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THIS PROJECT RESEARCH WRITING IS ON IMPACT OF SECURITY ON TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA
ABSTRACT
Nigeria is bestowed with a richness of diverse human, cultural and natural assets which are an immense resource to the nations development of tourism. Although, in spite the development of global tourism and its significance in developing nations, in Nigeria the industry of tourism has not developed substantially. Stability and peace are significant essentials to tourism development. The political uncertainty, ethnic/religious conflicts, and crime in Nigeria have been a significant obstacle to the development of tourism. Tourism, if relied on the rules and better practices polished through ecotourism, might be an influential technique that would decrease the nations reliance on oil. This form of environmentally and socially accountable tourism could also decreased political volatility by supporting in the generation of wealth, cover the cultural gaps, nurture peace among various religious and ethnic groups and foster rural areas. However, kidnappings, corruption, and killings appear to be the economic as well as political trinity harming Nigeria. The existing situation of bombings and insecurity particularly in the Northern region of the country has presented severe challenges to the stability and peace of Nigeria. The country has not merely suffered massive loss in properties, infrastructure and precious human lives; it has also faced economic disruption which directs to the disposition of foreign direct investment. Therefore, this dissertation will highlight the impact of security on the tourism development of Nigeria and the ways it can benefit the country in fostering its current state of instability.
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
Normally, no business can survive in an insecure and tensed environment. Tourism industry is no exception. It has become a big source of financial expansion for several nations, highlighting the service area and forging successful forward and backward associations with the remaining of the economy, facilitating new job opportunities and income resources. Even though, the developed nations base on an increased ratio of global tourism, several developing nations are starting to reap benefits of the massive opportunities presented by tourism. Nigeria is wealthy enough to be a great tourism spot as it is loaded with natural and human resources and wish to become one of the established economies of the globe as well as a leading country in Africa by 2020 Arowolo amp; Fabarebo, 2005. In order to materialize the dream, Nigeria needs to determine the effective exploitation of its assets to attract the native and global investors. Despite of laudable objective and planning, Nigeria has significantly nothing to rely upon for the achievement of its goals. Currently, the majority of its population is deprived and poor and they do not gain access to contemporary health care provisions, pipe water, and higher education and employment opportunities. They cannot bear daily three square meals. These unfavorable development signs have directed to it being ranked as one of the most deprived and poorest countries throughout the world.
The poor growth position of Nigeria without any doubt breeds environment of aggravated expectations and nurture widespread annoyance on the end of those that are bound in the vortex cycle of miserable poverty. The situation of desperation is more provoked by powerless elimination schemes and conspirational overlooking by the government of Nigeria. In such predicament condition, people and groups react diversely relying on conditional aspects and potency. These reactions are materialized and seek expression in several shades of rebellious conducts including kidnapping, robbery, killings, revolt among various others Wang amp; Pizam, 2011. In the middle of all these issues, Nigeria is faced with intimidating challenges of security which primarily include assassination, terrorism, kidnapping, militancy, armed robberies and ethnic calamities. The existing most troubling insecurity issue in Nigeria is the fear unleashed by a dreaded confrontational Islamic group Jamaatul Alhul Sunnah Lidda Wat, Wal Jihad commonly known as Boko Haram Holcomb, 2004. The presentation by mass media to the masses has been a multivariate perception of vivid actions of bombings with horrific depiction and impunity of people blistered and destruction of property by Boko Haram. Therefore, everyone, particularly in the breeding ground of terrorism, resides in persistent panic. At this point, one starts to wonder how the masses who reside in these areas go about their economic and social activities and how much the country requires developing a safe and secure environment in order to foster a stable growth of industries like tourism which can promise a better outlook for the country.
1.1.1 Boko Haram: Cause and the Epidemic of Intimidation in Nigeria
Boko Haram is a popular Muslim sect dedicated to follow extreme principles. Few scholars suggest the beginning of the group to 1995 and identified Lawan Abubakar as the founder of the group. it was the time when Lawan left for advanced learning in Saudia Arabia that the group then called as Sahaba led by Mohammad Yusuf who was respected as the leader and who managed the issues of the group. Others recognize the group creator to Shehu Sanni, which was based in Northern Nigeria Holcomb, 2004. Other than the above mentioned aspects, several expositions on the beginning and founder of Boko Haram. When the group was led by Mallam Mohammed Yusuf, Boko Haram transformed radically and received foreign integration particularly with famous AlQaeda. Since 2009, the Boko Haram contributed to a sever security risk in Northern region of Nigeria. The terror plan of the group assumed an intimidating direction from 2010 till now Adelugba amp; Ujomu, 2008. Although, until June 2011, the attacks were limited to the North East zone. The initial onslaught external to that zone was the Abuja bombings at police headquarters in Nigeria. That assault was followed up with the onslaughts of United Nations House later in 2011 Bassey amp; Dokubo, 2011.
Figure 1: Save Our Girls Campaign
Source: Arowolo amp; Fabarebo, 2005
Around 200 girls were kidnapped by Boko Haram who mocked Nigerians with warnings to sell those school girls for sexual slavery. In a nation where girls are not encouraged to get higher education, this could reinforce that lesser girls will dare the classroom. This story captured the global attention which eventually followed by a mass media campaign Bring Back our Girlsand international protests. Critics express Goodluck Jonathan, Nigerian President has effort very little to rescue those girls and to stop the dreadful onslaughts of Boko Haram. The term Boko Haram generally means western teaching is offense Bassey amp; Dokubo, 2011. This current onslaught makes it harder for the kids of Nigeria, particularly girls, to attend school and become educated. Boko Haram has effectively deterred numerous school going children in northern Nigeria. However, the educational record of the country is hardly astral. It is one of the only nations throughout the globe where the condition of education has reduced over the last ten years Giacoma amp; Horsey, 2013.
After highlighting the research issue, the paper will discuss the literature related with the concepts of safety and security and their significance for sustainable tourism development. Followed by a brief description of research methodology that is used to conduct the study of selected topic and afterwards there will be a comprehensive analysis of tourism development in Nigeria, its impact on various areas and how can security in the country lead to a peaceful, sound and sustainable tourism growth. There will be recommendations at the end underlining the importance of safety and security for Nigerias current political istability and how it can be cured through proper and adequate measues.
1.2 Rationale
In modern times, Nigeria has been recalled as one of the topmost regions which have imposed a huge influence on tourists due to its natural resources. Beside, the ratio of tourists visits particularly in destinations like Cross River and Lagos regions. However, because of the daunting rise of insecurity evolved from political instability in the country, witnessed in events like kidnappings and bombings by Boko Haram, the tourism industry of the country shows a dubious future. Therefore, this research paper aims to understand the impact of security on the tourism development of Nigeria and how a safe and stable political and national environment would help in boosting the industry.
1.3 Research Objectives
To study the evolution of tourism development in Nigeria
To outline the impact of security on the growth and progress of tourism industry in Nigeria
To offer recommendations on improving the microenvironment of Nigeria for a steady development of tourism industry.
1.4 Research Questions
The presented work addresses the following research questions
What is the impact of security on tourism development in Nigeria
What are the risk factors that is affecting tourism development in Nigeria
What is the impact of security on the growth and progress of tourism industry in Nigeria
How microenvironment of Nigeria could be improved for steady development of tourism industry
| CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
This project is on Creative tourism a panacea for economic sustainability in Abia state. Creativity appears to have become positioned as a panacea for a wide range of problems. The development of creative cities (Landry, 2000), creative clusters (Mommaas, 2009), creative industries (O'Connor, 2010) and the creative field (Scott, 2010) can serve to attract the creative class (Florida, 2002) and hopefully rescue the economy, as well as knitting communities together and revitalizing local culture.
However, there is also a skeptical tone emerging in many recent studies of creativity (e.g. Peck, 2005), which is now also being repeated in the field of tourism (Long and Morpeth, forthcoming). The rapid rise, dissemination and subsequent critique of creative development strategies mirror the development of cultural tourism in the 1980s and 1990s (Richards, 1996, 2001). In fact „creative tourism‟ is often seen as a form of, or an extension of cultural tourism.
The issue of economic sustainability and Practice of tourism considers many different facets of the creative tourism phenomenon, and examines the ways in which it has been developed in various places. Creative tourism has been faced with challenges in the aspect of creative tourism development and, despite the emergent critical thoughts on the subject, they tend to emphasize the positive aspects. Does this suggest that creative tourism is just one more aspect of the creativity hype, or can creative experiences act as an effective alternative to more “traditional” tourism development strategies? In this sense, it is important to understand the concept of creative tourism better in order to provide an effective assessment of its theoretical position and practical importance.
According to (Peter 2011:p23). Creative tourism is a concept that only formally defined a decade ago, but in the intervening years it has seen a significant growth worldwide. The range of presentations at this conference on different creative tourism programmes from all corners of the globe is a clear indication of how widespread it now is. In this research I will try and set out some of the reasons for this growth, the different forms of creative tourism that have developed and the challenges that remain for those involved in this new sector of tourism. My basic argument is that the growth of creative tourism has been driven by both production and consumption related forces, and that the maximum benefit can be derived by creatively combining the efforts of both producers and consumers to develop it as a panacea for economic sustainability to the people of Abia State that both engage and transform participants and host communities alike.
1.1 Background to the Study
The term "creative tourism" was coined by Richards and Raymond (2000). The idea for more creative forms of tourism originated in a European project – EUROTEX – which aimed to stimulate craft production through tourism (Richards, 2005).
Although the idea of developing creative experiences was not in itself new, creative tourism was quickly taken up and made more concrete through the development of courses and workshops (e.g. Creative Tourism New Zealand), conferences and seminars (Barcelona 2005, 2010, Santa Fe, 2008) and a range of publications (Richards and Wilson 2006,2007; Wurzburger et al. 2008; Richards, 2011).
The creative tourism idea seemed to catch on not only because of the evolution of tourist demand but also because it fitted a range of contemporary policy agendas. Creativity has indeed been broadly applied in several fields, most notably in the creative and cultural industries. The Green Paper on Cultural and Creative industries (European Commission, 2010) was a major source of legitimation of demands for more studies of and intervention in the creative field.
In recent years the recognition of the economic potential of culture (e.g. KEA, 2006) as well as creativity (e.g. UN, 2008; 2010) seemed to position creativity as a development tool and as a potential solution to a range of economic and social problems (the need for innovation, new approaches to learning, developing social capital and community cohesion, etc.). With the advent of the global financial crisis, the need for creativity seems have climbed even higher up many political agendas. This is also clear in the field of tourism, with the recent renaming of the Indonesian Ministry for Culture and Tourism as the Ministry for Tourism and Creative Economy and the development of creative tourism networks in places as far afield as Barcelona, Santa Fe and Thailand (see below).
Creative tourism appears therefore as a key development option for various reasons and can serve distinctive objectives. Firstly, it responds to the need for tourism to re-invent itself as well as to the need for destinations to do something different in a saturated market. It can also meet the desire of tourists for more fulfilling and meaningful experiences (see also the concept of 'experiential tourism' – Prentice, 2001: 2005; Smith 2006). On another level, there is a growing raft of small creative enterprises, looking for new markets to develop. Creativity is becoming an increasingly popular career option (McRobbie, 2010) and the new creative need markets to target. The popularity of creative practices such as music, dance and photography is also increasing (e.g. Cultural Alliance, 2010). Altogether, these trends explain and to a certain extent legitimate the popularity of creative development strategies among policy makers.
At the same time, many cities are struggling to become more creative, and to present themselves as creative destinations – not only as places where co-creation is possible, but also for attracting creative and educated people (the "creative class", Florida, 2002). Attracting the creative class as visitors may eventually also persuade them to live in these cities, which in turn will contribute to their creative atmosphere, adding in turn to creative production and tourism attractiveness. The end result has been more than a decade of expanding creative tourism production and consumption, to the point where it has become an established niche in the global tourism market.
Some of the most developed examples of creative tourism activities are provided by creative networks aimed at linking tourists and locals. As well as the Creative Tourism Barcelona programme (which is described in more detail in the current issue by Caroline Couret), Creative Paris (http://www.creativeparis.info/en/) has recently been established, offering a range of creative experiences for visitors including visual, performing and culinary arts, fashion and design, writing and philosophy and gardening. In Austria, a range of creative experiences throughout the country have been brought together by Creative Tourism Austria (http://www.kreativreisen.at/en/home.html), which provides links to various „creative hotspots‟ around the country. Creative Tourism Austria also has a model based more on developing relationships with commercial partners, including hotels and spas.
Creative Tourist.com has been established by the Manchester Museums Consortium, and acts more as an information board for people wanting to experience the creative scene in Manchester (http://www.creativetourist.com). As the website itself explains, it is: "A Manchester Facebooky, Twittery, Guardian-ish, Book-marky, Arts-cum-Culture-cum-Shopping & Foodie Guide Type Thing‟. These developments underline the increasing intertwining of creativity, tourism, new media and networks in the contemporary network society (Castells, 1996).
1.2 Statement of Problem
A growing number of tourists at major sites and in small communities have raised questions about the sustainability of this form of tourism. Historic city centers have started to suffer from a “vicious circle” of cultural tourism development in which famous sites attract large number of tourists thus degrading the quality of experience and driving “serious” cultural tourists away (Russo, 2002). In the search for their uniqueness through cultural tourism, many places have followed similar strategies, which have resulted in making those places feel and look the same (Richards and Wilson, 2006). Consequently, several places have started to search for the new forms of articulation between culture and tourism to help to strengthen rather than water down local culture.
The researcher have identify the following problem within the case study among which are:
- That Akwette cloth weaving in Ukwa west L.G.A have recently have a downside in marketing and this is as a result that the management has decided to reduce the quality of its production from the original.
- Notwithstanding the above issue, the production company has been able to give employment to the youths of the community, but are limited to the brown of production the produce.
- The researcher also seek it explore and find out if Akwette cloth weaving in ukwa west L.G.A has been able to serve as a panacea to the economic sustainability of the state Abia.
1.3 Aim and Objectives of Study
The project work aims at determining and highlighting the sore contribution of creative tourism to economic sustainability to thee people of Abia State.
The objectives are stated as follows:
- To determine the relationship between creative tourism and economic sustainability.
- To explore the weakness and challenges of creative tourism within the community Ukwa west L.G.A.
- To evaluate Akwette cloth weaving industry in ukwa west L.G.A and its progression.
- Finally to make possible suggestion and recommendation to the industry based on the findings of this research.
1.4 Conceptual Framework
Since creative tourism has been referenced as a subset of cultural tourism, I have studied the much larger field of cultural tourism to give my research of creative tourism history and depth.
Identified creative tourism resources include the Journal of Tourism Consumption and Practice, which deals with a variety of tourism subsets and initiatives including a specific special issue on creative tourism. Books found include; Tourism, Creativity and Development by Greg Richards & Julie Wilson and Creative Tourism: A Global Conversation: How to Provide Unique Creative Experiences for the People Worldwide, which was based on the 2008 Santa Fe & International Conference on Creative Tourism held in Santa Fe, New Mexico. This conference brought together delegates from 16 countries around the world to engage in a conversation about how best to leverage the tourism sector for community and economic development.
1.5 Research Questions
The following research questions shall guide the study;
- Has Akwette cloth weaving in ukwa west L.G.A been able to provide job opportunity to the youths of the community?
- What is the contribution of Akwette cloth weaving to the community at large in terms of co-operate image.
- What is the revenue generated from Akwette cloth weaving in ukwa west L.G.A to the government per annum?
- What are the challenges faced in the industry towards creative tourism?
- How can creative tourism be developed and promoted as a panacea for Economic Sustainability?
1.6 Research hypotheses
The following hypotheses will be tested in the study;
Ho: There is no significant relationship between creative tourism to
economic sustainability
Hi: There is no significant relationship between creative tourism to
economic sustainability
Ho: An increase to creative tourism industry by the government
will have no significance impact to the state economic sustainability.
Hi: An increase to creative tourism industry by the government
will have no significance impact to the state economic sustainability.
1.7 Significance of the Study
This report provides an extensive analysis on creative tourism and its sustainability to the state economic value:
To the body of academic, this study will serve as a search light indicating area of further research(s) on this topic. This research work will serve as a turning point in the study of creative tourism, particularly as it concern sustainability.
1.8 Scope and Limitations of the Study
The study is covers only Akwette cloth weaving in ukwa west L.G.A, its creative arts and tourism, its development, the sustainability it offers, to the community and the state at large.
Also, this research work is administered to only 241 respondents out of the entire population of the community.
1.9 Definition of Key Terms
Creative Tourism: “Creative Tourism is tourism directed toward an engaged and authentic experience,with participative learning in the arts, heritage or special character of a place” (Rebecca , W., Aageson, T., Pattakos, A., & Pratt, S., 2009). | ABSTRACT
Considering the importance of consumer/customer in business organizations, the study aims at to identify the mediating variables of service quality dimensions that lead to satisfaction of customers in airline by investigating the influence of perceived service quality, perceived value, and customer satisfaction in the context of travel agents in Rivers state. Collection of necessary data shall be through questionnaire/schedule primary data and also other relevant secondary sources. However, before using the structured questionnaire / schedule, a pilot study will conducted to analyze and rectify the shortcomings/deficiencies. Both descriptive and inferential statistics was employed in analyzing the data to be collected using closed ended multiple choice questionnaires.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
It is believed that the goal of every organization is to meet the needs and the requirements of its stakeholders. Meeting the needs and the requirements of the stakeholders will not only ensure the survival of the organization but also flourish it. Customer is presumed to be one of the most important stakeholders in any organization because without him, organizations are not likely to succeed. Travel trade in Nigeria contributes 6.8 of Nigerias GDP, INR 2,178.1 Billion to the countrys GDP, USD 18.13 Billion in foreign exchange earnings, 3.6 growth is foreign tourists from May 2015, 39.5 million jobs, 7.7 of its total employment. Total travel agents in Nigeria: 20,000 approx doing monthly business.
1.1 Background of the Study
The success of airlines depends majorly on the ability to identify customers wants and needs, and factor it in the quality service that would meet customers satisfaction. Air transport is the transportation of passengers and cargo by aircraft and helicopters.
Thus, it is a transport mode for the movement or carriage by air of persons or goods using airplanes and helicopters Don Beliner 1996. The airline industry is a major player in the world economy as it contributes significantly to the leisure/tourism and is a key element of international business Tiernan, Rhodes Waguespack, 2008, with global airline revenues exceeding 12.9 billion as at 2006 IATA, 2007.
The aviation industry in Nigeria is a major player in the economy owing to its substantial contribution to ease of movement within the country especially in the face infrastructural decay poor and insecure road transport system in the recent years. Nigerian Airways was established in October, 1958 as a joint venture between the Nigerian governments lines and the British Overseas Airways Corporation BOAC while the Nigerian Airways took over the operation of domestic flights from the disbanded West African Airways Corporation WAAC which had been operating commercial aircraft within the country since 1946 Filani, 1983. In 1963, the Nigerian Federal Government bought out the other shareholders and the Nigerian government became the sole owner of Nigeria Airways. The airline has monopoly for providing domestic air services in Nigeria and also the national flag carrier for international services. According to Filani 1983, in 1976, within Nigeria several charter companies joined the Nigeria Airways to operate additional flight in small aircraft from Lagos to the main economic centers in the Southern and Northern parts of the country. The Nigerian government realizing the role of air transport in the Nations development made significant attempts to develop the country's aviation industry. The most massive was the 19751980 airport development programme in which the Murtala Mohammed airport complex was about complex was about N240 million Filani, 1983. Six other airports in Kano, Ilorin, Kaduna, Sokoto, Port Harcourt and Maiduguri were developed to accommodate large aircrafts. Apart from these airports development programme the Federal government also intensifies manpower development in the aviation industry. But due to the efficiency of the sector, the aviation industry was liberalized to allow private owners to compete favourable in the business.
Port Harcourt International Airport IATA: PHC, ICAO: DNPO is an international airport located in Omagwa, a suburb of Port Harcourt city in Rivers State, Nigeria. The airport consists of a single terminal with separate facilities for international and domestic flights. In 2009, the airport served 1,081,587 passengers, making it the third busiest airport in Nigeria.
This lead increase of number of operators and perceived frequent flyers in the industry which does the perceived services value and quality often reflect the customers level of satisfaction with the airline and show intention to repatronize the service FMA, 2012.
According to Nigerian Airport Authority FMA, 2012, from visiting family and friends to shipping high value products, 8.3 million passengers and 181,000 tonnes of freight travelled to, from and within Nigeria; domestically, more than 66,800 flights make over 75 million seats available to passengers, destined to 18 airports as at years 2011 and 2012.
Since success of airlines in Nigeria will be its ability to identify customers wants and needs, gather them up and then come up with quality service that would meet customers satisfaction it important that researches on assessing the determinant of choice of airline should be continuous as this will assist all the stakeholders survive in their strive to suppress competition by attempting to bridge the existing gap between customers service expectations and the quality of service offered by them to fly within Nigeria.
In Nigeria, the value of consumer benefit varies because of how often they fly, and the value a passenger attach to additional flight will in general fall. This is consonance to the law of diminishing returns which states that affirming that to continue after a certain level of performance has been reached, will result in a decline in effectiveness Case, Karl Fair Ray 1999.
1.2Statement of the Study
Since, the success of airlines depends majorly on customers whereby, without them an organization seize to exist, it is therefore, importance to identify there wants and needs, and factor it in the quality of service to be rendered to the customers. A major problem to the aviation industry in general Nigeria is the cost of flight, the route that are available and the durability of the aircraft in terms of the life span of the aircraft in use.
Hence, this study examines if the Nigerian Passengers that fly within Nigeria get the value of the expected fare paid for the flight, fully satisfied with the services delivered or the air fee exceeds the perceived value gotten from the flight and with the less value or satisfaction gotten through air transport.
The quality of service the customers perceived most time are not the quality of service the customer gets at the end.
Quality of service do not match to the cost of service.
1.3Objectives of the Study
The objective of the study is therefore to:
Investigate the service delivery of Rivers state Aviation industry if its meets the customers satisfactory and value
To identify customers perceived value and needs, his satisfactory level.
Examine how the passengers socioeconomic status affects choice of airline.
Analyze the impact of perceived value on customer satisfaction in Nigeria Aviation Industry.
Analyze the impact of service quality on customer satisfaction in Nigeria Aviation Industry.
1.4Research Questions
This research addresses the following questions related to services provided by airline travel agents in Rivers state:
Which service quality dimensions are the best predictors of overall service quality in terms of satisfaction in the service sector
Do customers perceive value influences their satisfaction level on the choice of airline
1.5 Research Hypothesis
Consequently the proposed hypothesis of the study is;
H01: There is no significant relationship between service quality and satisfaction of air travelers Nigeria.
H1: There is significant relationship between service quality and satisfaction of air travelers Nigeria.
H02: There is no significant relationship between perceived value and air travelers satisfaction in Nigerian.
H2: There is no significant relationship between perceived value and air travelers satisfaction in Nigeria.
H03: Socio economic attribute of airline travelers do not influence the choice of airline.
H3: Socio economic attribute of airline travelers does influence the choice of airline.
1.7Significance of the Study
Quality is increasingly becoming a strategic issue in the Western world Bergman and Klefsjo, 2003. One of the main reasons for the successes of Japanese industry in the 1970s and 1980s was that the Japanese realized early that quality concept should emanate from the requirements and expectations of the customers Bergman and Klefsjo, 2003. This perception played a vital role in bringing about success Bergman and Klefsjo, 2003. Today service quality has become more vital than ever before because service providers have realized that they have to provide customer perceived value, if they want to stay in business. Therefore, this research work will help the management of the Rivers state airline to manage the aviation industries to meet up with the customers perceived value and satisfaction. If the management adhere to this research guideline, then they will excel in the business environment.
1.8Scope of the Study
This research work will be concentrated in the area of business satisfactory using customers perceived value and needs, also this study will be based on airline industries using the Rivers state aviation for the study as a case study or reference point.
1.9Limitation of the Study
This project was constrained by the following factors:
a. Financial Constraints
Bearing in mind the economic state of the nation, it was found difficult in making both ends meet, because of the exorbitant nature of things nowadays in travelling for the collection of data needed for the project.
b. Time Constraints
Looking at the interval between the resumption and vacation of the final semester for the project to be completed, the time given seemed to be short for the collection of required information for better work to be done.
c. NonAvailability of Material
During this project, it was noticed that the required materials needed for the project are not documented. Those that were documented lacked storage facilities where they can be reached.
1.10. Definition of Term
Aviation is the practical aspect or art of aeronautics, being the design, development, production, operation and use of aircraft, especially heavier than air aircraft.
An airline is a company that provides air transport services for traveling passengers and freight.
Customer satisfaction is a marketing term that measures how products or services supplied by a company meet or surpass a customers expectation.
Consumers perceived the worth that a product or service has in the mind of the consumer. The consumers perceived value of a good or service affects the price that he or she is willing to pay for it. For the most part, consumers are unaware of the true cost of production for the products they buy.
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The way a hospitality location appears on sight says volume about how the customer would enjoy his/her stay at the place. Most hospitality centres have over time learnt and understood that their interior designs is a key factor in attracting more customers, and this also includes having good taste of interior designs. The efficiency and effectiveness of an hospitality industry depends on how the interior design is been packaged. This research work examines the role of interior design in hospitality in order to achieve the goals and objectives of the industry, as the industry keeps on expanding. This research work tries to check the effect and prospect of interior design and its social contribution to the hospitality industry, the project is made up of data collected which includes interviews, questionnaire administration and personal observation. Findings reveal that interior designs play a viable role in hospitality industry. The study recommends that interior design shouldn’t be underestimated but carefully considered amongst those in the hospitality industry that are yet to consider its implementation. Finally, advise were given on what form of colours pattern and texture that should be used to enhance the productivity of hospitality. | ABSTRACT
Tourism is now one of the worlds largest industries and one of its fastest growing economic sectors. For many countries tourism is seen as a main instrument for regional development, as it stimulates new economic activities. Tourism may have a positive economic impact on the balance of payments, on employment, on gross income and production, but it may also have negative effects, particularly on the environment. Unplanned and uncontrolled tourism growth can result in such a deterioration of the environment that tourist growth can be compromised. The environment, being the major source of tourist product, should therefore be protected in order to have further growth of tourism and economic development in the future. This is specially true with regard to tourism based on the natural environment. Sustainable tourism has three interconnected aspects: environmental, sociocultural, and economic. Sustainability implies permanence, so sustainable tourism includes optimum use of resources, including biological diversity; minimization of ecological, cultural and social impacts; and maximization of benefits for conservation and local communities. It also refers to the management structures that are needed to achieve this.The research work provides a theoretical framework for sustainable tourism. The first part presents general views on tourism and sustainable economic development, and some opinions on the relationship between tourism and the environment. The second part concentrates on strategies and policy instruments. Also, this research work was supported based on the hypothesis tested and the method of research is a quantitative research method and testing tools is the SPSS data tool and analysis with chisquare using a 0.5 significance difference
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
In 1992 at the Rio Earth Summit, 178 governments approved Agenda 21 and the Rio Declaration. Agenda 21 offered a blueprint for sustainable development, while the Rio Declaration articulated the main principles for sustainable development in the 21st century. Both documents challenged organizations, governments and industries to work towards maximum levels of sustainability, a number of countries in Africa and the Pacific consider tourism to be an important vehicle for economic and social development. The tourism industry has the potential to generate foreign exchange earnings, create employment, promote development in various parts of the country, reduce income and employment disparities among regions, strengthen linkages among many sectors of the national economy and help to alleviate poverty. However, this standard view of the tourism industry does not give a complete picture of the potential contribution that tourism can provide for developing countries. A more complete viewpoint can be provided by the concept of sustainable tourism development, because it can help policymakers make more effective policies and plans designed to realize the full social and economic potential of the tourism industry. Sustainable tourism development is premised on the responsibility of governments and all stakeholders in the tourism sector to ensure that longterm prosperity and the quality of life of future generations is not placed at risk.
In order to sustain tourism, it is necessary for countries to address various issues arising from tourisms contribution to development in a comprehensive, systematic way. Issues of policymaking, planning, management and the participation of the private sector and other stakeholders must be addressed in terms of opportunities for action and possible constraints that need to be overcome by concerted efforts.
Tourism plays important role in economic development at any community, national, regional and global levels by using natural resources and environments as key physical inputs. In making use of the environment and natural resources, the negative impacts have to be minimized to assure sustainable use, as well as generate enough tourism revenue to reinvest a certain portion of funds. The reinvestment should aim at enhancing the quality of the resources and build the management capacity at various levels. There is a complex relationship between tourism and the environment, such that tourism has inevitable and important environmental impacts, including: resource use, consumption, waste, pollution and effects from tourismrelated transport. At the same time, beaches, mountains, rivers, forests and diverse flora and fauna make the environment a basic resource that the tourism industry needs in order to thrive and grow. While the viability of tourism could be threatened by negative environmental impacts, tourism could also contribute significantly to environmental protection.
1.1Background of the Study
Sustainable Development has become an accepted concept for policy development. International Agencies and Organizations like the World Tourism and Travel Council WWTC and the International Federation of Tour Operators IFTO have attempted to highlight tourism environment issues. In 1993, the World Tourism Organisation WTO published a Guide for sustainable development for local planners. UNEP, in collaboration with the International Hotels Environment Initiative has produced guidelines to improve the environmental performance of hotel units The Green Hotelier, Going Green Makes Sense, Environmental Management for Hotels. The Convention for Biodiversity and Agenda 21 support incentives towards sustainable tourism development.
The European Commission has published the Green Paper on the Role of the Union in the field of Tourism. During 1995 and 1996 it established ECONETT, a network for tourism and environment. Significant initiatives for sustainable tourism were also undertaken by the Council of Europe. Because of Treaty obligations, the EUs tourism sector cooperation with governments or private business needed to include a consideration of the environmental effects of each planned action. Within this context the private sector also undertook initiatives towards reducing impacts of tourism on the environment.
Hotels, airlines and others implemented several measures in order to promote sustainable consumption of natural resources and minimization of waste production.
Travel over long distances requires a large amount of time and/or energy. Generally this involves burning fossil fuels, a largely unsustainable practice and one that contributes to climate change, via CO2 emissions. Mass transport is the most climate friendly method of travel, and generally the rule is the bigger the better compared to cars, buses are relatively more sustainable, and trains and ships are even more so. Human energy and renewable energy are the most efficient, and hence, sustainable. Travel by bicycle, solar powered car, or sailing boat produces no carbon emissions although the embodied energy in these vehicles generally comes at the expense of carbon emission.
Tourism is a rapidly growing phenomenon and has become one of the largest industries in the world. The impact of tourism is extremely varied. On one hand, it plays an important and certainly positive role in the socioeconomic and political development in destination countries by, for instance, offering new employment opportunities. Also, in certain instances, it may contribute to a broader cultural understanding by creating awareness, respecting the diversity of cultures and ways of life. On the other hand, as a tool to create jobs, it has not fulfilled its expectations. At the same time, complaints from tourist destinations concerning massive negative impacts upon environment, culture and residents ways of life have given rise to a demand for a more sustainable development in tourism. Different parties will have to be involved in the process of developing sustainable tourismUNCSD NGO,1999.
Tourism development can have both positive and negative impacts on destinations. Sustainable tourism development attempts to find a balance between these impacts to create an improved quality of life for the host community and the destination. The World Commission on Economic Development WCED describes sustainable development as development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the abilityof future generations to meet their own needs. This session further describes some of the principles that havebeen proposed to ensure that the tourism industry of the future is characterized by rewarding and sustainabletravel experiencesWCED, 1987.
1.2 Statement of Problem
In the past decade, tourism has become the largest and most lucrative industry worldwide in terms of employment and share of global gross domestic product. The tourism industry has been growing rapidly as well as changing at a fast pace, as more people are interested in spending leisure time in nature, ecotourism it has become one of the fastestgrowing segments of the tourism industry. This creates opportunities in areas characterized by natural attractions, wildlife and wilderness habitats. Local communities may benefit in economic terms as well as create a commitment to conservation and sustainable development.
At present, increased demands for ecotourism create pressure on carrying capacity. Greater numbers of visitors makes it more likely that habitats will be at risk and the wilderness and cultural heritage could be ruined. For instance, in China they will encounter many challenges, because they are ranked sixth worldwide in terms of tourist arrivals. In the next twenty years, China is forecast to be the top tourist destination and the fourth largest source of tourists in the world. This prospect for major tourism growth in China makes it important to quickly consider the environmental and social issues that are part of sustainable tourism development. Careful planning and assessment are important parts of sustainable tourism development. Officials responsible for national parks and other nature areas will have a major responsibility for handling the challenges and deciding which opportunities for tourism development can be sustained over the long term. Local communities will also have to participate in planning and assessment when culture and heritage are important parts of ecotourism. It has been noted that the principles for ecotourism have not yet been firmly established in order to guide planning and assessment. However, two basic principles of ecotourism that have been identified are: 1 encourage conservation and 2 provide benefits to the local populations. However they are certain tools that can be used to help achieve balance, such as assessment of carrying capacity, finding the limits of acceptable change and doing cost/benefit analysis. Tourism policymakers, planners and managers should consider these tools as helpful only if they take a holistic, coordinated approach, especially since benefits and costs in terms of sustainable tourism development are not easily defined in monetary terms. Furthermore, measuring the success of tourism involving nature for example, national parks and culture for example, villagebased tourism like Olumo rock should not just be based on number of visitors or amount of income; rather measurement should include the length of stay, quality of the experience and whether natural and cultural resources have been conserved. Ecotourism can clearly create opportunities for spreading the economic benefits of tourism to villages, remote areas and national parks, as long as the government policy aims to have more tourism in these areas and the local people have participated in the process. Along these lines, policymakers should be aware that smallerscale business operators are more appropriate for activities related to ecotourism and government policies need to support this level of tourism services.
1.3Objective of the Study
This research work is set to explore on the impact of tourism and management on sustainable tourism development with other objectives as follows:
How to improve the sustainability of tourist centers Olumo rock to be enjoyed by future generations and how its long term survival must not be prejudiced by shortterm considerations.
How the relationship between tourism and environment can be managed so that the environment is sustainable in the long term.
Managing Olumo rock tourism and development activities so as to give proper importance to the nature and character of the place Olumo rock in which it is sited.
Highlight, tourism and give recognition to it as a positive activity with a potential benefit to the local community.
1.4 Research Question
The research work is guided with same research question, which will be administered and distributed among the researchers area of study. The questions was carefully structured to gather information for better understanding of the research work.
How is the sustainability of Olumo rock managed for a long term survival of sustainable development
Is the activities carried out at Olumo rock related or gives proper importance to the nature of the tourist center
Do you find Olumo rock more interesting each time you visit it for the past years you have known the tourist location
What has been the potential benefits of the Olumo rock to the local community
1.5 Research Hypothesis
The researcher formed some of the hypothesis which will be tested to support this study. The hypothesis will be tested at 0.05 level of significance using the chisquare method and percentage analysis.
The research hypothesis are as follows.
Hypothesis 1: there is a significance between tourism and management to sustainable tourism development.
Hypothesis 2: long term survival of tourism is significantly related to tourism and management.
Hypothesis 3: There is no significant value to tourism location to sustainable tourism development.
1.6Significance of the Study
This research work highlights on the importance of tourism and management as a means of sustainable tourism development. It is believed that the findings of this research work should provide detailed information on the how to manage tourist centers for a sustainable development and long term survival. It is also expected that the study will benefit the hospitality industries and management.
The research will also have a significance difference to the researcher. This is because the study will expose the researcher to so many related areas in the course of carrying out his research. This will enhance the researchers experience, knowledge and understanding on tourism and management for a sustainable development.
1.7Limitation of the Study
Due to time constrain, this research work should have covered a whole festive period of the Olumo celebration, but was shorten, also this research work is limited to the study of Olumo Rock and its surrounding Abeokota along Ikeja road Ogun State of Nigeria. Also,
Little materials are also available because the work is relatively new.
Financial constrain poses another challenges.
1.8Scope of the Study
This research work is will be conducted with 180 respondents and the analysis for the research work will employ the use of chisquare and table percentage analysis. Also, work covered Olumo rock of Abeokota Ogunn State, and all its activities. Finally, the whole of the research work was conducted within a period of eight weeks.
1.9Definition of Terms
Sustainable tourism: is the concept of visiting a place as a tourist and trying to make only a positive impact on the environment, society and economy. Tourism can involve primary transportation to the general location, local transportation, accommodations, entertainment, recreation, nourishment and shopping.
Development: this a process of establishing or enhancing something to a better place or point
Tourism: is travel for pleasure; also the theory and practice of touring, the business of attracting, accommodating, and entertaining tourists, and the business of operating tours.
Reference
African Hospitality 2006. UNWTO says African Tourism is on the fast lane. African Hospitality and Tourism. 103, 19
Awoseyin, L. 2006. Hospitality and Tourism Industry in National Development. African Hospitality and Tourism. 103, 26
Babatunde, J. 2006. Tourism in Nigeria needs organizational change. African Hospitality and Tourism. 103, 30
Nigeria Tourism Development Corporation NTDC, 2007. Rediscover Nigeria through tourism.
Accessed at http://www.nigeriatourism.net/index.htm on 22/03/2009Wikipedia 2009. Rock Shelter. Accessed at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockshelter on 24/04/ 2009 |
ABSTRACT
This project is on roles of transportation in tourism industry (a case study of ABC transport company). It described the benefits that will be gained from tourism in the country provided the transport system in well developed. This project work covers area such as the definitions of tourism and transportation, the relationship between transportation and tourism, elements of transportation, modes of transportation, importance of transportation in Nigeria and its roles in tourism industry. The method used in carrying out the research were questionnaire administration and personal observation. Recommendation includes the development of the transport modes in the country, publicity about the tourist sites through the use of AZ brochure about tourist sites in Nigeria provision of infrastructures and superstructures to tourist sites. Private sectors should likewise participate. In the development of transportation. Holiday relief should be given to the working population of the country to participate in tourism.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
In world of change, one constant in the last quarter of the twentieth century has been the sustained growth of tourism both as an activity and an industry occupation.
Leiper 2000:3 defined tourism as a whole range of individuals, businesses, organisations and placed which combine in some way to deliver a travel experience. Tourism is a multi dimensional multifaceted activity which touches many lives and many different economic activities that is, it can be used for the development of the concerned areas if properly utilised by both the government and private sectors.
Tourism can be viewed as a situation in which the visitors interact with the hosts. This clearly means that tourism is the movement of people from their usual place of residence to another destination for either pleasure, recreation or other purpose.
The main things that can be deduced from the brief description of tourism above is that, it has to deal with the movement of people transportation from their usual place of residence to another. Also, the stay which deals with either leisure, pleasure or recreation is obviously not connected with any remunerated activity and for the desired result to be achieved, it has to be over 24hours but less than a year.
However, in the process of tourists carrying out the various tourism activities, there is need for a moving conveyance which is transportation. Osinubi 2006:1 defined transportation as the movement of people, goods and services from one place to another. The extent of accessibility of an area determines the inflow of tourist to such sites. A tourist attraction must be thrilling, exciting and beautiful which are parts of the real motivating factors for tourism activities.
1.1 Background of the Study
Transportation as both heritage and contemporary attraction has been under valued by tourism and leisure promoters. However, it is increasingly being recognized that transport has significant potential both its own right and in combination with other locally or regional based attraction.
The transport experience can be the primary reason if not exclusive tourism experience, embracing qualities of heritage nostalgia, education, uniqueness, added value and entertainment.
Also, certain form of transportation offers a unique transport experience based on the nature of the transport and location it is set in, thereby contributing to the easy movement to the place. The unique transport experience increases the demand for transportation.
Transportation as one of the features of the tourism industry is as old as human existence. In ancient times, before tourism came into realization, people move on foot and travel a along distance through a lot of time was wasted, because the primitive means of transportation was used. Modern day transportation came into existence due to the limitation placed on the places that can be reached on foot and has greatly contributed to the development of tourism.
Objectively, it can be deduced that it deals with the movement of people from place to place to place for leisure, recreation, pleasure etc.
Tourism as a neglected area of culture in Nigeria is of no doubt a recently introduced course in higher institutions. It is facing a lot of problem such as illiteracy, misconception of term etc. A lot has been done and is still going on to alleviate these problems by different organizations e.g. United Nations World Tourism Organisation UNWTO, Association of Nigeria Journalist and Writers of Tourism ANJET, Nigeria Tourism Development Corporation NTDC etc.
Conclusively, tourism and transportation are two inseparable twin as one helps the other which means the role transport plays in tourism can not be under emphasized.
1.2 Objective of the Study
The study is going to analyze the roles of transportation in tourism industry and the various modes available. Also, the various problem that are likely to affect the expected role transportation plays in tourism industry. Furthermore, it is going to link the development of tourism in Nigeria to the extent of development of transportation.
Government will also get to know of the negative impacts of poor transportation networks on tourism and ways these can be tackled for proper tourists flow into Nigeria especially the tourism destinations thereby benefiting from tourism.
1.3 Scope or Limitation of the Study
The research work will be limited to ABC transport company as the case study under which the roles of transportation in tourism industry will be viewed.
ABC Transport Company been a good and reputable transport company which has helped in the promotion of tourism and movement of tourist in and around Nigeria.
The research will also focus on the roles of transportation in tourism industry covering the determinants, importances, modes of transportation system and the relationship between transportation and tourism industry.
1.4 Significance of the Study
The study intends to show the relationship between transportation and tourism, importance of transportation in Nigeria, roles of transportation in tourism industry and to show tourists the various modes that can be used to reach a particular tourist destination. In conclusion, it tends to show the effects of poor transport system on tourism development in Nigeria.
1.5 Statement of Problem
The tourism and transport sectors have a lot of problem on the increase on state affairs as based on the followings.
A lot of set backs has been experienced by tourism sector in the country in the last few years. This is due to a lot of factors as religious clashes and frequent ethnical problems likewise, hostages in oil producing areas which have tempered with the security system of the country.
Lack of awareness programme to encourage people to visit places. Also, available roads to many of our attractions are not motorable, poor electrification of the sites, inadequate accommodation facilities. Most of the centres are still without a suitable communication networks.
1.6 Research Questions
The following research questions are some of the questions to be used in the process of this study.
Are there any impact of transportation system on tourism development in Nigeria.
Are there are relationship between transportation and tourism industry
Are there any governments participation in tourism industry in reference to transport system in Nigeria
Does transportation development contribute to the level of revenue from tourism industry
1.6 Definition of Terms
Tourism: It is the relationship of phenomenon arising from voluntary travel and stay of an individual away from his/her usual place of residence to a predetermined destination in search of pleasure, leisure etc. and not connected with any remunerated activity.
Visitor: Someone travelling from his place of usual residence to another place but not primarily for tourism activities though he/she might enjoy it during the stay in the area.
Hotel: According to the proprietors act of 1956, a hotel is an establishment offering food, drinks and sleeping accommodation if so required by travellers who appear able and willing to pay for services and facilities provided.
Travel Agent: It is an organisation who acts as an intermediary between tour operators and tourists by providing the various services needed by both parties though has a principal who he is directly responsible to. Such services are transport companies, hotel groups, travellers cheque, visas etc.
Tour: It is a journey for pleasure during which several places of interest are visited.
Tour Operator: It is the manufacturer of a tourism product who organizes and sells tour.
Tourist destination: It refers to the place the attractions are physically sited. Also, it is a geographical unit visited by tourists which may be self contained, centre, a village, a town or city, district in an area, region, island, a country or a continent.
Transportation: It refers to the act of moving tourist and the services required by them from one place to another.
Industry: A branch of commercial enterprises concerned with the output of a specified product or service.
International tourism: It is a type of tourism that involves tourists travelling from their own country to another place, mainly crossing the international boundaries.
Domestic Tourism: It means the movement of tourists within the same country for either leisure, pleasure etc.
Tourist market: It is defined by reference to the composite product, the seller producer who supplies it and the buyer tourist who exercises the demand for it.
REFERENCE
Ayodele 2002, Essentials of Tourism Management. Published by El shaddai global ventures Ltd NO 15 Ayo, Ilorin Street, Mokola, Ibadan,
Chris Looper, John Fletcher, David Gilbert and Stephen Wanhill 1999: Tourism Principle and Practice. Published by Rebecca Shepherd.
Collins English Dictionary
Laurence Urdang Associates Ltd., Aylesbury P.O. Box, Glasgow G4 ONB, Great Britain.
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