| Content | IMPROVING MAINTENANCE CULTURE AND QUALITY OF PUBLIC PROPERTIES IN NIGERIA (A CASE STUDY OF AKWA IBOM INTERNATIONAL STADIUM)
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
The Advanced Learners Dictionary defines maintenance as the process of protecting or preserving someone or something, or the process of keeping something in good condition. Culture, on the other hand, is a way of life, a lifestyle, customs, traditions, habits that portray the attributes of a person/people.
Maintenance culture is an attitude which is sadly lacking in Nigeria, whether in the home, office, school or factory. Mbamali (2003) added that poor maintenance culture has become a widely recognized problem in Nigeria which has poorly affected the quality of public properties.
Public property is property that is dedicated to public use and is a subset of state property. The term may be used either to describe the use to which the property is put, or to describe the character of its ownership (owned collectively by the population of a state). This is in contrast to private property, owned by an individual person or artificial entities that represent the financial interests of persons, such as corporations. State ownership, also called public ownership, government ownership or state property, are property interests that are vested in the state, rather than an individual or communities (Wikipedia, 2015).
Maintenance culture in Nigeria is one of the lowest around the world, especially, in our principal towns and cities where the majority of public properties are located. In the rural areas, the story is different and pleasant to hear. The traditional practice of communal clearing of community owned places such as market playground is in almost every village and in private homes. Also, it is customary to refurbish building interiors with mixtures of cow dung or natural red clay. The end result is attractive and totally indigenous. According to Wahab (1995) the nation accords low priority to property management leading to neglect of public properties. Mbamali (2003) asserted that we have no maintenance policy and therefore no such culture exists. Neglect of maintenance has accumulated consequences in rapid increase in the deterioration of the fabric and finishes of a building, accompanied by a harmful effect on the contents occupants Seeley, (1987). Inadequate maintenance culture is a peculiar feature of almost every public building in Nigeria. According to Rotimi and Mtallib (1995) is partly due to poor maintenance culture on one hand and partly due to the absence of an appropriate benchmark. Gurjit (1990) asserted that lack of proper maintenance culture bring the life of these public building last before reaching the total obsolescence state. The declining maintenance culture in Nigeria and its effect on public buildings and all other properties has become a major problem to the government at various levels. This study examines ways of improving maintenance culture and its effect on quality of public properties
A great portion of a nation wealth is evident in the total value of its public properties and buildings; it is also an important factor in the production of the building to be preserved. A poorly maintained building in a decaying environment depresses the quality of live and contributes in some measures to anti social behaviour which threatens the socio" political environment it finds itself in
According to Stephen (2002) public properties services rarely perform as well as desired. The causes emanate from deficiencies in design, construction, commissioning and maintenance, many researchers have also observed that the generators of maintenance problems could be looked upon has caused during the design stage or construction stage or initiated during the usage stage or the user’s carefree attitudes (Bad maintenance culture) which will eventually deteriorate the condition of the property.
He further said that all these could be planned for during the design stage. Maintenance problems though do manifest during the use of the building, their causes might be during the design stage. These made Dekker (2002) to assert that thinking on the maintenance should start in the design phase. According to Speight (2000), it is at the design stage that the maintenance burden can be positively influenced for better or for worse. Where the designer fails to make adequate consideration for minimizing maintenance problems, it always turns out to be a big problem when the building is eventually occupied for usage, the consideration for effective maintenance as one of the parameters for the building design. Seeley (1997) also said that a skilful design can reduce the amount of maintenance work and also make it easier to perform, since good maintenance begins on the drawing board.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Oladimeji (1996) further described maintenance of public properties as the combination of any continuous actions carried out to retain a property in or restore it to an acceptable condition. Onwuka (1989) stated that maintenance culture is concerned with the planning and control of construction resources to ensure that necessary repairs and renewal are carried out with maximum efficiency and economy to enhance the quality of the property. However, the researcher is examining the ways of improving maintenance culture and quality of public properties in Nigeria.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The following are the objectives of this study:
1. To examine ways of improving maintenance culture in Nigeria.
2. To determine ways of enhancing the quality of public properties through improved maintenance culture.
3. To determine the factors affecting maintenance culture in Nigeria.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
2. What are the ways of improving maintenance culture in Nigeria?
3. What are the ways of enhancing the quality of public properties through improved maintenance culture?
4. What are the factors affecting maintenance culture in Nigeria.
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The following are the significance of this study:
1. The findings from this study will educate the government and policy makers, stakeholders in building and the general public on the need for improvement in maintenance culture as a way of improving the quality of public property.
2. This research will also serve as a resource base to other scholars and researchers interested in carrying out further research in this field subsequently, if applied will go to an extent to provide new explanation to the topic
1.7 SCOPE/LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
This study on improving maintenance culture and quality of public properties in Nigeria will cover the attitude of Nigerians to the adequate maintenance of public properties, looking at ways to improve maintenance culture with a view to improve the quality of public properties.
LIMITATION OF STUDY
Financial constraint- Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).
Time constraint- The researcher will simultaneously engage in this study with other academic work. This consequently will cut down on the time devoted for the research work.
REFERENCES
Dekker, B. (2002). Application of maintenance optimization models; a review and analysis on reliability engineering and system safety lsevier science ltd. Northern Ireland
Gurjit, L. (1990). The Surveyor and Establishing a maintenance management system for cinema building maintenance vol. 3, American business journal
Mbamali, P. (2003). The Impact of accumulation deferred maintenance on selected buildings of Two Federal Universities in the Northwest zone of Nigeria. Journal of Environmental Science vol 3 (17) .
Oladimeji, A.B. 1996. ‘Budgeting, Costing and Cost Control in Maintenance Engineering and Management”, being a paper delivered at a 3-Day Course organized by the Nigerian Society of Engineers, Osogbo Branch at the Federal Polytechnic Ede, Osun State, 3rd – 5th July.
Onwuka, E.S. 1989. “Maintenance in Building and Construction Works”. Lagos Q.S. Digest Journal Vol. 3 No 1, pp 3 - 4
Rotimi, L.A. and Mtallib, M.E. (1995). A paper title: Economic consideration works, proceedings of the International conference on maintenance of engineering Facilities in developing countries 8aborne, Botswana.
Seeley, T. (1987). Building maintenance. 2nd edition Macmillan press Ltd, Nothingham.
Speight, B. A. (2000). Maintenance of Buildings - its relationship to design, The chattered surveyor 1-10 166.
Stephen, L. (2012). Building services maintenance - The forgotten Discipline, Aha management publications www.aha.com.auGenergy1.htm
Wahab, J.A. (1995) Adequate and Affordable Housing for Nigeria in the 21st century housing today. Journal of the Association of Housing Science and its application, vol. 2, | DESIGN OF AN EFFECTIVE PRIMARY HEALTH CARE CENTRE
Brief Description of the Building Type
Primary Health Care (PHC) is driven by a political philosophy that emphasizes a radical change in both the design and content of conventional health care services. It also advocates an approach to health care principles that allow people to receive health care that enables them to lead socially and economically productive lives (Dennil et al. 1999: 2). The Alma-Ata declaration of September 1978 defined the concept of PHC as essential care based on practical, scientifically sound and socially acceptable health care methods and technology, made universally accessible to individuals and families in the community through their full participation and at a cost that the community and country can afford to maintain at every stage of their development in the spirit of self-reliance and self-determination. It forms an integral part both of the country’s health system, of which it is the central function and main focus, and of the overall social and economic development of the community. It is the first level of contact for individuals, the family and the community within the national health system, bringing health care as close as possible to where people live and work, and constitutes health care services (WHO 1998: 15). In addition, Alma-Ata declaration states that any Primary Health Care program should include at least the following components, namely, education about prevailing health problems and methods of preventing and controlling them; the promotion of food supply and proper nutrition; an adequate supply of safe water and basic sanitation; maternal and child health care, including family planning and care of high risk groups; immunization against the major infectious diseases; prevention and control of locally endemic diseases; appropriate treatment of common diseases and injuries and the provision of essential drugs, including vaccines.
Primary Health Care Centre is the cornerstone of rural health services- a first port of call to a qualified doctor of the public sector in rural areas for the sick and those who directly report or referred from Sub-Centres for curative, preventive and promotive health care (India, 2002). Primary Health Care Centre is a basic health unit to provide as close to the people as possible, an integrated curative and preventive health care to the rural population with emphasis on preventive and promotive aspects of health care.
We are in a period of major change, with more being provided at primary level rather than in hospitals.
1.2.0 Client Background History
The Client/User
As part of the “change” campaign of the current administration in the State of Osun, the Obokun Local Government of the state under the leadership of the Local Government Chairman, has proposed an efficient Primary Health Care Centre for the benefit of the people in Obokun Local Government Area, as the current Centres in the area are inadequate in terms of quality of the services they render/offer.
Brief History of Obokun Local Government Area
Obokun is a Local Government Area in Osun State, Nigeria. Its headquarters are in the town of Ibokun at 7047’00”N 4043’00’E / 7.783330N 4.716670E. Other towns in Obokun Local Government Area include Imesi-Ile, Otan-Ile, Esa-Oke, Ilase, Iponda, Ikinyinwa, Idominasi and Ora.
Project Location
The Primary Health Care Centre is being proposed to be located in Iponda town in Obokun local government area, Osun state, Nigeria, Africa. Its geographical coordinates are 7o 44’ 0” North, 4o 43’ 0” East. Obokun local government covers a total land area of 527km2 (203sq mi), and a total population (according to 2006 census) of 116,511. | CAUSES OF ROAD ACCIDENT
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Road Accident
Road transport is a critical structure for economic development of a country. It influences the pace, structure and pattern of development. Nigeria has one of the largest road network in Africa. However, Road safety is an issue of national concern. Surge in population and motorization in the country along with expansion of road network contributes to the number of road accidents, injuries and fatalities.
Road accidents create negative impact on the economy, public health and the general welfare of the people. Road accidents are human tragedy involving tremendous human suffering in terms of premature deaths, injuries and loss of productivity, etc. It is heartening that for the first time in two consecutive years, i.e. 2012 and 2013, there was decline in number of road accidents, the number of persons killed and the number of persons injured in road accidents.
Road Accidents, deaths and injuries which occur each year need not happen. Significant reduction in accident rates is possible only by a wide variety of improvements in design of vehicles, operating environment and infrastructure, and enforcement of safety regulations and standards.
The current issue includes various dimensions and magnitude of road accidents in India and brings into focus the challenges relating to the prevention of road accidents and their impact. The data and analysis on road accidents contained in this volume would help to create awareness and assist in decision making in the area of road safety. I hope, the document would be useful for policy makers, academia, citizens, and civil society organizations working In areas that have an influence on road safety.
An accident, also known as an unintentional injury, is an undesirable incidental and unplanned event that could have been prevented had circumstances leading up to the accident been recognized, and acted upon, prior to its occurrence. Most scientists who study unintentional injury avoid using the term "accident" and focus on factors that increase risk of severe injury and that reduce injury incidence and severity (Robertson, 2015).
It is well known that traffic accidents are of high importance to the public health spectrum in the world. Moreover, in developing countries such as Nigeria, the mortality rates from road traffic accidents are rather high compared to other countries in this region. Media reports reveal that Nigeria's road accident's is very high, compared to other developing countries. In 2001, Nigeria was rated as the second highest road traffic accident prone nation among six West African countries, with 73 deaths per 1000 accidents. (Sarpong, 2011). | DELIVERY OF LOW INCOME HOUSING IN NIGERIA PROSPECTS AND CHALLENGES
ABSTRACT
The research is an assessment of the delivery of low income housing in Nigeria, it analyzes the prospect and challenges of delivery of low income housing in Nigeria and intends to profer recommendations toward an efficient delivery of low income housing in Nigeria.
INTRODUCTION
Housing is paramount to human existence as it ranks among the top three needs of man. Its provision has always been of great necessity to man.
As a unit of the environment housing has profound influence on the health, efficiency, social behaviour, satisfaction and general welfare of the community. It is a reflection of the cultural, social and economic values of a society and one of the best historical evidences of the civilization of a country (Olotuah, 2000).
The provision of adequate housing in any country is very vital as housing is a stimulant of the national economy. Housing is a set of durable assets, which accounts for a high proportion of a country’s wealth and on which households spend a substantial part of their income. It is for these reasons that housing has become a regular feature in economic, social and political debates often with highly charged emotional contents (Agbola, 1998).
In Nigeria, like in many other developing nations of the world housing problems are multi dimensional. The problems of population explosion, continuous influx of people from the rural to the urban centres, and the lack of basic infrastructure required for good standard of living have compounded housing problems over the years. Access to this basic need by the poor who constitute the largest percentage of the world population has remained a mirage and it needs to be critically addressed. Ogieto (1987) has observed that the disparity between the price and quantity of housing on the one hand, and the number of households and the money available to them to pay these prices on the other, constitutes the central problem of housing. The cost at which houses reach the market goes a long way to determine affordability. Where the unit cost of houses is abnormally high only a few people are able to afford the houses. According to Okupe and Windapo (2000) the gap between income and shelter cost in Nigeria is very wide.
This has almost eliminated the low-income earners from the housing market, The research intends to provide an assessment of the delivery of low income housing in Nigeria ;its prospect and challenges
CHAPTER 1
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Shortage of adequate housing virtually abounds in every country, particularly in the developing and third world countries. The shortage, in both quantitative and qualitative terms, is more acute in the urban centres. Omojinmi (2000) observed that people that sleep in indecent houses in urban Nigeria are more than people who sleep in decent houses. Thus, it is assertive that there is inadequacy in housing to cope with the ever-increasing population in Nigeria (Arayela, 2003). The causes of this dearth in housing are numerous. High construction cost is found to be present in all countries, albeit in varying degrees of significance (Adedeji, 2007). Afolayan (1987) attributes the high cost of construction to rising cost of building materials, inflation rate in the economy, high space and quality standard adopted by designers, professional fees for housing design and construction, excessive profit of contractors and 10% interest payable on National Housing Fund in Nigeria (NHF).Cases of high cost of housing compared to the low salaries of civil servants in Nigeria could be seen in the sale of 2-bedroom bungalows at Otedola Estate in Lagos, which according to LSG (1999) was the cheapest obtainable and the subsequent sale of 2-bedroom flat at Ikorodu by LSDPC (Lagos State Development and Property Corporation) at N1.7 Million. The research intends to investigate the delivery of low income housing in Nigeria ;its challenges and prospect.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The inability of many Nigerian workers to afford good housing has grown to a greater dimension, the implication resulting in low morale and productivity. However in view of the significance of housing delivery it is pertinent that the issue of housing delivery be properly addressed. The research intends to investigate the delivery of low income housing in Nigeria; its prospect and challenges
1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
1 What is the nature of low income housing delivery in Nigeria
2 What constitute the challenges and prospect of low income housing delivery in Nigeria
1.4 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
1. To appraise the nature of low income housing delivery in Nigeria
2 To determine the nature of the challenges of low income housing delivery in Nigeria
3 To appraise the prospect of low income housing delivery in Nigeria
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The research shall provide an assessment of the challenges and prospect of low income housing delivery in Nigeria and shall serve as a veritable source of information on low income housing delivery.
1.6 STATEMENT OF HYPOTHESIS
1 H0 The delivery of low income housing in Nigeria is low
H1 The delivery of low income housing in Nigeria is high
2 H0 The challenges of low income delivery in Nigeria is high
H1 The challenges of low income delivery in Nigeria is low
3 H0 The prospect of low income delivery in Nigeria is low
H1 The prospect of low income delivery in Nigeria is high
1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The scope of the study is focused on the assessment of the delivery of low income housing in Nigeria .It analyzes the challenges and prospect of the delivery of low income housing in Nigeria.
1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS
NATIONAL HOUSING FUND DEFINED
The National Housing Fund (NHF) scheme came into being through an Act of the National Assembly (Act No.2 of 1992). National Housing Fund provided that 2.5% of the income of workers be paid to the fund as mandatory savings.
LOW INCOME EARNERS DEFINED
The Nigerian National Housing Policy (FGN, 2004) defines the low-income group as all employees and self-employed persons whose annual income is N100, 000:00 and below (i.e. the equivalent of salary grade level of 01-06 within the civil service). Interestingly, the national minimum wage is N44, 000. 00 per annum. About fifty-seven percent (57%) of the Nigerian population falls below the poverty line, which is on the average of US$1 per day (Wahab, 2006). In reality, most employees who work outside the public sector or outside the organized private sector, as well as many self-employed Nigerians earn well below the national minimum wage. | ISSUES AND CHALLENGES IN THE EXECUTION OF PUBLIC SECTOR HOUSING PROJECTS IN NIGERIA
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
Housing (Shelter) is unarguably one of the basic necessities of man. It used to be ranked second after food in the hierarchy of man’s needs but according to Ebie (2009) it is the first and most important of all rights. According to him, because of the importance attached to housing and coupled with the fact that housing in all its ramifications is more than mere shelter, then, execution of public sector housing embraces all social services and utilities that go to make a community or neighbourhood a livable environment, this is now a right in Nigeria. This position is reinforced by section 16(1)(d) of 1999 constitution under the Fundamental Objectives of State Policy which compels the Nigerian State “to provide suitable and adequate shelter for all citizens” Even though this provision is not actionable, it reinforces the call for public sector driven mass housing provision in Nigeria. Housing being a right entails that all strata of a society including the less privileged members of the society, the old, the disadvantaged, the wondering psychotics should own or have access to decent, safe and sanitary housing accommodation at affordable disposal prices or rental with secure tenure.
Unfortunately the reverse is the case as in spite of the policies, institutions and regulations which various Nigerian Governments have put in place since independence; there is still dearth of housing for low income segment. A recent study of housing situation in Nigeria put existing housing stock at 23 per 1000 inhabitant. Housing deficit is put at 15 million housing units (Mabogunje, 2007) while 12 trillion naira will be required to finance the deficit. This is about 4 times the annual budget of Nigeria (FHA, 2007). Housing is of supreme importance to man and one of the best indicators of a person’s standard of living and his place in society. However, at no point has it been adequately supplied either quantitatively or qualitatively (Jiboye 2009; Omoniyi & Jiboye, 2011). Over time, the need for adequate shelter has continued to attract global attention especially in developing countries where the urbanization process has been growing at an alarming rate. The phenomenal rise in population, increase in number and size of most cities in the past decades have led to acute shortage of adequate dwelling units in many urban centres globally (Jiboye, 2009).
Consequently, in recent time, the issue of housing has formed part of the major discussion in several global summits such as the 1992 Rio-de Janeiro summit on environment and development, the 1996 Habitat summit at Istanbul, the 2000 New York, United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDGS) summit, 2002 World Summit in Johannesburg and the 2005 La Havana, UN sustainable Cities Documentation of Experience Programme (Oladunjoye, 2005; UN-Habitat, 2007; UNDPI, 2008).
Nigeria, like other developing countries is saddled with uncontrollable growth of the urban population caused by lack of provision of infrastructural facilities and poor economic conditions in the rural areas. The proportion of the Nigerian population living in urban centres has increased phenomenally from 7% in the 1930s, 10% in 1950, 20% in 1970, 27% in 1980 to 35% in 1990
(Okupe, 2002). Over 40% of Nigerians now live in urban centres of varying sizes. The incidence of this population in urban centres has created severe housing problems, resulting in overcrowding in inadequate dwellings, and in a situation in which 60% of Nigerians can be said to be “houseless persons” (Federal Government of Nigeria, 2004).
Besides the incidence of overcrowding in the existing housing stock, rural-urban drift has occasioned the sprouting of make shift dwellings or squatter settlements in cities that are devoid of minimum structural and normative quality. Majority of the houses are constructed with all sorts of refuse/second-hand materials in illegally occupied self allocated land, they are badly maintained and lack the basic necessities of life like sanitary facilities, light, air and privacy. As evidenced by past researches in housing studies, most urban centres in the country are characterized by high density buildings, acute sanitary problems, pollution of air, surface water, noise and solid wastes (Filani, 1987, Agbola, 1998). According to Olotuah (2002) estimated 2.3 million urban dwelling units are substandard, only 33% of urban houses can be considered to be physically sound, and 44% and 19% require minor and major repairs respectively to bring them to normative and structural quality. Despite all efforts of the government at achieving sustained housing delivery to the common people, existing realities indicate the goal is far from being achieved. It is against this background that this research examines the major issues and challenges of execution of public sector housing in Nigeria with a view to stimulating relevant agencies of government and other stakeholders into designing appropriate strategies for effective execution of public sector housing in Nigeria.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
In many developing countries, including Nigeria, urban housing crisis is escalating unabated despite a number of new policies, programs and strategies being engaged in by public and private sectors aimed at execution of public sector housing in addressing this problem (Okupe, 2002). Since execution of public sector housing is principally carried out by government agencies and their collaborators, the researcher argues that one vital step to addressing myriads of issues and challenges in execution of public sector housing in Nigeria is to identify areas of weakness in public housing agencies and subsequently address such weakness for enhanced productivity (Jiboye, 2009). It is for this reason that the study investigated the contextual and organizational challenges related to execution of public sector housing in Nigeria in the post independence era.
This study attempted at using key organizational components to assess areas of challenges in execution of public sector housing among government agencies in the study area. This is with a view to assisting public-sector housing policy makers and program managers chart future pathways for improved performance in public housing provision and management in Nigeria.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The general objective of this research is to analyze the issues and challenges in the execution of public sector housing in Nigeria while the following are the specific objectives:
1. To examine the challenges of execution of public sector housing in Nigeria.
2. To ascertain the factors causing housing challenges in Nigeria.
3. To determine the solution to the issues of execution of public sector housing in Nigeria.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
1. What are the issues and challenges in execution of public sector housing in Nigeria?
2. What are the factors causing housing challenges in Nigeria?
3. What are the solutions to the issues of execution of public sector housing in Nigeria?
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The following are the significance of this study:
1. Outcome of this study will educate stakeholders in housing development and the general public on the issues and challenges of execution of public sector housing in Nigeria thereby making the study very useful as a guide to policy makers in government. This will however helped in better housing development policy adoption and implementation.
2. This study will also assist public-sector housing policy makers and program managers to chart future pathways for improved performance in execution of public sector housing and management in Nigeria.
3. This research will also serve as a resource base to other scholars and researchers interested in carrying out further research in this field subsequently, if applied, it will go to an extent to provide new explanation to the topic.
1.7 SCOPE/LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
This study on issues and challenges in the execution of public sector housing project in Nigeria will cover the major issues on poor housing development in Nigeria with a view to determine a strategic framework for massive execution of public sector housing projects in Nigeria.
LIMITATION OF STUDY
Financial constraint- Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).
Time constraint- The researcher will simultaneously engage in this study with other academic work. This consequently will cut down on the time devoted for the research work.
1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Housing: Buildings or structures that individuals and their family may live in that meet certain federal regulations. Different housing situations vary for individuals and may depend on age, family, and geographic location. For example, a recent university graduate in an urban environment in the US may live in a rented apartment whereas a middle-aged entrepreneur may live in a house with or without a mortgage.
Public: of or concerning the people as a whole.
Population: all the inhabitants of a particular place.
Migration: Movement of people to a new area or country in order to find work or better living conditions: the extensive rural-to-urban migration has created a severe housing problems.
REFERENCES
Agbola, S.B. (1998) The housing of Nigerians – A review of policy development and implementation. Research Reports No. 14 Ibadan, Nigeria: Development Policy Centre.
Ebie, S.P.O.F.(2009, May). Public sector driven housing; achievements and problems. Paper presented at the 2009 Faculty of Environmental Sciences Annual lecture, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.
Federal Government of Nigeria (2004) National Housing Policy Draft, Abuja.
Federal Republic of Nigeria (1999) Constitution 10
Jiboye, A.D (2009). The challenges of sustainable housing and urban development in Nigeria. Journal of Environmental Research and Policies 4(3), 23-27
Okupe, L (2002) Private sector initiative in housing development in Nigeria – How feasible? Housing Today, 1(6), 21-26
OladunJoye, A. O. (2005). Implementation of the sustainable cities programme in Nigeria. Havana 2005 – Documentation of experience SCP.LA21. Sustainable cities programme. Locating Agenda 21 Programme.
Olotuoh, A.O. & Ajemifujah, A.O. (2009). Architectural education and housing provision in Nigeria. CEBE Transactions 6(1), 86-102. Retrieved from http://www.cebe.heacademy.ac.uk/transactions /pdf/ olotuahajemifujah6 (1) p.d.f.
Omoniyi, S & Jiboye, A.D (2011). Effective housing policy and sustainable development in Nigeria. International Journal of Development Studies. 6(1), 129-135
UN-Habitat, (2007) Milestones in the Evolution of Human Settlement Policies. 1976-2006. State of the World Cities. Report 2006/2007. The MDGS and Urban Sustainability. 30 years of Shaping the Habitat Agenda. Earsthean
United Nations Development of Public Information (UNDPI) (2008). Achieving the Millennium Development Goals in Africa. Recommendations of the MDG steering group. Retrieved from http://www.indgafrica.org.pdf.
| Comparison Of Locally Excavated Sand With River Sand In Terms Of Strength In Sandcrete Blocks
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
This research work means to determine the different properties of sandcastle blocks moulded with a locally excavated sand, in terms of compressive strength, durability and cost and economic importance, and that of River Sand. And after, compare the two strengths of the sandcrete which will help in recommending the right give the desired strength for the designed strength for a particular purpose.
NSUDE as case study, Nsude is in Udi, Enugu west, Enugu State.
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Sandcrete is a yellow-white building material made from a binder (Portland cement), sand in a ratio of circa 1:8, and water. Sometime other ingredients may be added to reduce the amount of Portland cement such as “pozzolanas and rice husk ash”. Sandcrete is similar but weaker than mortan for which the ratio is 1:5.
Sandcrete is usually used as hollow rectangular blocks similar to concrete masonry units, often 45cm (18”) wide, 15cm (5.9”) thick and 30cm (12”) with hollows that run from top to bottom and occupy around one third of the volume of the block.
1.2 STRENGTH AND USAGE
The final compressive strength of sandcrete can be as high as 4.6N/mm2 which is much less than concrete’s 40N/mm2. Sandcrete is unsuitable for load-bearing columns, and is mainly used for
walling of a house
– making a fence
– Septic tank and soak away tank’s
– Building a generator’s house.
In Nigeria, measured strength of commercial available sandcrete blocks was found to be between 0.5 and 1N/mm2, which is well below the 3.5N/mm2 that is legally required. This development may be due to the need of the manufacturers to keep the price low, and since the main cost-factor is the Portland cement, they reduce that, which results in a block that starts behaving more like loose sand.
1.3 SANDCRETE BLOCK SIZES
They are many different types of blocks used in modern building, they include:
- 9” hollow blocks (450mmx225mmx225mm)
- 6” hollow blocks (450mmx150mmx225mm)
- 6” solid blocks (450mmx150mmx225mm)
- 5” solid blocks (450mmx125mmx225mm)
- 9” solid blocks (450mmx225mmx225mm)
1.4 CONSTITUENT MATERIALS OF SANDCRETE BLOCKS
These include cement, fine aggregate (sharp sand) and water.
1.4.1 CEMENT
This refers to any adhesive and the material used in connection with block and it is referred to as “hydraulic cement” because the setting and hardening depends on the preserve of water. The cement widely used in civil work is called “Ordinary Portland Cement”.
1.4.2 FINE AGGREGATE
The two major types of sand used are white and coloured sand. The sand were not free from materials such as dust, silt, tree roots etc. The sources of sand include pits, rivers and sea.
1.4.3 WATER
Any type of water available can be used to mould sandcrete blocks. This includes water from stream, rivers, boreholes etc.
1.5 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Apart from bad mixing ratios, which happen even some sandcrete blocksproducers add more yield of blocks, some other things can cause blocks to be in bad condition which can affect the quality of the sandcrete produced.
1.5.1 USING OF BAD CEMENT
Due to the prevailingadverse economic conditions, some sandcrete block makers tend to go for very cheap cement which may not have the required quality to bind a solid block. These block break soon after they are made. Some cement sellers who had cement keptin stock for so long sell it at give away price to the sandcrete block makers if the notice that the quality of the cement has detoriated.
1.5.2 RE-BAG CEMENT
Another thing to note with cement is that some cement sellers re-bag cement, removing some quantity of cement or put low quality cement product in a bag of a high quality and trust cement brand. Theration you thought you are using to produce a given quality has been compromised and it will produce a low quality block that can easily break even before it is being used for the project.
1.6 THE OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
- This project research will help us to understand the different strength of sandcrete blocks produced with locally excavated sand and River sand.
- This will also help to know the properties of Nsude sand after laboratory test has been carried out.
- This will help us in determining the moulding methods and properties of sandcrete blocks. These properties are determined by the ratio of block constituents such as cement, water and sand.
1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The scope of this project work is limited to obtaining the comparison of locally excavated sand with River sand in terms of strength in sandcrete blocks.(Nsude as case study).
1.8 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
- To help us understand the strength of sandcrete blocks produced with locally excavated sand and River sand in Nsude.
- To help us determine the properties of Nsude sand after carrying out laboratory test.
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