| Content | ABSTRACT
The main aim of this project work is to construct and assemble and electronic can horns have may application especially in modern vehicles such as cars, lorries, trucks etc. the car horn is designed to convert a small signal input inform of electric current in a loud noise. The D.C supply is fed to an a stable multi-vibrator which produces a square coawel form. These pulse serve as the input that gives out a loud noise.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.0Background of the study:
The most recent advancement in technology has given birth to different development in the field of engineering. Provision has been made by technologist who cover a wide range of human environment giving solution to humans problem.
Project work from the basic foundation on which the whole structure of electrical engineering is built. It is and essential feature of and engineering course and enables the student to understand the basic practical techniques and concepts which promotes them to a great level of reasoning toward solving the problems of man and the society at large.
In automobile technology, vehicles such as motor cars, motorcycles etc consist of a horn system used as an alert to the public or from one vehicle to another. A car horn is of a great importance as it can sound an alert to someone or the public of a vehicle presence thereby eliminating issues that may had to an accident.
A vehicle horn is a sound making device used to warn others of the approach of a vehicle. Automobiles, trucks, ships and trains are also required by law to have horns. Bicycle are also legally required to have an audible loaning device in many jurisdiction but not universally, and not always a horn.
Oliver Lucas of Briminghan, England developed a standard car horn in 1910. automobile horns are usually electronic driven by a flat circular steel diaphragm that has an electromagnet acting upon it andis attached to a contractor that repeatedly interrupts the current to the electromagnet. This arrangement works likes a buzzer or electric bell and is normally knows as sourcing or honking one horn. There are usually a screw to adjust the distance/tension of the electrical contacts for best operation. A spiral exponential horn shape sometimes called the snail is cast into the body of the horn to better match the acoustical impedance of the diaphragm with open air and thus more effectively transfer the sound energy. Sound levels are approximately 107109 decibels and current draw 56 amperes. The recent advancement in technology now brings about the utilization of an electronic car horn which can be operated electronically by using a sensor which can easily defect obstacles along its line of radiation.
As the rays of the sensor are which breached, it snails back a wave in from of signal to the horn system immediately triggers the sound system incorporated and continues until the obstacle is removed.
During this research work it was discovered that the electronic car horn explained above is not get used in Nigeria since independence in 1960 and as a result of this, road users have encountered a lot of problem from both the motorist and passersby.
1.1 Statement of the Problem:
In the wake of independence in Nigeria till present, several account or cases have been filed pertaining to unfortunate incident of malfunctioning car horn. The use of electronic horns have not been fully initiated in Nigeria and because of this, the safety of the road users are not assured because the use of manually operated car horn can fail sometimes owing to the carelessness of the driver or may be the malfunctioning of the horn system. It is light of this that the researchers are constructing an electronic car horn system.
1.2 Purposes of the study:
The main purpose of this project work is to contract an electronic car horn that will work as perfect as the imported car horn. Specifically, the project is aimed at achieving the following:
i It is aimed at eliminating or atleast curtailing the problems faced by road users.
ii The project work is also aimed at elimination the malfunctioning of the manually produced horn thereby reducing the cases of accidents.
iii Above all, this project is aimed towards curtailing the gap of discoveries and invention between the whites and the blacks. | ABSTRACT
This project shows the construction of a microcontroller based security door using smart card. It is aimed towards programming the microcontroller to control the hardware in sliding door. The system consists of a microcontroller 89S52 which sends a signal to the multiplexers on insertion of the smart card in the card slot. The multiplexers consist of ICS which prompts for a display of the identity of the card user in the liquid crystal display LCD. The LCD displays the status of the card. On validation of the card, the LCD displays a welcome note to the user and prompts for a pin code. The pin code is being keyed in from the key pad. If confirmed by the program written into the microcontroller access will be granted, otherwise no access, giving the user two more chances to insert the correct smartcard or pin code to it, before final denial of access and alarm. When access is granted, the card sends a 5volt signal to the microcontroller which triggers relay, resulting in the opening of the door.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Creation of secured access path to offices, homes, hotels, industries etc. has been a successful discovery of man. As a result of this, it has been possible to create door/gates that are well secured using smart card.
Individuals are becoming more aware of the dangers/ risk associated with relying on keys or padlocks to provide security to unauthorized areas of their apartments. Fraudsters/criminals can forge keys or make master keys that will be used to break into such rooms or offices.
To eliminate this insecure and old fashioned method, the use of password in doors/gates mechanism evolved. The development of single secret authentication such as password is an effective security control.
A long password of more than ten characters that consists of random letters, numbers and special character can be very difficult to crack. Unfortunately, users cannot always remember the sort of password, partly due to fundamental human limitations.
Two factor authentication i.e. System that uses card and pin code for authentication overcame the issues of single secret authentication by the requirement of a second secret. Two factor authentication uses a combination of the following items;
Something that the user has, such as hardware token or a smartcard.
Something the user knows, such as personal identification number pin.
Hence to reduce or eliminate the access of unauthorized personnel into unauthorized areas, an automated door/access path is to be constructed. This involves controlling the doors/gates by an artificial means artificial intelligence. It involves the application of automated system that is incorporated into these doors/gates for efficient and optimum performance.
This project was constructed using microcontroller for better creativity and beauty in design. The microcontroller programmable has series of instruction fed into it, this help it to accomplish most intelligent task like the human brain. These include detection of card, identification of password, displaying access granted, access denied and opening and closing of door/gate with the aid of the smart card. An electromagnetic relay controls the opening and closing of the door/gate which is moved to and fro by a synchronous motor DC.
The microcontroller based security door using smart card is designed using the 89S52 microcontroller with appropriate software package. The project is segmented into different module which includes; the mechanical, electrical/electronic and programmable computerized part as listed below;
1. The microcontroller module
2. The keypad module
3. Electromagnetic relay
4. The display unit module
5. The Smart card module
6. The alarm signal module
7. The sliding door/gate
8. Electric motor
9. The Power Supply Module etc.
The microcontroller: The microcontroller does most of the addressing and instruction execution through its data, address and control busses.
The Keypad: The keypad is used for selection i.e. As an input device to issue instruction to the control processing unit CPU of the processor.
The smart card and its associated pin: provide the security system.
The Display Module: the display module shows the output of events that are taking place.
The Electromagnetic Relay: The help of the relay is utilized by the CPU to switch the motor ON which moves or turns causing the gate/door to slide to the defined direction.
The Alarm Unit: The alarm unit produces an alarm signal when a wrong password or pin code is entered more than three times.
The power supply Unit: The power supply unit supplies a voltage for optimum operation of the circuit.
In all, this project demonstrates the integral function of what is obtainable in real system.
1.1 AREAS OF APPLICATION
This project is applicable in areas where unauthorized personnel are restricted from access as can be seen in
Offices
Hotels
Residential quarters
Banks
Security System
Credit or ATM cards
Authorization card for pay television
Sims for mobile phones
1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
The major aim of this project is to construct a system that uses two factor authentication smart card and their associated pins to provide security control to reduce the threat of authorized access to some restricted areas. It also aims at bridging the technological gap between developing and developed countries of the world. | ABSTRACT
The main aim of this project is to construct an inverter. Inverters have many applications especially in modern electronic devices such as computers. The inverter is designed to convert D.C from 12volt battery to 120volt A/C, the D.C supply is fed to an astable multivibrator which produces a square waveform. These pulses serve as the input of a stepup transformer to give an output of 120volt.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0INTRODUCTION
The most recent advancement in technology has really given birth to different development in the field of engineering. Provision has been made by technologist who covers a wide range of humans environment, given solution to humans problems.
In the recent times, power supply has been epileptic in the country which has really affected consistent power source. Many power systems were found to be able to maintain power supply to the load during mains failure PHCN. Most of these loads were designed so that electrical supply to them should be maintained without interruption. Electricity can be generated by devices to convert some readily available sources of energy since electricity generation can be interrupted at any time as a result of fault and all electronic devices need an alternating current , the use of an inverter to utilize an alternative source of energy becomes so necessary.
An inverter is an electronic device which converts DC energy to AC energy. Thus, the technological breakthrough resulting to the production of this system has encouraged the optimum utilization of computers and related equipments. The beauty of inverter system is the fact that it accepts all the power anomalies, conditions and filters properly the public power supply output to most load which require pure grade sinusoidal voltage rated output. They are used in a wide variety of applications such as the complicated electronic systems of orbiting satellite and cool astronaut suites. Inverters are also used to operate gyroscope and other air borne instruments. Due to low voltage power sources such as solar cells, nuclear cells, and fuel cells, inverters has become increased in demand.
The system is unaffected by variation in the mains supply and during the period of power failure will continue to supply to the load for a specified duration. Modern DC to AC inverters is reliable and requires less maintenance
1.1AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this project is aimed at designing and constructing a DC/AC inverter. It is necessitated by the quest to supply voltage to electrical electronic appliances in the advent of power failure from the mains PHCN.
1.2JUSTIFICATON
In this design, the DC/AC inverter should be able to switch over to an alternating current AC at the advent of been powered by the mains and automatically charging the battery and reverse is the case when there is power failure from the mains.
1.3LIMITATION
The DC/AC inverter can be produced or designed in different wattage as well as the output voltage models depending on the wattage and output voltage required by the users. It can be mounted or used in different areas of interest e.g. computer systems, ATM, household electronics either 120v or 240v output or many more.
1.4METHOLOGY
A modular approach was adopted in which the design was incorporated namely, DC/AC converter unit The astable multivibrator low/high voltage transformation unit, charging unit, output unit.
These subunits would be designed, constructed and tested separately when all are confirmed to be working properly, there shall be appropriately connected. As much as practicable integrated circuit IC chips will be used to reduce components carried and enhance compatibility and reliability of the systems. | ABSTRACT
Most industrial and commercial processes are dependent on electrical power. In the event of power interruptions, the changeover from electrical power supply which are usually performed manually, often result in waste of time. Moreover, machine damage sometimes occurs because of human errors. These can cause significant financial losses. This project present the design and construction of an automatic change over switch that switches electrical power supply from the public supply PHCN to a generator or other source of electrical supply in the event of a power outage or insufficient voltage. The system uses an electronic control circuit involving integrated circuit, transistor and electromechanical device.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Title page
Dedication ii
Certification iii
Acknowledgment iv
Table of content v
Abstract vii
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Effect of Power Failure 3
1.2 Manual Change Over switch 3
1.3 Automatic ChangeOver Switch 4
1.4 Aims of the Project 5
1.5 Objectives of the Project 5
1.6 Significance of the project 5
1.7 Important of changeover switch 5
CHAPTER TWO
Literature review 6
CHAPTER THREE
OPERATION OF THE CHANGEOVER SWITCH
3.1 Operating Mechanism 11
3.2 Mode of Operation 11
3.3 Method of Operation 14
3.3.1Input Terminal 15
3.3.2Output Load terminal 15
3.4 Design and Analysis of Changeover Switch 15
CHAPTER FOUR
MAINTENANCE, TESTING OF EQUIPMENT, BILL OF ENGINEERING AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
4.1 Maintenance and Repair 17
4.1.2Repair 17
4.2 Testing of Equipment 18
4.2.1Engineering testing 18
4.3 Financial Estimation of the Project 19
4.4 Performance Evaluation and Discussion 20
CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION and RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Conclusion 21
5.2 Recommendation 22
REFERENCES
| CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this project is to produce a narrative description of the design and construction of a microcontroller based dot matrix advert display. Firstly computer aided design is the modeling of physical system on Computers allowing both interactive and automatic analysis of design variant and the expression of design in a form suitable for manufacturing. This follows by explaining the microcontroller based dot matrix advert display as a device which is fast gaining wide acceptance and application in the present days due to its ability to provide a very high precision timing. The dot matrix advert display can be describe as an electromechanical system for processing information in which the information is represented by physical quantities, which are so constrained to take only discrete values that can be referred to as binary signals.
In this design we have implored the use of both hardware and software to bring about the entire project. The hardware components are solely coordinated by the AT89S51 micro controller chip while the C programming language is used to program the chip.
1.1 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT DESIGN
Depending on ones intention, microcontroller based dot matrix advert display system have many aims and objectives.
For instance, this one in particular aims at displaying a moveable coded letters that says UNIVERSITY CAFETERIA
Also microcontroller based dot matrix advert display system can be used to control the traffic misunderstanding among motorists especially in junctions. This is achieved by displaying stop, get ready, or move. Some traffic control electronic system displays symbols or color that represents the stated commands above
Moreover, microcontroller based dot matrix advert display system is used in electronic scoreboard during football matches to display when a goal is scored, also to display the name of that player who scored the goal. Above all, this system has contributed a lot in boosting advertisement.
1.2 PREAMBLE
Micro controller programmable Dot matrix information display system, is a system electronically designed and constructed, that is used to display different information to the view of the masses. The information to be displayed could be diagrams, symbols, letters, colors, numbers, codes, etc. depending on what is needed at a particular place and time. This without doubt, has made life easier for the people in different ways; however microcontroller, which is the heart of this system, can be described thus: A micro controller is a computer. All computers, whether we are talking about a personal desktop computer you are using is a general purpose computer that can run any of thousands of programs. Micron-controllers are special purpose computers. Micro controllers do one thing well. There are a number of other common characteristics that define micro controllers. If a computer matches a majority of these characteristics, then you can call it a micro controller,
1 Micro controllers are embedded inside some other device often a consumer product so that they can control the features or actions of the product. Another name for a micro controller, therefore, is embedded controller
2 Micro controllers are dedicated to one task and run one specific program. The program is stored in ROM read only memory and generally does not change. Micro controllers are often low power devices. A desktop computer is almost always plugged into a wall socket and mighty consumes 50 watts of electricity. A batteryoperated micro controller might consume 50 milliwatts.
3 A micro controller has a dedicated input device and often but not always has a small LED or LCD display for output. A micro controller also takes input from the device it is controlling and controls the device. Meanwhile the use of a microcontroller to implement an electronic display system design made up of LEDs connected in common cathode matrix form is referred to as microcontroller based programmable dot matrix information display system. This project design is a welcome compliment that displays UNIVERSITY CAFETERIA
1.3 JUSTIFICATION OF THE PROJECT
Due to the various problems encountered in the manual/analog design and construction of signposts for advertisement, there is every need for an automated electronic display system that will solve this problem. This will ensure that viewers get the adequate information that is displayed in good and attractive colors. The though the manual/analog way of displaying information to the view of the people is still targeted viewer are attracted. The height in which advertisement in Nigeria have attained will be maintained if some of its design/construction operation is computerized Micro controller based information display especially the ones that has to do with bigger companies. This will also maintain the good relationship between the company and its numerous customers.
1.4 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
This project can serve in any aspect of life this project microcontroller based dot matrix advert display is based on a computer aided design. .
In the implementation of this project, the scopes that I shall concentrate more on are: the architecture of the microcontroller port interface, multiplexing the data port control sequence and algorithm of the traffic light. The features of the AT89S51 were exploited to achieve the desired sequence of operation of this project.
1.5 CONSTRAINTS
One of the obvious constraints I had in the course of this project was the scarcity of sometimes outright unavailability of some of the required components in the markets. Since scarcity is followed by a hike in price, when such components were even found, they were out rightly expensive. Another major constraint I had was time constraints. I had a relatively short time to source out materials from net, libraries, etc, fully understand the underlying principles and come up with a design that would work. As a result, I had to forgo pleasure and even leisure in order to achieve this.
1.6 BLOCK DIAGRAM OVERVIEW
The entire project given as an overview is shown in diagrammatically in Fig 1. Below
As the name implies, this project is microcontroller based, hence a microcontroller called AT89c51 is employed to serve the purpose with RAM and some other discrete components that are to be discussed later. In other to reduce the risk and complications involved in using only discrete components the project is made up some integrated circuits.
Meanwhile, this project, microcontroller based dot matrix advert display system has sub units such as:
The mains unit.
The power supply unit
The switching and timing unit
The address generators unit
The memory unit/ Microcontroller
The drivers unit
1.7 PROJECT REPORT ORGANIZATION
Six chapters were covered in the course of design and development of this project. The chapters and their contents are as follows:
Chapter one is the introductory chapter that gives the aim, scope and justification for the project. This part shows the significant and the justification of this project that is the literature review of microcontroller dot matrix advert display system and its components reviewed, also the history of the project and its uses were discussed. Chapter Two is literature review. It deliberates on different related works done by several authors with dates. It also discusses on the limitations of some of these works.
In chapter three, I discussed the practical system analysis based on what a microcontroller based dot matrix advert display system will do when fully constructed and installed. Also discussed is the requirement analysis, which is all the information, gathered form a wide research on microcontroller based dot matrix advert display board, data analysis, system design approaches, top-down, bottom-up, choice of design approaches, data flow arrangement and the system flow chart are also discussed. Chapter four deals with the design/preliminary design of how the system will achieve its function, all these are illustrated here in form of circuit diagram to show how the main system is linked to the sub system or the modules. Also discussed here is the user interface design that comprises the input design and the output design. The software design and implementation is also discussed in this chapter. The choices of programming language, soft hard, and subsystem implementation is also discussed here. In chapter five I discussed the system testing and the appropriate software testing strategy to achieve the expected result and the actual. The performance evolution is also analyzed here. Also discussed is the system testing and integration, how the components were tested. The reference evaluation and cost analysis is also discussed here. Finally the summary of this project is discussed in detail in chapter six. The contributions of the project, achievements, and problems for further enhancement, development and advanced discussions on this topic |
CHAPTER ONE
1.0. INTRODUCTION:
The low cost smoke alarm is a security device designed to protect both private and commercial resident when there is fire outbreak. The fire alarm system that provide medical alert services. Here a person with health problem who lives alone carries a radio transmitter that can trigger the system in case they need assistance; signals received at the monitoring station are identified by the type fire, burglary, medical alert so that the proper response can be made.
A feature of most monitoring services or fire alarm is ability to keep special information on the residence which comes up on the computer screen whenever the alarm is received from their home. Thus if there is a disabled person in the home who needs special assistance, this fact will be known to the operator and can be passed along to the fire department for rescue when they are called.
Consequently, the use of fire alarm widely reduced the huge yearly lose and damage of life and properties globally.
Basically, there are two types of fire smoke fire alarms available for home use. They are;
I. The ionization type which is the most simplest and most commonly used and is usually the least expensive one. This type reacts quicker to fuming fire.
II. Photo Electric type reacts quicker to smoldering fire commercial photoelectric. Smoke alarm can also be used to cover large areas using point to point lasers. Other types of smoke detector which are widely used in business and public buildings are;
Thermal type which is used to detect heat in the room
Manual type has to be manually pulled to set off the alarm.
Water flow type is activated when a fire sprinkler has started flowing.
Interconnected type is one that interconnects all the smoke alarm in a building so that when one goes off, they all will go off.
Hard wired control panel type is a type where smoke and heat sensors and other fire sensors that are connected to a central panel where any sensor will set off a facility alarm and be communicated to fire dispatchers.
1.1. DEFINITION OF THE PROBLEM
Analysis statistically shows that over 45 citizens across the state level have been affected of fire to obtain remote monitoring services. This services becomes very important in cases where family members may not be capable of escaping from a fire or water flood without assistance, thus alarm alone might not be enough to assure their safety.
In construction of low cost fire alarm, the following deficiencies were discovered hence on type of smoke alarm can sense every kind of fire or smoke every time.
1. I discovered that alarm unit falls if the power is turned off or if the battery is dead.
2. Improperly location of alarm to avoid nuisance alarms
3. Alarm unit not function very well where detector guides are used.
1.2. REMEDY:
In attempt to ensure maximum protection and function of the alarm, it is better to use an ionization type that works from two completely different power sources such as an AC direct wire with battery backup smoke alarm that can give an extra measure of protection in case of an AC power failure or a dead battery.
1.3. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT:
This project work is aimed at the following:
I. To seek better ways/methods of protecting life and properties.
II. To minimize burning of homes, industrial motors and vehicles caused by fire smoke
III. To ensure comfort of living/sleeping in homes and hospitals.
1.4. SCOPE OF THE PROJECT:
The scope of the project entices collecting the required materials, drawing the circuit diagram, construction, research work and write up. The following items were used in putting the unit together. Namely; fire alarm sensor, piezoelectric buzzer that produces the alarm sound, incandescent bulb or infrared led, collimate lens, photodiode, control panel and ionization chamber that is normally open to the air and a served reference chamber.
|
Reviews
There are no reviews yet.