDIGENOUS COMMUNITY IN ENUGU NGWO:
Enugu-Ngwo which is the oldest name since 1915, Pre and Post Colonial naming of the entire urban city had the prefix Enugu-Ngwo attached. Moreso, before 1906 when Coal was discovered and later the mining of Coal, Enugu-Ngwo indigenes were basically farmers who cultivate cassava, vegetables and yam which they market in the open market which is today referred to as Ogbete Main Market.
Enugu-Ngwo people are very welcoming to strangers. Their cultural affinity and behavioural pattern make them homely with strangers from all facets of live. The presentation of all their farm land for use to the Colonial Administration for building of Government Reserve Quarters, recreational centres and office secretariat both for Local, State and Federal Government speak loud of their welcome behaviour, hospitality and how free minded they are:
The Enugu-Ngwo Hill-Top Community tribal/cultural heritages are the same with other communities but with a slight difference. Biennially, Ngwo people celebrate the most exciting carnival in the world known as “ODO FESTIVAL”.
2) OGUI-NIKE INDIGENOUS COMMUNITY:
Ogui-Nike is the Premier Indigenous Community within the Enugu North Local Government Area. It is an autonomous community having its own Traditional Ruler in the person of IGWE ANTHONY OJUKWU, Chinenyeze I of Ogui – Nike.
It is situated virtually in the center of the vast expanding metropolis of Enugu, Ogui-Nike still maintains its uniqueness and customs although it forms part of the large NIKE CLAN.
The Nike clan extends from the Milikin Hill in the West, to Emene in the East and from Ugwuogo in the North to Ogui-Nike in the South.
The place and importance of Ogui-Nike in the Enugu metropolis is preserved by the naming of the longest and most important Road in Enugu as “OGUI ROAD” in addition to the part of Enugu urban known as OGUI TOWNSHIP. The Asata River too which formerly separated the township from the rural village until the emergence of the Independence Layout is also preserved by the ASATA TOWNSHIP in Enugu.
The Presidential road leading to the Independence Layout divides the community into two halves and together with the famous Obiagu Road form the major roads in the town.
During the festive seasons, a visit to these two major roads will witness the display of the culture and traditional ceremonies of the community.
The festive seasons include the “New Yam Festival” which usually takes place between July and August every year, and the “EGWUGWU” Masquerade Festival which is biennial and can take place in March or April.
Christian Festivals of Easter, Christmas and New year are also observed since most of the indigenes are ardent Christians.
The minor market in Ogui-Nike is the “Afia-Nine” where vegetables and crops from the rural areas are brought and sold to the urban dwellers. This market is quite popular as people come from far-away places to obtain these rural farm produce.
Finally, Enugu North Local Government has had several Chairman since its formation, but presently, the name of the current Chairman is Hon. Emma Ugwu, while the name of the Personnel Manager is Barr. Asogwa. Enugu Central was carved out from it and it is called Enugu North Development Centre.
1.9 PROBLEMS HINDERING PRODUCTIVITY IN ENUGU NORTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA:
Many students and known scholars have carried out studies on this issue of low productivity. They have carried out research to find out the real factors responsible for low productivity.
In Enugu North Local Government, various factors were observed as hindering productivity.
Generally, there is this common impression that every Nigerian worker is lazy, slow, sleepy, reluctant to act, unconcerned, and deceitful in their approach.
In the course of this study, the researchers observed the following as some of the problems hindering productivity in Enugu North Local Government:
- POOR EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND OF WORKERS: Most of the staff in Enugu North Local Government were discovered to be lacking in terms of their educational background, majority of them had the certificates without the basic knowledge, instruction, abilities required of their jobs. Consequently, most of them finds it very difficult to steer the affairs of their various positions thereby creating lapses here and there which should not have been.
- LACK OF TRAINING: As rightly defined by Denyer, J. C. (1975), “training is the adoption or moulding of a pewson to increase his fitness for a specific activity. Training of workers would make them more productive as well as improve their morale, thereby increasing their loyalty and adaptability of their immediate environment.
- ABSENCE OF PARTICIPATIVE MANAGEMENT:
Permit to say here that when there is an absence of participative management, workers would not be productive. Participative management is a decision making process where workers discuss with their supervisors and influence decisions that affect them. It explores the feelings and opinions of workers about their jobs. With the use of participative management, every group is consulted before any change is initiated. Through this system, every worker develops a sense of participation, which results in high productivity.
- POOR COMPENSATION OF WORKERS: Compensation packages are reward for performance. They can be in either cash items such as salary, allowances and Christmas bonus or in non cash items which we call fringe benefits such as giving the Local Government workers some items from the government’s inscripted products such as calendars, cups, wall clocks, etc…
When there is poor compensation of workers, the workers will not put in their best in their jobs thereby causing low productivity.
- WRONG CHOICE IN DELEGATION: Delegation as we know is an organizational process that permits the transfer of authority from a superior to a subordinate to make commitments, use resources and take action in relation to duties assigned to him. No government can function well and effectively without delegation.
Therefore, when wrong people or workers are delegated, this will drastically affect the anticipated results which consequently will be detrimental to the level of productivity.
- THE LEADERSHIP: This is one major problem that will hinder productivity in any government. While conducting this research, it was discovered that workers in Enugu North Local Government finds it a bit difficult with their boss, which is the Chairman.
Most of them complained of him being too authoritative, which is characterized by centralization of authority and decision making in the boss.
Although this type of leader tends to emphasis neither negative nor positive leadership, he motivates his subordinates by forcing them to rely upon him for need satisfaction. As such he takes full authority and responsibility for the work to be done. One may argue that in government, things are different, but no matter the institution or organization, the type of leadership goes a long way to either make or mar the level of productivity of that organization or institution.
- DIFFERENT SALARY SCALES: In Nigeria generally where standard of living vary from area to area, to motivate workers, it is important that an evaluation bearing in mind cost of living, styles and standards of living in different cities in our country is carried out.
In Enugu North, workers know that standard of living vary and that a pay system based on differential living standards would increase the motivation to work.
Also if remuneration is not based on performance as in the case of Civil Service, it will not motivate. But if a worker realizes that if he works hard, he stands to be recognized by paying him extra, then he will be motivated to work there being more productive.
All these and many more are some of the problems found to be hindering productivity in Enugu North Local Government.
1.10 DEFINITION OF TERMS:
- PRODUCTIVITY - Increased efficiency and the rate at which goods are produced.
- WHEREWITHAL - Things required or needed for a purpose.
- LAXITY - Careless or not strict in discipline or morals.
- TECHNOLOGY - Mastery and utilization of manufacturing methods and industrial arts.
- PUBLIC SECTOR - The area of the economy concerned with the government.
- GEOMETRICAL RATE - Series of numbers with a constant ratio between a successful quantities of the numbers which increase by a common multiplier or decrease by a common division.
- ECONOMY - System for the management and use of resources.
- PRODUCTION - The fabrication of a physical object through the use of labour, materials, money and equipment.
- PROTOCOL - Etiquette applying to rank or status, correct procedure.
- REMUNERATION - Pay or reward for services rendered
- MOTIVATION - Causes or reason for the actions of a person, reflection of a person’s desire to fulfill certain needs.
- BIENNIALLY - Happening every second year, or happening once in every two years.
- PROXIMITY - Nearness to each other.
| CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
This research is on the role of the rivers state house of assembly in conflict management, 1999-2011. Sections 4(1) and 4(7) of the 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria provide for the law-making function of the legislature at both the Federal and State levels.
Consequently, there is a bi-cameral National Assembly made up of the Senate and House of Representatives at the Federal level, and the 36 unicameral State Houses of Assembly, all legislating for peace, order and good governance of the Federation and States respectively (Egobueze, 2010:4). Since the return to democracy in Nigeria in 1999, four Legislative
Assemblies have been elected at both the Federal and State levels. These are 1999-2003, 2003-2007, 2007-2011 and 2011-2015. In each of these elections, thirty two legislators were elected to the Rivers State House of Assembly. This is in conformity with Section 91 of the 1999 Constitution of Nigeria which states, inter alia:
Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, a House of Assembly of a State shall consist of three or four times the number of seats which that State has in the House of Representatives divided in a way to reflect, as far as possible nearly equal population: Provided that a House of Assembly of a State shall consist of not less than twenty-four and not more than forty members (FGN, 1999).
The Rivers State House of Assembly is a unicameral legislature with thirty – two Member. The 1999-2003 Assembly was composed of three political parties viz; the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP), All Peoples Party (APP), later All Nigerian Peoples Party (ANPP) and Alliance Democracy (AD), while all the others have had only members of the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) without an opposition party member in the House. The House currently has the following Officers: the Speaker, Deputy Speaker, House Leader, Deputy House Leader, House Whip and Deputy House Whip. Worthy to note is that all other Members of the House are Chairmen of Committees and each of them is a member of not less than four Committees.
The legislature is the yardstick for measuring the views of the people in a democracy. It is also the watch dog of public funds in that it not only appropriates for the State but scrutinizes how the funds so appropriated are spent. Finally, the legislature is constitutionally mandated to direct investigations into the conduct of the affairs of State, institutions, organizations and individuals within the State. In other words, the legislature has the right to summon any public or private organization or individual to appear before it to answer questions based on petitions received and or motions made. The Rivers State House of Assembly as a legislative body upholds these mandates. The tripartite functions of the legislature namely, Representation, Legislation and Oversight are central to this research because they manifest in the intervention of the legislature in conflict management.
It is important to note that the political landscape of Nigeria particularly in the Niger Delta has been characterized by one conflict or the other. Most of these conflicts have either been for economic, political, religious and or other social reasons. Executive, Legislative and Judicial means have been adopted in the resolution of these conflicts. From 1966 when Isaac Adaka Boro formed the Delta Volunteer Force (DVF) to confront the Nigerian State against perceived oppression and marginalization till date, the oil rich Rivers State has witnessed several conflict situations that have to do with oil, economic wealth, politics and the misapplication of the huge resources that come with them. Some of these conflicts were the Ogoni crises which resulted to the death of prominent Ogoni leaders including the environmentalist, Ken Saro Wiwa in the 1995, the Umuechem crisis; and the Ogbakiri crises. Since the return to civilian rule in 1999, the State has witnessed not less than forty five conflicts that culminated in the loss of many lives and properties. Prominent among these are Emuoha Civil Disturbances 1999, 2001, 2002, 2010; Ogbakiri communal crisis 1999, 2011; Choba-Wilbros crisis 1999; Okrika crisis 2002-2003, 2007; Tombia crisis 2002-2003; Omuma crisis 2003, 2007-2011 among others. The above conflicts in the oil rich State have majorly been between the government forces and some militant elements on one hand and inter or intra communal on the other hand. The conflicts have been mainly attributed to economic and political factors, that is, quest for economic wealth as well as political power. Conflict is not only a threat to human rights, but also a barrier to development. Violent conflicts can reverse decades of development gains. The costs of preventing conflicts are far lower than the costs associated with recovery. Effective and responsive programming in the field of democratic governance can be a major component of work to prevent violent conflict and support post-conflict peace building. Through their everyday work of representing constituents, law-making, oversight of government activities, and the process of political contests, Legislative Houses have a critical role to play in conflict prevention and resolution. Legitimately, elected Houses provide a forum for the concerns of diverse societal groups to be aired and incorporated into processes of dialogue, reconstruction and conflict resolution. The legislature is a natural place for mediation, where competing points of view can be represented. By providing a forum to debate contentious issues peacefully, the House helps prevent violent political conflicts. Such dialogue can help to prevent conflicts by generating an understanding of the challenges facing society, and a consensus on how to address them. In this way, the legislature can mitigate the divisions caused by conflicts by developing an inclusive vision for society, based on commonly held values and goals.
For democratic governance to peacefully manage conflicts, Executive bodies must function efficiently and effectively. This requires Legislative oversight of the Executive‘, a core Legislative function. The Legislature connects citizens with the State and holds governments to account for their actions or inactions on critical issues that have bearing on conflicts. For instance, the Legislature can ensure that government works to resolve a conflict between the University Unions and the Executive by providing in the Appropriation Law, good remuneration for the University workers. Also, in order to check restiveness of youths, it could eradicate the seeds of conflicts by advocating for pro-poor policies, monitoring the implementation of poverty reduction strategies, and by ensuring that the appropriation — and its implementation — respond to popular needs and expectations. The Legislature also promotes dialogue on budgetary issues and communicates the reasons behind the allocation of resources, to ‗manage‘ constituents‘ expectations and minimize conflicts that result from competition for scarce resources.
Legislative oversight of the security sector is a crucial element of the balance of power within a democracy. Legislators have a critical role to play in monitoring the use of the State budget for security sector expenses and in reviewing draft laws on security issues. As citizens‘ representatives, they could relay citizen‘s concerns and priorities to be incorporated into security laws and policies.
It is essential to state that the Executive has always been a dominant player in conflict resolution and creating political stability. However, the role of the Legislature has most often been considered tangential. More studies have been done on the Executive in general and the Legislature at the Federal level than the State, but none of these studies featured the role of the Legislature in conflict management. Okoosi-Simbine (2007:9) avers that a logical study of the Legislature in contemporary Nigeria is the National Assembly, where empirical indications of a malfunctioning Legislature are regularly featured in Nigerian dailies. Some major studies on the Legislature in Nigeria and germane to our research are (Alabi and Egbowole, 2010; Olusanya & Akindele, 1986; Ayodele, 2002:12-24; Ayua, Guobadia and Adekunle, 2000; Bello Imam, 2004:406-426; Dunmoye, Njoku and Aluba, 2007; Egobueze, 2010; Egwu, 2005; Guobadia and Azinge, 2007; Ogwu and Alli, 2007; Mbah, 2007; Nwabueze 2007; Nzeribe, 2004).
It is therefore important to the discipline of political science that more empirical research be produced on the contributions of the Legislature to conflict management and political stability generally. Mishler and Hildreth (1984:26-27) are correct about studies of the Legislature when they note that:…the available research tends to be impressionistic and based on case studies of one or at most a small group of nations having typically similar legislative systems, political cultures, regime types, and levels of economic and political development. Even then, the conclusions are inconsistent and contradictory.
Consequently, we still may not understand whether, to what extent, and under what conditions legislatures contribute to political stability or its breakdown. The question still is, as Wahlke (1971:165) posed it, "how do representative bodies contribute to the generation and maintenance of support? In what respects and for what particular aspects of the task are they superior to non-representative institutions?"
This work attempts to redress this neglect by examining the critical role that the Legislature plays in conflict management focusing on the Rivers State House of Assembly between 1999 and 2011. This covers the period between the reintroduction of democratic rule on 29th May, 1999 to 29th May, 2011 when the 6th Assembly came into being. That is, it covers the 4th, 5th and 6th Assemblies. The period is associated with years of uninterrupted civil rule, based on the presidential system at all tiers of government in Nigeria. In a nutshell, this is a study of the role of the legislature in creating political stability through its role in conflict management in Rivers State.
1.2. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
It is generally assumed by both political scientists and policy makers that conflict management is principally the role of the Executive and Judicial arms of government. The role of the Legislature in conflict management is assumed to be incidental, often limited to enactment of legislations to give effect to negotiated agreements or curb the proliferation of conflicts. This is assumed to be the case for both international and domestic conflicts. In international conflicts, the executive arm of government takes the lead in foreign policy, especially in treaty making and implementation. Although in some jurisdictions like Nigeria, the Legislature is required to domesticate international treaties before they come into effect, in reality, once treaties have been entered into, their domestication becomes almost a routine exercise. On the other hand, in domestic conflicts, it is assumed that the Executive and Judiciary take the lead. This is so for a number of reasons; first, it is principally in the process of implementing government policies that most domestic conflicts arise and the Executive arm, as the policy implementation arm of government, is at the fore of managing these conflicts. Secondly, as the arm of government which principally incarnates the capacity and authority of the state, the Executive arm has responsibility to manage conflicts and create political order and stability. Thirdly, the Judiciary is central to conflict management because of its role as the interpreter of policies and legislation. Finally, the role of the Legislative arm in conflict resolution is subdued because as a body, it incarnates the diversities of society and it is precisely such diversities that create the fault lines of conflicts in the first place. Some scholars however argue that:
Recognizing the minimal role played by most legislatures in the lawmaking and policy processes, scholars increasingly have attempted to account for the prevalence, persistence, and apparent regenerative capacity of legislative institutions in terms of their putative contributions to political stability. The argument usually advanced is that by providing an institutional forum for the representation of societal diversity and the expression of dissent, legislatures contribute to the integration of society and the legitimation of both government and regime. In so doing, legislatures are credited with reducing levels of political conflict, rendering conflict more manageable, and mitigating the effects of conflict on government and regime (Mishler and Hildreth, 1984:25-26).
In support of the above school of thought, Loewenberg and Patterson (1979, 65-67) are careful to point out that:
Legislatures are not the only or even the most important institutions that perform these functions. They also note that some legislatures perform these functions better than others and that in some circumstances legislatures may even exacerbate political conflict and undermine stability. Nevertheless, they conclude that when political leaders collectively deliberate on political issues in public, that they do so, how they do so, and to what effect they do so have profound consequences for the survival of political system.
In countries divided by conflicts, and where the management of conflicts by the executive and judicial branches of government have been ineffective, there is an urgent need for reconciliation to enable all communities to work together towards a common vision of a peaceful future. The Legislature can exercise a leadership role in a broad reconciliation process by building relationships across party lines and by bringing to bear its oversight functions. Also, they can use their legislative role to promote reconciliation, for example by drafting laws that address grievances in representation (e.g. electoral or constitutional reforms), human rights legislation or minority rights legislation that lessens animosities between communities. By participating in the legislative process in a spirit of co-operation to produce such laws – and by strengthening judicial independence to support their implementation – parliaments can play a key role in supporting conflict prevention. In all, the role of the legislature in conflict management could be linked to the concept of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR).
This research examines the role of the Legislature in conflict management in a conflict prone emerging democracy like Nigeria. It seeks to explain the rising role of the legislature in conflict management in Nigeria. Dominant paradigms frozen in the assumption that the Legislature only makes laws completely ignore the dynamic and changing role of that organ of government, particularly in situations where traditional institutions of conflict management are either underdeveloped or ineffective. The legislature as the creator of institutional rules and the collective democratic will of the people increasingly plays a role in conflict management in such contexts. In fact as Meny (1993:186) suggests, the role or state of the legislature is a crucial indicator of the state of health of democratic government.
The nature and dynamics of conflict and the processes of conflict management differ from one institution to the other and from sector to sector in a society. However, the driving forces for conflictual relationships remain largely the same. Nieuwmeijer and Cloete (2001:4) opine that:
The driving forces for conflictual relationship consist of the perceptions by one or more individuals or groups of conflicting or diverging values, aspirations, needs or interests in society, that hamper the full realization or fulfilment of one‘s own values, aspirations, needs or interests. If these perceptions are intense enough, they are transformed into actions to redress the perceived problem by mobilizing resources to promote one‘s own interests at the cost of others, resulting in an escalation of tension among the parties concerned.
The specific issues around which conflict revolves, the manifestations of the conflict and the conflict management strategies and processes, however, are different in the social, cultural, organizational, economic, technological and political sectors of society. It is instructive to state that the management of conflicts falls basically with the responsibilities traditional to the executive and the judiciary. However, it is sad to note that these institutions have not been able to adequately stem conflicts. Instead, conflicts have deepened in Nigeria and indeed Rivers State. As a result of this perceived inefficiency, Legislative bodies as the broadest representatives of the people have been inundated with petitions from the public about conflicts. The implication of this is that there is the growing trust and confidence by the people in the ability of the Legislature to resolve conflicts. Therefore, the relevant question is not whether Legislatures contribute to political stability or change: some undoubtedly facilitate stability; others promote change; still others have little effect on either; and all are susceptible to reciprocal influences from their environments, that is, the political system.
Nonetheless, the important question, rather, is under what conditions are Legislatures likely to contribute to stability as measured by conflict management and to what extent is this feasible? What combination of legislative structures and procedures is most conducive to political stability, under what circumstances, in what social, economic, and political settings are citizens more likely to trust the Legislature with conflict management than they would with the Executive and the Judiciary? To this end therefore, this research seeks to answer the following questions:
- Does the direct interest of members of the Legislature in conflicts lead to increased involvement of the Legislature in conflict management?
- Does the failure of the Executive and Judiciary to reduce conflicts increase the involvement of the legislature in conflict management?
- Does the involvement of the Legislature in conflict management enhance political stability?
1.3. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The general objective of this study is to explain the rising role of the Legislature in conflict management and, therefore, in creating political stability in emerging democracies like Nigeria. More specifically, this study seeks to:
- Investigate whether the direct interest of the members of the Legislature in a conflict would lead to the increased involvement of the Legislature in conflict management.
- Ascertain whether the failure of the Executive and Judiciary to reduce conflicts would increase the involvement of the legislature in conflict management.
- Determine whether the successful management of conflict by the Legislature would enhance political stability in Rivers State
- Make recommendations that would engender peace and stability capable of stemming conflicts and promoting good governance in the State.
1.4. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The empirical significance of this study is that it treats a current and socially relevant subject. It is important to state that the Legislature not only represents the masses, but also enacts laws and conducts oversight especially on the Executive branch of government, which implements the laws made. Through its power of the purse, motions/resolutions as well as bills, the legislature could stem the tide of bad governance and redirect the focus of government to be transparent and very accountable to the people, this the World Bank argues, is relevant in modern democracy.
There is dearth of empirical theoretical knowledge on the Legislature in Nigeria‘s politics, because of the long period of military rule, which invariably was characterized by the sack of the Legislature and its replacement with military (decrees) making structures with different nomenclatures at different times in our political history. These antidemocratic forces were features of governance in Nigeria till the rebirth of democracy in May, 29, 1999, when all democratic institutions were restored with Chief Obasanjo as the President and Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. Most literature dwelled essentially on the Executive which had fully evolved ignoring the position of the Legislature, study on the Legislature is currently agitating the mind of scholars and provoking discourse in social science. Furthermore, the major theoretical significance of the studies lie essentially in filling a major theoretical gap on the rising role of the Legislature in conflict management. | CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
In 1976, a uniform system of local government was introduced, the primary motive is to take development direct from the centre to the people at the same reforms 1970:1 describe local government as a tool for rural development.
Some of these motives are the conscious attempt of the federal government to involve people in the management of their rural affairs through which the human and material resources of the rural dwellers can be effectively mobilized tapped and advanced into industrial process.
Since Nigeria started existing as a nation development has been taking place especially in the urban areas. For the fact that the man often creates for what is good, it is often that people usually rush to urban areas where there are provision for the comfort and welfare of man by way of social amenities and the infrastructures provisions. This are often of people is necessitated by the fact that rural areas are often neglected on terms of development but those who rush to develop urban areas been to have forgotten that theres every need to develop the area because they are the base, the beginning and also terminals destinations. Odenigwe 1976:4 postulated that the rural subjection of the economy is endowed with abundant natural resources unharnessed for this to be increase would required integrating rural people in the rural development exercise through the provision of small scale industries of different types. He defines industrialization as an integrated process of developing industries. That means different thing to different people and circumstances. Pic 1968 stated that industrialization embraces the means by which man controls or modifies his natural environment. It is that great growth enquires change. Industrialization is the major means of people adjusting to environment to satisfy their various and desire.
Industrialization is of course an application of practical or mechanical. Science to industrys commerce, it is a technical knowhow, scientific ideas, information, body of knowledge or material or goods and services capable of being systematic and sequential in the generation communicable and adoptable to application in a given adoptable to application in a given economic, political, social and machine used by man to manipulate his development to satisfy his basic tools, it is not this platform that the subject matter managing rural development through industrialization was draw.
In managing rural development the basic role of management is to plan, organize direct and control , it is our collective view that managers lead other than plan, manpower rather than direct, pattern rather than organize and access rather than control. The effectiveness of management arises from leadership effort towards, the simultaneous creation of a cooperative and learning organization of facilitate the implementation support rural and national development organization survival and effective utilization.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
One of the main reasons for creating local government is to bring development very close to the people in the rural area . Unfortunately, the noble objective is the not being put into practice or being really actualized.
It is therefore suspected that our industrialization process is characterized by lack of infrastructure and intensive use of human labour, obsolete technologies, the consequence of these or grovelass of control our decisions on what technology to import, low level of local initiative in indigenous scientific and innovative capacity and perpetuation of the cycle of poverty among the rural people.
A number of approaches and program has been proposed and implemental by the government towards reducing or eradicating technological dependence and other associated issues in rural development. Some of the program failed even before the implementation while some have failed to yield the desired result . All the programs have been based on the transfer or the transfer of technology from advance to developing stage. These strategies have not work because a lot of the technological being transferred is not appropriate to our environment.
Policies suffer from ineffective implementation principle because it has no inbuilt. Capacity to address wrong implementation. This is our experience or industrialization. Failure of local government in Awgu to provide enabling process is a source of worries to rural dwellers stimulating doubts in the or such programme this has distributed. The mind of the researcher and the question is: how do we manage rural development through industrialization.
1.3 Purpose of the study
1. Determine the factor initiating against rural development.
2. To identify the important of industrial development in Awgu local government.
3. To ascertain whether industrialization promotes human and material resource development.
4. To identify the possible ways of solving the problems facing rural development and industrialization.
1.4 Scope of the Study
The scope of study is the research boundary, the scope is on rural development, and how it can be managed through industrialization process. The focus area is Awgu local government area of Enugu state. The study is to identify factors militating the provision of rural infrastructures and enabling environment for business to flourish.
1.5 Research Questions
In an attempt to diagnose and identify the causes or factors that either hinder or encourage rural development in Awgu local government area, the following would serve as research question:
1. Are there factors limiting against rural development
2. What are the important of industrialization development in Awgu local government areas.
3. Does industrialization promote human and material resource development
4. What are the solutions to the problems facing rural development and indoctrination in Awgu local government areas
1.6 Significance of this Study
This study is beneficial to the society, investors, and rural dwellers and to the researcher. The study has expanded our knowledge, it has increased our research skills beside the above study was conducted in part of partial requirement for the award of Higher National Diploma in the deportment of public administration, institute of management and technology IMT Enugu on the part of the students we have no doubt that the study would be of immense important to students who may wish to conduct a future research on the subject matter, it would serve as a reference material coming on the side of the rural dwellers, it will help in appreciating the depth of natural resources available in rural setting is developed through industrialization process, it will bridge the gap in rural urban migration.
Finally the society as a whole stands to benefit from the study, the society is drawn from rural setting.
Setting implies development the society. The implications being that the society standard of living would improve employment will be generated and investment created mean wise policy makes through this study would understand why it is necessary to promote industrial project, they would also understand that the leadership effects are needed to pioneer industrialization process.
1.8 Definition of Terms
Development: this is the level of physical environment, social, political and economic growth or civilization of the people.
i. Rural area: this connotes the interior or remote parts of the local government which the central government wants to develop by creating local government.
ii. Local government: This is third tier of government within the state charged with the responsibility of development and administration of the people.
iii. Government : this is the agency of the ruling class which a charged with the responsibility of exercising the state powers on behalf of the people. | CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
This project is on Effect of government ownership on enterprise Efficiency (Case study: Anambra broadcasting service). Mass media are very important tools of communication, through which information is passed to even the farthest end of the society. They enable us to communicate with each other by helping us to overcome the barriers of time and space. They perform both primary and secondary functions for the society.
The media of mass communication are divided into the electronic (broadcast) and print media. The print media involves mainly magazine and newspaper; they are informers which provide retrievable, researched, in-depth and interpretative news stories of events.
The broadcast media comprise of the radio and television, it has not been as enterprising as it should be. This is due to the majority ownership and control of the broadcast media by the government.
Concisely put, broadcast is a society wide type of message dissemination, which involves the transmission of ideas, words, sounds, pictures and values in the form of signals through the airwaves to a target audience. Broadcasting is an activity of a branch of the media of mass communication called the electronic media that use transmitters and airwaves in the transmission of news and information to their heterogeneous audience.
Ownership is a critical factor for the content of any medium. This implies that there is a connection between ownership and the content and nature of a medium. The nature of ownership itself is determined by the character of the owner, his interests and the vision he has for the medium. Character here indicates whether ownership is private or public, private oriented or non-profit oriented. Interest refers to the economic (business) concerns and political persuasion of the owner. And vision here, means the idea of the owner about what a medium should be or do and his understanding of the practices and goals of journalism.
All these go a long way to determine the interest of the medium and its coverage of certain issues. McQuail (2012) contends that the belief that ownership ultimately determines the nature of media is not just a Marxist theory but virtually a common sense axiom summed up in Alttschull's (1984) “Second law of journalism: the contents of the media always reflects in interests of those who finance them.
The disposition of an owner is to his interests and vision for the medium would also, to an extent determine his view of the theory of social responsibility which sees “media ownership as a form of public trust or stewardship, rather than as an unlimited private franchise” McQuail (2012).
Agba, a communication expert presents further analysis of third world system as a system were ownership and control of the media is typical of communist or socialist countries in which the media are owned publicly and controlled by the dominant political party and also a centralized control, privately owned system.
He explains that media are owned by private organizations and individuals but are firmly controlled by government. This system is operated in Nigeria and many African countries.
In Nigeria, government control can be direct or indirect. There is strict control of the mass media through police and military intervention and harassment. In most countries of the third world, broadcast media are owned by government and consequently easy to control.
The media system that exists in a society is directly related to the political system prevalent in the society. The political system determines the exact relationship between the media and the government. The political system in place also determines the relationship between the media and the people. It also affects the flow of information in the country in which it operates.
This can be traced to the political experience of the western region of Nigeria in the first republic, where; during the 1962 – 1965 political crisis in the western region, broadcasting was employed freely by the government of the day as an instrument for waging an offensive opposition.
Following the activities of major political actors, the government saw its powerful ability then decided to only trust broadcasting media into the care of its loyal. it therefore toyed with the idea of tying the radio and television to what why Edochie of ABS called “its apron.”
The government’s insistence on moving and controlling the electronic media is in contravention of the universal declaration of human rights article 19 of the UNO. The article
28 stipulates that; Everyone has the right to freedom of opinioned expression, this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and seek, receive and impact information and idea through any media.
Nevertheless, Nigerians are increasingly, decrying government ownership and control of radio and television stations because the stations are increasingly losing its credibility.
Ugo (2010) attributed the fear of the government as; Factor underlying the restlessness of government of free radio and television from its contribution is nothing but fear. But government has defense against this; it claims that the private ownership would lay volatile Nigerian publics open to selfish manipulation. Hence, it can only trust such big responsibilities into the hands of its loyal.
Due to the government control of the electronic media, they lack credibility and objectivity. This can be accounted in the caliber of workers they parade. Poorly educated editor and reporters who are easy target for manipulation by the government and its agents.
Media ownership pattern has become central to the discussion on mass media and society because Edeani (2011) printed out that; The nature of ownership of any press system determines to a great extent whether that press is dynamic, vigorous and responsive press; or an emasculated, timid, spineless, ineffectual or irresponsible press.
However, we have three main categories of media ownership namely;
- Government ownership
- Private ownership
- Mixed ownership.
But the researcher will be constrained to government ownership of media.
Government ownership implies that the medium is completely financed by the government e.g. Anambra Broadcasting Service (ABS radio), Enugu State Broadcasting Service (ESBS), Radio Nigeria, etc. In government ownership, the government not only finances the media house, but also lay down policies for the media and helps in implementing them. The government previews the news content and news programmes to see if they agree with their policies and what they (the government) want. Also, any news that the government does not want to be made known to the public and is in the news content, the government will erase out of the news content.
Also, the government further controls the media by their decision to invest or not to invest.
The government's interest will be reflected in their appointment of competent staff.
There is a common saying with regards to mass media control in Nigeria and elsewhere which has become a cliché that “he who pays the piper dictates the tune.” This means that owners of mass media organize, channel, and control what the media broadcast and how they broadcast it.
It is obviously true that mass media owners exert a threatening control over the press, whether the mass media is managed by a board of director's appointment, by private owner, or by public corporation established by the government. The media have policies set down by the board. The short term and long term operations.
Because of this influences the ownership, the media has become a mere vociferous tool, propaganda and as well as indispensable instrument used by the government to make or mark their relationship with the masses.
1.2 Statement of Research Problem
Whatever the practice of ABS (radio) the influence of leadership and control on gate-keeping are still present and if it is not handled well, it may greatly impair the success of any program, so this is what the researcher is aimed at finding.
Right programming decision can lead to success for the radio station. In ownership, government exercise total control of the medium or media information. It has the right to appoint the chairman, the editors and members of the board of directors of the body.
I countries with less degree of free press, government has manipulated the masses using broadcasting media. Broadcasting is volatile and its potentials are unending satisfaction.
Since ABS radio is one of the state governments owned broadcasting media stations, it could be involved in state government propaganda machinery like others.
This researcher has been monitoring the quality of news and programs coming out on ABS radio and is disturbed by the level of sycophantic (praise singing) on the government that negates objective reporting. It is on this note therefore that this researcher is set out to know whether such non-objective reporting is as a result of government o the journalist or if there are other factors responsible on such unethical reportage.
Government did not own and exert control of broadcast media for its sake but for a definite purpose of using it as a medium or tool of telling its own story the way it suits them.
Most state owned media organizations are hand locked with credibility and objective questions for the way they have handled information dissemination for the government at the expense of the opposition and indeed the people. For this reason, media audience is today known to take state owned media messages with a pinch of salt. And because ABS radio is a culprit in this issue, the researcher has chosen it for her study.
1.3 Objective of the Study
Based on this seemingly observation, the objective of this study includes:
- To find out how objective the ABS (radio) discharges its duty in the light of government ownership and control.
- To determine whether ABS (radio) is involved in sycophantic reporting. as speculated .
- To find out how government influence on the station affect people’s patronage.
- To determine the pattern of recruitment of journalist into the government enterprise.
1.4 Research Questions
A number of questions have been raised and answers to such questions definitely shall provide solution to the problem of government misuse of ABS (radio). The belief of the researcher is that the following research questions will provide focus and direct her attention to major issues in the identified problems and they are:
- To what level has government ownership and control influence affected objective reporting on ABS (radio)?
- How does ABS (radio) practice sycophantic reporting?
- How true is it that government influences on the station affect people’s patronage?
- To what extent does journalist’s recruitment into the ABS (radio) station comply with the standard principles?
1.5 Research Hypotheses
From the above mentioned research questions, some hypotheses shall be tested in this study. They are as follows:
H1: Government ownership and control influence affects objective reporting on ABS (radio).
H0: Government ownership and control influence do not affect objective reporting on ABS (radio).
H2: ABS (radio) is involved in sycophantic reporting.
H0: ABS (radio) is not involved in sycophantic reporting.
1.6 Scope of the Study
The scope of this study is limited to only accessing the effect of government ownership of Anambra State radio service and understanding how it affects the efficient journslist reportage of events to the public. It does not cover other areas of the states broadcast media organization or states print media. It only discusses radio, taking an aspect of negative reporting which audience is alleging that emanates due to control influence. And that is what this study wants to investigate.
1.7 Significance of the Study
The benefits of this study are numerous. The effect of government ownership and efficiency of Anambra Broadcasting Service (radio) demands serious empirical investigation because of its significance as follows:
- The study result will confirm whether state government use ABS (radio) as propaganda machinery.
- b. The study will expose the level of government involvement in the management and staff recruitment in the station.
- c. The study will expose the level of sycophantic practice in the government owned broadcast s
- d. The result of the study serves as reference material for further studies in management, government and mass communication
- e. Both government and management of ABS (radio) will find the study useful in many aspects.
1.8 Operational Definition of Significant Terms
In order to avoid the researchers misinterpretation of certain words or terms contained in the title of this work, the researcher defined the term operationally, such words and terms are:
- Government: the body that controls and directs the affairs or welfare of the state.
- Impact: is a change in a particular situation of something either positively or negatively.
- Objective reporting: is the situation in news coverage where facts are reported without bias.
| CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
This research work is on Impact of conflict management on organizational efficiency, a case study of first bank plc. Conflict is a regular feature of formal organizations which results from divergences in interests of individual workers and management. Because individuals differ in their values, attitudes and goals, conflict among them becomes unavoidable. Conflict occurs at both individual and collective levels, personality and other structural factors coming into play. Obisi (2005:47) observes that there is intra-management conflict just as conflict situations do occur between and among groups of workers and their organizations as well as between individuals.
Two types of conflicts at work have been distinguished. These are organized and unorganized conflicts. Otobo (2005:125) expresses that organized conflict forms part of a conscious strategy to change the situation which is identified as source of discontent. This type of conflict is thus a group activity, involving deliberate decisions taken at a mass meeting or by selected representatives of affected staff. In unorganized conflict, the worker responds to the situation in the only way open to him as an individual, that is, by withdrawing from the source of discontent, or in reaction engaging in sabotage and rudeness Agwu (2006: 12) argues that such reaction rarely derives from any real calculative strategy. Indeed, unorganized expression of conflict are often, not regarded as conflict by the persons in the situation. This is why most people may not ordinarily associate acts of rudeness with being in a state of conflict. Quite often such rude behavior may be attributed to “bad mood” and similar psychological states of mind. Conflicts in organizations, whether organized or unorganized individual or group, need to be managed effectively because of their effects on the organization.
Conflict situations affect the overall effectiveness of co-operate organizations in the sense that they cause disharmony among organizational participants impacting negatively on organizational performance. This is because useful time and resources are wasted during conflicts in organizations. Nevertheless, we have to bear in mind than on organization is immune to conflict within itself since every organization is made up of different individuals with diverse interests, goals, ideas and temperaments and it is very difficult to harmonize these divergences. As a corollary, interests and goals usually conflict between the individuals and the management team as well as within the management team members.
Conflict management is an important aspect of corporate management. Ugbaja (2002:111) notes that the aim of conflict management is not to create an ideal corporate situation since that is not attainable given the divergences in the individuals goals, etc. However, conflict management systematically uses the available conflict resolution strategies to build an effective mechanism for conflict management in corporate organizations. Although there may be existing mechanism and procedures already in place to deal with conflicts whenever they occur, some organizations with reactive managers rise to the situation when it occurs. Dunlop (2002:321) expresses that the virtues of organizational harmony underscores effective conflict management which is indisputable to effective organizations performance. For this reason every corporate organization strives to ensure good work environment in which relationships among workers on the one hand, and workers and management on the other are cordial and appreciated by all the organizations participants. The banking industry is one such sector where conflict management is not only essential but should be effective given the institutions‟ vulnerability to huge financial losses whenever there is conflict. Against this background, therefore, this study is set to examine conflict management in the United Bank for Africa, Plc with a view to determining its impact on its performance.
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
Conflicts in organizations have destabilizing effects on the overall performance of the organization. It leads to under performance since valuable time and resources (human and material) are used in controlling and managing conflicts rather than in enhancing output and productivity. Conflicts also lead to interpersonal disharmony in the organization which makes attainment of organizational goals difficult. Attaining organizational goals is possible if efforts are always made to reduce the overall level of conflict within the organization. Consequently, it is very imperative that efforts are made towards finding ways of effectively managing conflict so as to achieve organizational objectives. The problem of poor conflict management in corporate organizations with particular emphasis on UBA and First Bank of Nigeria, Plc is the focus of this study.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The objectives of this study are;
- To identify the causes of conflicts in corporate organizations.
- To examine the different strategies of conflict management in organizations.
- To determine the extent to which these strategies are effective.
- To determine the impact of conflict on workers productivity.
- To determine the impact of effective conflict management on organizational performance.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
The following questions will be addressed in this study; i. What are the causes of conflicts in corporate organizations? ii. What are the different strategies for conflict management in organizations? iii. To what extent are the strategies effective? iv. What is the impact of conflicts on workers‟ productivity? v. What is the impact of effective conflict management on organizational performance?
1.5 HYPOTHESES
The following hypotheses are postulated for this study;
- Ø Ho: Organizational conflict does not arise from poor superior-subordinate relationship.
H1: Organizational conflict arises from poor superior-subordinate relationship
- Ø Ho: Organizational conflict does not hamper workers‟
H1: Organizational conflict hampers workers‟ productivity.
- Ø Ho: Effective conflict management does not enhance organizational performance
H1: Effective conflict management enhances organizational performance.
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study is very important in several respects. Firstly, it will be beneficial to management in all corporate organizations. This is because conflict has become a regular and frequent feature of corporate organizations. By investigating the causes of organizational conflicts the study will be able to find out how the conflicts will be minimized since they cannot be completely avoided. Besides, in examining the causes of conflicts, the study will be able to determine why they re-occur.
Furthermore, by examining how conflicts are managed, the study will be able to find out the limitation of the strategies. All these will provide the basis on which recommendations will be made for the benefit of management.
Secondly the government will also benefit from the study. As conflicts occur at organizational level so do they occur in the public sector level. The findings of this study will be very useful to the government in formulating effective strategies for managing conflicts in the public sector.
Thirdly, employees in both the private and public sector organizations will also benefit from this study. This is because it will show how their intra and inter-relationships bring about conflict and how they can accommodate one another or what approach to adoption order to avoid conflicts.
Fourthly, union leaders will also benefit from the study. This is because the findings will show how they can use their positions in helping to ensure sustained harmony in corporate organizations. Finally, the study will be useful for academic purpose. This is because students who will carryout related studies will use this project report as a reference material.
1.7 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
This study focuses on Impact of conflict management on organizational efficiency. No doubt, it will be practically difficult to cover all organizations in this study. Hence, the scope of the study is restricted to first bank of Nigeria Plc, Enugu. The following are the limitations of the study;
- Uncooperative attitude of some of the staff of First Bank, Plc who refused to complete the questionnaires given to them or to be interviewed for fear of official reprisal. Their refusal to cooperate adversely affected the amount of data collected through primary sources.
- Financial Constraint: The study could have been very extensive if more organizations were included. But the researcher could not afford the cost involved. Thus, the study is restricted to only one corporate organization.
- Time Constraint: The researcher could not complete the study within a record time because of the pressure of other academic works on her.
1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Conflict: This refers to a situation of disharmony and grievance.
Organization: This refers to a combination or group of people who work together to achieve a goal.
Idiosyncrasy: This refers to a set of attitudes, behaviors and values which characterize an individual.
Goal: This refers to a set objective.
Goal congruency: This is a situation of overlapping personal interests.
Strategy: This is an approach or measure adopted in order to achieve a goal.
Corporate Organization: This refers to a business entity.
Disharmony: This refers to a situation of absence of togetherness.
Management: This refers to the art of planning, organizing, directing and controlling. It also refers to decision-makers in a corporate organization.
| TABLE OF CONTENT
Title page
Approval page
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Abstract
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of study
1.2 Statement of research problem
1.3 Objective of the studies
1.4 Significance of the study
1.5 Research question
1.6 Research hypothesis
1.7 Conceptual and operational definition
1.8 Assumptions.
1.9 Limitation of the study
1.10Theoretical frame work
CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE
2.1Sources of literature
2.2Literature review
2.3Summary of literature review
CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research method
3.2 Research design
3.3 Research sample
3.4 Measuring instrument
3.5 Data collection
3.6 Data analysis
3.7 Expected Result
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSES AND RESULT
4.1 Data analysis
4.2 Results
4.3Discussion
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATION FOR FURTHER STUDY
5.1 Summary
5.2 Recommendation
References
Appendices. |
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