| Content |
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
The Mitchell tilting pad apparatus is a hydrodynamic measuring instrument developed in the early 1880s in the laboratory of Beauchamp Tower in England. Tower was employed to study the friction in railway journal bearings and come up with the best method of lubricating them. The Mitchell tilting pad apparatus is used broadly in two different experiments namely;
1 Determination of the load carrying capacity of the slider bearing.
2 Confirming the theory of the hydrodynamic lubrication.
Tilting pad journal bearings are a source of both static support and dynamic stiffness and damping. Tilting pad journal bearings have a number of pads, typically four or five. Each pad in the bearing is free to rotate about a pivot and cannot support a moment. As a result, the destabilizing forces are greatly reduced or eliminated, and the bearings are no longer a potential source of rotor dynamic instability. This feature has made tilting pad journal bearings the standard fluid film bearing for most high speed applications. High speed rotor dynamic applications often have rotors that pass through one or two bending critical speeds as the machines are accelerated to the operating speed. The damping from the fluid film bearings is required to safely pass through these bending critical speeds as the rotating element is accelerated. The damping also helps suppress potentially destabilizing forces from sources such as radial seals, balance pistons, impeller eye seals, internal friction fits, and unbalanced electromagnetic forces.
1.1 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT
The project designing, constructing and testing on the Mitchell tilting pad apparatus is aimed at achieving the following objectives:
1 To verify the hydrodynamic theory of lubrication as it was propounded by Beauchamp Tower in 1880 AD.
2 To determine the load carrying capacity of the tilting pad slider bearing
3 To provide the fluid mechanics laboratory of the Mechanical Engineering Department with a hydrodynamic fluid analyzing apparatus.
4 To activate and motivate the students potentials into practically solving problems facing mankind.
5 To run tests with the apparatus and compare the results obtained with the established or ideal standards.
1.2 PROJECT JUSTIFICATION
Engineering is known to be to be practice oriented discipline. In other words, no useful Engineering endeavor can exist in theory only, it must be applied to touch and transform life through meaningful practice. Therefore, this project task given to us is to ensure the knowledge we students gained throughout our five year degree programme and channeled towards the construction of Mechanical Engineering equipment's.
1.3 APPLICATIONS AND USES
The Mitchell tilting pad apparatus is applicable in experiments which does not require;
1 Hydrostatic lubrication
2 Boundary lubrication
3 Solid lubrication
4 Elastohydrodynamic form of lubrication.
It only finds its application useful in full film or fluid lubrications in motion, in which there is a situation that the load carrying surfaces of the bearing are separated by an adequate supply at all times of a relatively thick film of lubricant, so as to prevent metal to metal contact and that the stability thus obtained can be explained by the laws of fluid mechanics. The Mitchell tilting pad is a Mechanical Engineering apparatus with the above aims and objectives.
1.4 LIMITATIONS
The Mitchell tilting pad apparatus is limited to use with the specified oil viscosity SAE20W/50 or Whitz oil which is typical automobile engine oil. The Mitchell tilting pad apparatus is also limited to operation when there is power failure or insufficient supply of power that drives the electric motor, other limitations are stipulated below;
1 The use of lubricants that do not obey Newtons law of viscous flow.
2 The use of compressible lubricants
3 Fluid pressure varying in the axial direction.
From the limitations stated above, it is necessary to identify the Newtons viscous effect, which states that the shear stress in the fluid is proportional to the rate of change of velocity with respect
| ABSTRACT
With advancement of technology things are becoming simpler and easier for us. Automatic systems are being preferred over manual system. The purpose of this project is to design and construct A GSM based home automation using AVR. Using GSM networks, in this project a home power control system has been proposed that will act as an embedded system which can monitor and control appliances and other devices locally using built-in input and output peripherals. The system has a delay of 2 minutes after the first call to initiate the next command. This project is made up of four vital units. These units are as follows: GSM module unit, peripheral interface control PIC unit, driver unit and a power monitoring and control unit. The GSM module is a GSM transceiver which gives the system access to the GSM service provider. The peripheral interface control PIC is programmed to carry out the OFF/ RESET operation according to the GSM commands while the driver and control unit consist of capacitors, resistors, diodes, regulators and electromagnetic relay is to effect power switching. The major component that performed the power control of 220v main supply and the automatic voltage regulation AVR is the automated electromagnetic relay. The project was realized.
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION TO THE PROJECT
With advancement of technology things are becoming simpler and easier for us. Automation is the use of control systems and information technologies to reduce the need for human work in the production of goods and services. In the scope of industrialization, automation is a step beyond mechanization. Whereas mechanization provided human operators with machinery to assist them with the muscular requirements of work, automation greatly decreases the need for human sensory and mental requirements as well. Automation plays an increasingly important role in the world economy and in daily experience. Automatic systems are being preferred over manual system. Through this project we have tried to show automatic control of a house as a result of which power is saved to some extent. GSM based home automation using AVR is an electronic device that allows a GSM cell phone to monitor and shut down electrical power supply at home where there are emergency or ugly situations such as fire outbreak, lightning strikes, switching surges, transients, neutral failure and other abnormal conditions or malfunctions that can destroy lives and properties.
1.2 BACKGROUND OF STUDY
The new age of technology has redefined communication. Most people nowadays have access to mobile phones and thus the world indeed has become a global village. At any given moment, any particular individual can be contacted with the mobile phone. But the application of mobile phone cannot just be restricted to sending SMS or starting conversations. New innovations and ideas can be generated from it that can further enhance its capability.
Technologies such as Infrared, Bluetooth, etc which has developed in recent years goes to show the very fact that improvements are in fact possible and these improvements have eased our life and the way we live. Remote management of several home and office appliances is a subject of growing interest and in recent years we have seen many systems providing such controls. An appliance of a certain location is eliminated with the use of our system. These days, apart from supporting voice calls a mobile phone can be used to send text messages as well as multimedia messages that may contain pictures, graphics, animations, etc. Sending written text messages is very popular among mobile phone users. Instant messaging, as it is also known, allows quick transmission of short messages that allow an individual to share ideas, opinions and other relevant information. We have designed a control system which is based on the GSM technology that effectively allows control from a remote area to the desired location. The application of our suggested system is immense in the ever changing technological world. It allows a greater degree of freedom to an individual whether it is controlling the household appliances or office equipments. There is no need to be physically present in order to control.
1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT
Technology has advanced so much in the last decade or two that it has made life more efficient and comfortable. The comfort of being able to take control of devices from one particular location has become imperative as it saves a lot of time and effort. Therefore there arises a need to do so in a systematic manner which we have tried to implement with our system. The system we have proposed is an extended approach to automating a control system. With the advancement and breakthroughs in technology over the years, the lives of people have become more complicated and thus they have become busier than before. With the adoption of our system, we can gain control over certain things that required constant attention. The application of our system comes in handy when people who forget to do simple things such as turn ON or OFF devices at their home or in their office, they can now do so without their presence by making a call from their mobile phone. This development, I believe, will ultimately save a lot of time especially when people don't have to come back for simple things such as to turn OFF switches at their home or at their office once they set out for their respective work.
1.4 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
The objective of this project is to develop a device that can automatically regulate power surge in the home and allow its users to remotely control and monitor multiple home appliances using a cellular phone. This system is a powerful and flexible tool that will offer this service at any time, and from anywhere with the constraints of the technologies being applied. Possible target appliances include but are not limited to climate control system, security systems, lights; anything with an electrical interface.
General objectives of the project are defined as;
To coordinate appliances and other devices through phone call.
To effectively receive and transmit data via phone call
To eliminate the need of being physically present in any location for tasks involving the operation of appliances within a household/office.
Minimize power and time wastage
1.5 SCOPES AND PURPOSE OF SYSTEM SPECIFICATION
The system specification shows the description of the function and the performance of system and the user. The scope of our project GSM based home automation using AVR is immense.
The project itself can be modified to achieve a complete Home Automation system which will then create a platform for the user to interface between himself and the household.
1.6 LIMITATIONS
Our project has certain limitations and a list of such is mentioned below:
A. The receiver must reside in a location where a signal with sufficient strength can be received from a cellular phone network.
B. Only devices with electrical controlling input ports will be possible targets for control.
C. Operation of the controlling unit is only possible through a cell phone and SIM card with the capability of receiving phone calls.
D. The Control unit must be able to receive and decode phone calls. | CHAPTER ONE
1.0. INTRODUCTION:
A thermistor is a type of resistor whose resistance varies significantly with temperature, more so than in standard resistors.
The word thermistor is a Portmanteau of thermal and resistor. Thermistors are widely used as inrush current limiters, temperature sensors, self resetting over current protectors and self regulating heating elements. Thermistors can be classified into two types depending on the sign it bears. If it is positive, the resistance increases with increasing temperature and the device is called a positive temperature coefficient PTC thermistor or posistor.
If it is negative, the resistance decreases with increasing temperature and the device is called a negative temperature coefficient NTC thermistor.
Resistors that are not thermistors are designed to have a temperature sensitivity which is as close to zero as possible so that their resistance remains nearly constant over a wide temperature range. Instead of the temperature coefficient K, sometimes the temperature coefficient of resistance is used alpha sub.
1.1. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY:
The most recent advancement in technology has really given birth to different development in the fields of electronics engineering. Provisions have been made by technologist who covers a wide range of humans environment giving solution to humans problem.
In recent time, heat control has been unstable in the world which has really affected some heat level sensitive equipment's. Most equipment was found to malfunction under high temperature in this case, high heat.
Heat/temperature level sensitive equipment aside, humans was as well found to behave abnormally under high temperature/heat at times. These findings necessitated the research of this project work where a thermistor is used to regulate the heat level/content of a room.
The first thermistor was discovered in 1833 by Michael Faraday who reported on the semiconducting behavior of silver sulfide.
Faraday noticed that the resistance of silver sulfide decreases dramatically as temperature increases. Because early thermistors were difficult to produce and applications for technology were limited, commercial production of thermistors did not begin until in the 1930s.
The thermistor was invented by Samuel Ruben in 1930.
1.2. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM:
The following problems necessitated the research of this project work.
1. High cost of using other methods of heating in a room.
2. Lack of means of heat regulation in houses located around the tropical rain forest.
3. The high rate of searching for adequate means of heating a room or regulating the temperature in a room.
4. Ignorance of thermistor and its applications among engineering students.
1.3. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY:
The purpose of this study is aimed at constructing a thermistor controlled room heater. It was prompted by a quest to produce/construct a comparatively cheap room heating element or gadget that can work as perfectly as other heating vent sold in the market today.
1.4. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY:
Having researched the problems faced by the electronic engineers in their collective attempts to produce a heating vent for room, the following therefore constitutes the objective of this study.
I. To produce a thermistor controlled heater for rooms which can be purchased by everyone at a comparatively cheap price.
II. To minimize the high rate of searching for adequate means of heating a room or regulating the temperature of a room.
III. To help create awareness among engineering students of the existence of a thermistor which can be used to regulate heat/temperature in a room.
1.5. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY:
The thermistor controlled room heater should be able to control the heating of the room in which it is installed. It can also be used to control the temperature of tropical aquariums; chemical processes etc. as long as their requirement can be classified by a two degree tolerance. The thermistor room controlled heater constructed here is not good enough for colour photographic works especially slide developing. To undertake such task, the need for real PI or PID controls is required PID is a new model of thermistors.
1.6. SCOPE OF THE STUDY:
The focal point of this work is to construct a thermistor control room heater, highlighting its objectives and operational characteristics.
The gadget constructed here has only been confirmed to work adequately in a compatible single room or office.
Its application in a larger room, office or warehouse is slightly beyond the scope of this study.
1.8. LIMITATION OF THE STUDY:
The following forms the limitations of the study;
1. FINANCIAL CONSTRAINT: Sourcing for more information from diverse sources was limited to do, lack of enough money to extract information through more sources available in the Nigeria as a whole.
2. ORGANIZATIONAL POLICIES: The policies guiding the organization in which the research was carried out upon are restricted to give certain organizational file to keep as a secret from the public who have no direct contribution to the well being of the organization.
3. MATERIAL FACTOR: The materials required for the construction of a thermistor control room heater are limited because of this, alternative materials was used which may result in the constructed work not performing as was expected.
1.9. DEFINITION OF OPERATIONAL TERMS:
1. PNP TRANSISTOR: This is an electronic component used as a switch to ON or OFF the power supply of a system which can be AC or DC.
2. CAPACITOR: This is a device that is used to store energy.
3. RESISTOR: This is a component that provides opposition to the flow of electric current in a circuit.
4. ALTERNATING CURRENT: This is the flow of current in a circuit in a sinusoidal pattern.
5. TRIAC: This is a three terminal semiconductor device for controlling current. It is an ideal device to use for AC switching application because it can control the current flow over both halves of an alternating cycle.
6. THERMISTOR: A thermistor is a type of resistor whose resistance varies significantly with temperature.
7. NTC THERMISTOR: This is a type of thermistor in which the resistance decreases with an increase in temperature.
8. PTC THERMISTOR POSISTOR: This is a type of thermistor in which the resistance increases with an increase in temperature.
9. CONDUCTOR: This is a material that allows the easy passage of current through them.
10. UNIT: This is defined as a particular section of a circuit with a specified function. | ABSTRACT
Most industrial and commercial processes are dependent on electrical power. In the event of power interruptions, the changeover from electrical power supply which are usually performed manually, often result in waste of time. Moreover, machine damage sometimes occurs because of human errors. These can cause significant financial losses. This project present the design and construction of an automatic change over switch that switches electrical power supply from the public supply PHCN to a generator or other source of electrical supply in the event of a power outage or insufficient voltage. The system uses an electronic control circuit involving integrated circuit, transistor and electromechanical device.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Title page
Dedication ii
Certification iii
Acknowledgment iv
Table of content v
Abstract vii
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Effect of Power Failure 3
1.2 Manual Change Over switch 3
1.3 Automatic ChangeOver Switch 4
1.4 Aims of the Project 5
1.5 Objectives of the Project 5
1.6 Significance of the project 5
1.7 Important of changeover switch 5
CHAPTER TWO
Literature review 6
CHAPTER THREE
OPERATION OF THE CHANGEOVER SWITCH
3.1 Operating Mechanism 11
3.2 Mode of Operation 11
3.3 Method of Operation 14
3.3.1Input Terminal 15
3.3.2Output Load terminal 15
3.4 Design and Analysis of Changeover Switch 15
CHAPTER FOUR
MAINTENANCE, TESTING OF EQUIPMENT, BILL OF ENGINEERING AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
4.1 Maintenance and Repair 17
4.1.2Repair 17
4.2 Testing of Equipment 18
4.2.1Engineering testing 18
4.3 Financial Estimation of the Project 19
4.4 Performance Evaluation and Discussion 20
CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION and RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Conclusion 21
5.2 Recommendation 22
REFERENCES
|
1.1.BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
According to W. Stephen Woodward W. Stephen Woodward Jan 22, 2001, explicit airflow detection is essential in many applications. High powerdensity electronics are liable to overheat and selfdestruct when coolingfan failures go unnoticed. Heating and airconditioning systems often incorporate multipoint monitoring of ventilationduct flow. Cleanroom airhandling systems with undetected dirty, blocked air filters can ruin process yield. Laboratory fume hoods can contain volatile solvents or toxic reagents, making adequate air turnover critical to safety. In these and similar scenarios, the consequences of undetected airflow interruption can range from the merely expensive to the frankly dangerous. Therefore, it becomes necessary to use some reliable means for airflow detection. Usually, either a mechanical pressureactuated vane switch or one of the various
types of heattransferbased airflow sensors is employed.
An advantage of the method of air sensors used here is that they contain no moving parts. But they often require several watts of heating input to run hot enough to overcome ambient temperature variations. The detector described here is a powerthrifty member of the thermal genre. It employs an ambientcompensated airflowdetection scheme based on differential heating of a series
connected transistor pair. In operation, 200mV reference regulator A1 maintains a constant Q1/Q2 current drive equal to 40 mA i.e., 200 mV/R1. Since the two transistors pass the same current, their relative power dissipations are determined solely by their respective V voltages. For the circuit constants shown, these power levels work out to
4 V 40 mA 160 mW for Q1 and 0.75 V 40 mA
30 mW for Q2. The 130mW heatflow difference leads to a temperature difference determined by the heatdissipationversusairspeed characteristics of the 2N4401s plastic TO92 package. The TO92s thermal impedanceversusairspeed characteristic is well approximated by the simple equation shown below
Z Z 1/S K A
Where:
Z total immersion junctiontocase thermal
Impedance 44C/W
S stillair casetoambient conductivity 6.4 mW/C
K Kings Law thermal diffusion constant 750 W/Cfpm
A airspeed in ft. /min.
Therefore, the Q1/Q2 temperature differential ranges from 130 mW 200C/W 26C at 0 fpm zero flow, to 130 mW 75C/W 10C at 1200 fpm the 14mph breeze found at the output face of a typical 100cfm cooling fan. This flowdependent temperature differential gives rise to a flowdependent V differential via the 2N4401s typicaltransistor V temperature coefficient of 2 mV/C. Comparator A2 matches this Q1 /Q2 ratio to R2/R3. Under high airflow, Q1 is cool and Q1 /Q2 > R2/R3, which makes A2s output high i.e., flow OK. With a stagnant airflow as might connote fan failure, flue fouling, or filter fillup Q1 is allowed to heat up, driving Q1 /Q2 < R2/R3. This causes A2s output to slew low, asserting the lowflow faultalarm condition. For these circuit constants, the noflow alarm threshold is 100 fpm Fig. 1, again. But this line in the sand can be easily adjusted. Raising Q1s power dissipation by boosting collector current increases the threshold.
Setting R1 4 , for instance, would bump Q1s power input to 200 mW and quadruple the lowairspeed set point to 400 fpm. Increasing R1 allows the setpoint to be moved the other way toward a lower flow level.
For example, R1 6.4 would cool Q1 to a tepid 125mW and thereby quarter the nogo flow criteria to 25fpm.
Besides being adaptable to different flow rates, the circuit also can accept different supply voltages. In these cases, R1 must be multiplied by V 1/4 to hold
Q1s I V heating level constant.
1.2.STATEMENT OF PROBLEM:
Owing to the alarming rate of the ugly incidents caused by the unavailability of air detector, the following forms the statement of problem of this study
|
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
Heart beat rate means the number of heartbeats per unit time, usually expressed as beats per minute bpm. The human heart pounds to pump oxygen rich blood to the muscles and carry cell waste products away from the tissues. Heartbeat rate can vary according to the demand of the muscles to absorb oxygen and excrete carbon dioxide changes such as during exercise or sleep. It also varies significantly between individuals based on age, fitness and genetics. This means that the heart must beat faster to deliver more oxygen rich blood. During exercise routines, the heartbeat rate gives a strong indication of how effective the exercise is to the body.
The patient monitoring systems is one of the major improvements in the global health care program because of its advanced technology. A patient monitoring system measures the heartbeat and body temperature by using embedded technology. This advancement in technology is highly needed because many sick patients at the hospitals die because of high fever and heart attacks. The trend of cardiovascular disease has shown that heart beat rate plays a key role in determining the possibility of a heart attack while an increase in the body temperature can induce fever on a patient.
Another vital thing to monitor in a patient is the heartbeat rate. It is very important that the heartbeat is to be normal. That is 72 BPM. If there is any abnormality, then the patient is in distress. Heartbeat rate means the number of heartbeats per unit of time. The normal heartbeat rate of a resting person is about 70 bpm for adult males and 75 bpm for adult females. The average heartbeat per minute for 25year old ranges between 140170 beats per minute while for a 60year old it is typically between 115140 beats per minute and body temperature is 37 degree Celsius or 98.6 Fahrenheit. . Normally it is difficult to keep track of the abnormalities in the heartbeat count of by manual means. Patients are not well versed with the manual treatments, which the doctors normally use for tracking the count of the heartbeat. Thus, there must be some kind of device which would help patients and their family member to keep track of their health by themselves. This sole reason is why this project presents a heartbeat and temperature monitoring device using radio frequency RF.. The concept of developing an RF. based patient monitoring device is to have a simple home and hospital based pulse and body temperature monitoring device for sick persons that are in critical condition and needs to be constantly or periodically monitored by clinician or family.
1.2 WHAT IS A PATIENT HEARTBEAT AND TEMPERATURE MONITOR USING RF.
A patient heartbeat and temperature monitor using RF. is a radio frequency based pulse wave and body temperature monitoring system, which allows the control of a sick persons condition in real time. The system monitors the heart beat and temperature of a patient simultaneously and if the patients heartbeat rate or body temperature is abnormal, the system alerts sends an alert to the doctor or patients family members to quickly examine or diagnose the patients condition and take early precaution to save the patients life. The alerts sound can be triggered at any time as long as there is a deviation in the health condition of the patient from the normal, such that the status of the patient can be known on time. The system consists of a sensor, which monitors the patient and sends a signal to a microcontroller, which processes it to determine the temperature and heartbeat rate of the patient before sending an alert to a receiver using radio frequency. The receiver has to be in the possession of the patients doctor or family members. This project can also be used by athletes who engage in physical exercise and by medical professionals. Individuals, such as athletes, cyclists or those who are interested in monitoring their heartbeat rate and body temperature to gain maximum efficiency from their training can also use this project. It can be used during physical exercise and healthcare.
1.3 PROBLEM DEFINITION
The human health is one of the most important concerns in the world today. Anything/everything becomes meaningless when one becomes sick and dies due to improper Medicare. For health reasons, people, governments and several voluntary bodies spend a lot of money to ensure a better health condition for themselves and the entire populace. Scientists and Engineers are always at work to device a means of supporting/sustaining a sound health condition for all through the invention of numerous technologies both Electrical/Mechanical gadgets that are in use for health care delivery today. The heart is a very delicate organ in the human body once it stops beating, nothing else matters. Thus, If early actions are taken and on time the heart condition can be managed effectively and many patients can be cured and saved.
1.4 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
The major aim and objective of this design of a patient heartbeat and temperature monitor using RF. is to help the doctors and family members to keep track of the heartbeat condition of their loved ones as well as their body temperature in the case of an abnormality in the health condition for those with heartbeat defects and those that run excessive high temperature beyond normal. If any varied change takes place, it is notified. This notification through RF. Channel would to take an appropriate action at an instance of time, thereby alerting the appropriate persons.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
There are various instruments available in the hospitals to keep track of the internal body changes, but many of them have limitations regarding to maintenance, cost, size of instruments, and mobility. This project is so significant because it is mobile, small in size, cost effective, very easy to use, highly efficient performance, portable and light in weight etc. It uses RF. to help both the patient and the concerned doctor to take an appropriate action.
1.6 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
This project operates at a 30 feets distance on open space. It is designed to operate with an alkaline battery of a minimum of 9 volts to a maximum of 12v consumes 50mA. It uses a buffer, temperature sensor, AT89c51 Microcontroller and a led display with buzzer for the alert. The hardware and soft ware of the system is oriented towards the AT89c51 single chip microcontroller. Hence, reducing the size of the device. A regulated 3.7v RF. operates in the frequency range of 415 MHZ per second used for data transmission, which can easily penetrate over three floors of a building and go over 30 feets in open space.
1.7 PROJECT REPORT ORGANIZATION
The organization of the project report is well detailed and vast in its coverage. It covers all the activities encountered during the research work as shown in the block diagram below.
Fig 1.1: PROJECT ORGANIZATION BLOCK DIAGRAM
The first chapter is the introductory chapter, which covers the background, project objectives, scope of the project, constraints and block diagram overview of the states. Chapter 2 presents the literature review. Chapter 3 covers the system analysis and design including the design methodology in block diagram form. Chapter 4 presents the system implementation, which shows the component layout, the wiring schedule, the wiring diagram and the complete schematic diagram. Chapter 5 covers the testing and integration of the project design. The system testing was first carried out in a laboratory. Chapter 6 is the summary and conclusion, which includes the summary of achievements, problems encountered during project design, recommendation and suggestion for further improvement.
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE TRANSMISSION BETWEEN THE TRANSMITTER AND THE RECEIVER
IMAGE HERE
Fig.1.2. Basic idea of a transmitter and receiver transmission using RF.
With the aid of a simple, low cost microcontroller based heartbeat rate and temperature measuring device with LCD output. The heartbeat rate of a patient is measured from the index finger or the wrist or neck using IRD infrared device sensors and the rate is then averaged and displayed on a text board LCD.
The device sounds an alarm when the heartbeat and body temperature exceed the safe threshold value. The programmer stipulates this threshold value at the time of programming of the microcontroller. The threshold value given for the device is between 20 to 120 pulses per minute for heart beat indication and 18 degrees Celsius to 38 degrees Celsius for temperature.
|
Reviews
There are no reviews yet.