| Content | Abstract
This research work was undertaken with a view to ascertaining the local government and Rural Development in Nigeria in Ideato Local Government Nigeria with a focus on Ideato North Local Government area as a case study. The work looked critically (in question toward local government and rural development in Nigeria within its area of jurisdiction. In doing this, the research-based his study none the provision of the 1976 local reform in Nigeria which made local government and rural development in Nigeria one of the explicit function of the local government in carrying out the research, primary and secondary data were used. Related literature were reviewed (secondary data chapter2) and questionnaires were equally prepared and administered to local government functionaries (primary data chapter 4). The technique used in analyzing the primary data is the chi-square(x^2). The finding of the research was reached using the tested hypothesis. For the analysis, it was found that many factors act as stumbling blocks on the way of local government and rural development In Nigeria in Ideato North Local Government area and the state general | CHAPTER ONE
GENERAL OVERVIEW
1.1INTRODUCTION
Development, with respect to countries can be examined from various perspectives, depending on the countries involved For instance, the meaning attached to it by the developed countries could be different from that of the developing or lessdeveloped countries. This, therefore, suggests that there is not likely to be an all embracing description or definition acceptable the world over.
However, Rogerian 1996 argued that development is a widely participatory process of social changes in a society intended to bring about social and material advancement for the majority of people through their gaining of greater control over the environment Similarly, it may not be easy to clearly separate a developing country from a less developed one due to their similarities in terms of features. Although while some believe that there is a distinction between the two others contend that such distinction is without a difference, thereby suggesting that they are one and the same. For purposes of this study, however, the two terminologies, that is, developing and less developed, shall be used interchangeably.
A developing country can be described as one that is still in the process of attaining an acceptable degree of sufficiency in terms of resources. But for any country to attain this height there are some development tools that should be employed, and one of such is Public Relations.
The relevance of public relations in achieving national growth and development in any society can hardly be overemphasized due to due to its various techniques that are highly result oriented.
Most developed countries of the world today have come to the realization of this submission and have made conscious efforts to make the best use of Public Relations techniques to their advantage.
Public Relations revolve round sound organized twoway communication and consistent information dissemination. Information is an aspect of communication and communication is equally a part of public relations. Information creates knowledge and knowledge helps in shaping opinion with a view to winning goodwill that could be built with the aid of Public Relations practices.
Ekpo 1993 argues that Public Relations as a profession is concerned with communicating policies and actions to special groups or the public at large.
Today governments all over the world have employed Public Relations to assist them in governance.
1.2STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMS
Evidence indicates that developing countries now require public relations techniques as part of the tools necessary in efforts to achieve national development, especially in such areas as mobilization of the citizenry and their enlightenment with respect to the benefits of such a development.
However, some obstacles seem to be affecting the effective use of the available Public Relations techniques in this direction.
The following problems, among others have the tendency of inhibiting the flow of this study:
a Most people in developing countries seem to be ignorant regarding the relevance of public relations activities to their national development
b There tends to be a dearth of modern communication facilities necessary for the effective practice of public relations in developing countries
c Lack of adequate recognition and support from the government of most developing countries seem to be affecting the practice of public relations
d There seems to be insufficient promotional activities of the public relations profession by the different professional bodies charged with such responsibilities
e Inadequate public relations practitioners in developing countries tends to inhibit the practice of public relations in such countries
f Relatively low funding of public relations programmes in such countries is also having an adverse effect on the practice of the profession.
1.3OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The study shall attempt to achieve the following objectives, among others:
1.To examine the factors hindering the effective practice of the public relations profession in developing countries.
2.To satisfy part of the academic requirements for the award of a Masters Degree in Public Relations.
3.To provide an academic challenge to scholars in the area of public relations practice in developing countries.
4.To offer recommendations on what actions to be taken in addressing the identified limitations
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study is significant in the sense that it will provide useful information for the advancement of further studies in the area of public relations.
Also there is much data to provoke subsequent research and development of academic knowledge by way of books, journals, seminar paper, etceteras in this area of study.
Apart from the practical research experience which this study shall avail the researcher, it is also going to be a source of relevant information with respect to the limitations of public relations in developing Countries
The successful completion of this study shall serve as a useful reference for libraries.
Finally, the result of this study shall be a source of information for the general reader who want to probably improve his or her knowledge on issues revolving round the practice of public relations in developing countries.
1.5RESEARCH QUESTIONS
1. What are the factors inhibiting the effective practice of public relations in developing countries
2 How can public relations practice be enhanced in developing countries
1.6SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THIS STUDY
Actually, the scope of this study should have been designed to cover most developing countries but due to inadequate resources, the researcher had to use Nigeria as the main unit of analysis.
It is a statement of fact that the average Nigerian researcher is constantly faced with a gamut of interacting variables that tend to impede his/her efforts at promoting learning and improving the functional knowledge of people.
Consequent upon the foregoing, the researcher also had to contend with some problems which include the following:
1.Inadequate finance This was perhaps the greatest problem the researcher encountered because it hampered easy movement around the study area.
2. Time constraint Due to the time limit attached to the submission of this project report, it was impossible for the researcher to cover wider grounds.
3. Indifferent Attitude of Respondents Some of the respondents exhibited some form of lackadaisical attitude in completing the questionnaires and were reluctant to grant oral interviews. This seems to be a confirmation of an argument by Ene Essien 1979 that the main problem associated with the collection of primary data in Nigeria is the reluctance of interviewees to respond to simple questions since such will not put a meal on their tables. As a result of this, therefore, the researcher had to make conscious efforts to disabuse such respondents unfounded prejudices in order to get them respond positively. | CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1Background of the Study
The local government system is a system of government established as a third tier of government after the federal and state governments.
The local government is a government at the grassroots level of administration meant for meeting peculiar grassroots needs of the people Agagu, 1997. Put succinctly, the local government system is that tier of government closest to the people; it is vested with certain powers to exercise control over the affairs of the people in its domain Lawal, 2000.
Like every other institution, local governments require resources to meet its responsibilities as demanded by the constitution. Broadly construed, resources are any assets that an organization might draw on to help it achieve its goals Bryson et al. 2007, 704. More specifically, resources include all assets, capabilities, organizational processes, firm attributes, information, knowledge, etc controlled by a firm that enables the firm to conceive of and vary out strategies that will improve its efficiency and effectiveness Barney 1991, 101.
Rainey and Steinbauer 1999 offer three types of organizational resources; financial, human, and technological resources.
Given that human resources is always touted as the most important of all the resources, the centrality of financial resource to organizational survival and growth cannot be treated with any sense of frivolity.
Resource generation in the local government is without incertitude, synonymous with revenue generation. According to Rabiu, 2004 revenue generation in the local government is derived from two broad sources, viz: the internal and external sources, internally generated revenue includes local rates, taxes and fines and fees and miscellaneous sources e.g. rents on council estates, royalties, interests on investments and proceeds from commercial activities. While external sources include the statutory 20 percent received from the federation account and 10 percent from the states internally generated revenue Adedokun, 2004.
One of the recurring problems confronting the local government system in Nigeria is dwindling revenue generation and poor utilization of scarce resources. Thus, culminating in the inadequate provision of public utilities and worsening socioeconomic conditions e.g. poverty, unemployment, malnutrition, etc that are existent in the local governments. In Kogi state, the situation is nonetheless different, as revenue generation and effective utilization continues to generate controversies. Well aware of the importance of resource generation and utilization in the local government system, the Kogi State government transformed the Department of Local Government into the Ministry of Local Government and Chieftaincy Affairs in 2007; empowering it to oversee to the affairs of local governments. But despite its creation, it is shaming to note that in resources generation and utilization in the local government continues to be a conundrum.
It is against this backdrop that this study sets out to investigate the lack of development in the local governments in Kogi state and the continued mismanagement of generated revenues; in spite of the creation of the ministry of local government and chieftaincy affairs charged with the responsibility of ensuring that local government receive their 10 percent remittances from the states internally generated revenue and that development plans in the local governments are well articulated and requisite funds meted out accordingly for such purposes.
1.2Statement of the Problem
Local government as a third tier of government was established with specific functions to assist the federal and state government in enthroning effective rural development and good governance at the grassroots level Nwankwo, 2004. However, the local governments system in Nigeria has failed to accelerate socioeconomic and human development, mainly because of poor utilization of funds.
The 1976 local government reforms as emphasized by Alu 2006 provide two main sources of revenue for local governments namely: internal revenue and statutory allocations from federation and state accounts. In spite, of these sources of revenue, local government funds are rarely available to meet expenditure requirements.
Adebayo et al 1973 argues that poor utilization of funds is responsible for the failure of local governments to perform their primary functions. Similarly, Nwankwo 2004 blamed the lack of development in rural areas on poor financial management, which has over time hampered the completion of public projects, especially those that has to do with the provision of social welfare services.
With a determination to ensure the effective utilization of funds in Kogi State local government system, the Ministry of Local Government and Chieftaincy Affairs was established. But unfortunately, the Ministry has not done much in terms of ensuring that public funds in effectively managed by local governments in the state. This development the Ministry attributes to operational challenges Ministry of Local Government and Chieftaincy Affairs Handover address, 2011.
Considering the aforementioned problems the following research questions have been raised;
1How are the resources of the local governments in Kogi State local government system generated
2What are the factors that are responsible for the poor utilization of resources in the local government system in Kogi State
3What is the role of the Ministry of Local Government and Chieftaincy Affairs towards effective resource generation and utilization in Kogi state local government system
4What are the consequences of poor resource generation and utilization in the local government system in Kogi State
5What measures can be put in place that would enhance resources generation and utilization in the local government system in Kogi State.
1.3Objectives of the Study
The General objectives of the Study
The general objective of the study is to investigate resource generation and management in the Ministry of Local Government and Chieftaincy Affairs.
Specific Objective of the Study
The specific objectives of the study are as follows:
1To find out how the resources of the local government in Kogi state are generated
2To ascertain the factors that are responsible for the poor utilization of resources generated in the local government system
3To examine the role of the Ministry of Local Government and Chieftaincy Affairs towards effective resources generation and utilization in Kogi state local government system.
4To determine the consequences of poor resources generation and utilization in the local government system in Kogi State.
5To make recommendations on how resources can be effectively generated and utilized in the local government system in Kogi state.
1.4Significance of the Study
This study has both theoretical and empirical significance.
Theoretically, this study is pertinent because it adds to the science of public administration. It also serves as a stepping stone for researchers who wish to undertake a similar study.
Empirically, this study will assist in identifying more potent and pragmatic ways of managing local government revenues effectively in Nigeria and in Kogi state particularly.
This study will also add to the body of knowledge, not only by enriching the existing literatures on the subject of resource generation and management in public institutions in Nigeria, but also by proffering solutions on how best to manage generated resources effectively.
Apart from this, the study will impart more knowledge on State governments and local government administrators, state, chairmen, councilors, political appointees, scholars, local government stakeholders, accounting staff in the finance department, revenue officers and council revenue staff and their agents, that effective management of revenues will help to increase local government efficiency and boost infrastructure development in the rural areas.
1.5Scope and Limitations of the Study
This study covers resource generation and management in the Ministry of Local Government and Chieftaincy Affairs, Kogi State.
This study was constrained by the inability to get specific requisite reference materials and the unwillingness of most local government operatives to divulge certain information that would have helped the course of this study considerably.
The study was also faced with the overwhelming task of convincing most of the sample population to participate in this study by filling questionnaires distributed. | CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Training and development of human resource have been considered an expend able luxury in terms of financial constraints. The growth and development of any organization depends on its human resources specific cost of management to develop individual skills or a means of developing people for promotion to the next level of organizational leadership. While these views carry some validity it is rapidly becoming apparent that the development of human resources should be regarded in the large context of trends in society and the need of changing organization.
The past not much importance was attached to the role or human resource development on the growth and efficiency or organizations. No pride of place was given manpower planning and development as a safe way to enhance skills knowledge and capacities of personnel in organizations. The importance of investing in human resources has become much clear in recent years because of mounting evidences on the extent of which such investment and it live with other factors in development act an engine change.
Although human resources management is that subsystem of an organization which is directly concerned with planning controlling the procurement development compensation integration and maintenance of the human resources component of the organization. The effectiveness of this subsystem will be judge by the way her polices and practices affect the performance and productivity of individual workers will be achieved towards the realization of the effectiveness of the organization.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Cover page
Title page
Approval page
Dedication
Acknowledgment
Abstract
Table of content
Introduction
1.1 Background of the study
1.2 Statement of the study
1.3 Purpose of the study
1.4 Scope of the study
1.5 Research questions
1.6 Research hypothesis
1.7 Significance of the study
1.8 Limitation of the study
1.9 Definitions of terms
Chapter two
Review of related literature
2.1 The historical background of human resources development in Nigeria and human research and Nigeria
2.2 Plans for governmental policy on training and development of human resources
2.3 Human resources development at industrial training fund ITFEnugu
Chapter three
Research design and methodology
3.1 Research design
3.2 Area of the study
3.3 Population of the study
3.4 Sample and sampling procedure technique
3.5 Instrument for data collection
3.6 Validation of the instrument
3.7 Reliability of the instrument
3.8 Method of data collection
3.9 Method of data analysis
Chapter four
Data presentation and analysis
4.1 Presentation and analysis of the data
4.2 Testing of hypothesis
4.3 Summary of results
Chapter five
Discussion recommendations and conclusions
5.1 Discussion of results finding
5.2 Conclusion
5.3 Implications of the research findings
5.4 Recommendations
5.5 Suggestions for further research
Bibliography
Appendices | TABLE OF CONTENT
Title page
Approval page
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Abstract
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of study
1.2 Statement of research problem
1.3 Objective of the studies
1.4 Significance of the study
1.5 Research question
1.6 Research hypothesis
1.7 Conceptual and operational definition
1.8 Assumptions.
1.9 Limitation of the study
1.10Theoretical frame work
CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE
2.1Sources of literature
2.2Literature review
2.3Summary of literature review
CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research method
3.2 Research design
3.3 Research sample
3.4 Measuring instrument
3.5 Data collection
3.6 Data analysis
3.7 Expected Result
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSES AND RESULT
4.1 Data analysis
4.2 Results
4.3Discussion
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATION FOR FURTHER STUDY
5.1 Summary
5.2 Recommendation
References
Appendices. | CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
This project is on Effect of ethno-religious conflict on the development of local governments in Kaduna state (a study of zangon kataf local government area of Kaduna state). Societies accommodate various tendencies, interests and identities which often result to conflict. Conflict is a global phenomenon which is not peculiar to Nigeria. The results of violent conflicts in many parts of Nigeria hitherto known to be peaceful have degenerated to a worrisome phenomenon. The emergences of ethnic militant group such as the Odua People Congress (OPC), Arewa Peoples Congress (APC), the Bakkassi Boys, etc have added a new dimension to the nature of these conflicts. The Zango Kataf religious riots and those that occurred in other parts of Kaduna State in March 1992, the conflicts in the Kaduna metropolis in 2000, etc. have at least left all well meaning Nigerians restless. The socio-political and economic problems associated with inter and intra-group conflict is immediately evident and has far reaching consequences on the security, properties and social co-existence of the people.
A survey by International Institute for Democracy and Election Assistance (International IDEA, 1999) revealed that there were about 102 simmering conflicts in different parts of the country. These conflicts are mostly local ones, fueled by disagreement over sharing of resources. They often have religious or ethnic coloration. The seasonal clash between farmers and cattle rearers, border skirmishes over land, protest over Sharia law and perceived marginalization of some groups in power sharing was obvious. These conflicts resulted in loss of lives, property and means of livelihood, thus creating humanitarian emergency situations with the internally displaced population trooping to rehabilitation centers. The trauma to which people in conflict prone areas are subjected to, and the huge costs of post-conflict reconstruction of the society take a heavy toll on the resources that would otherwise have been invested in development projects.
Moreover, conflicts have consequential effects especially on local governments. This is because whenever and wherever there are violent conflicts there will be senseless destruction of lives and properties, arson, looting and vandalization of public buildings, structures and properties hence retarding development and other government programmes.
This perception of ethnic mobilization has further strengthened a negative force in all efforts at national cohesion. As noted earlier it has left a trail of destructive violence. International IDEA (2000:94) identified the following ethnic violence:
- The Jos riots of 1945.
- The Kano riots of 1953.
- The Tiv uprising of 1959-1960 and 1964.
- The violence in Western Nigeria that led to the imposition of a state of emergency in the region in 1962.
- The ethnic massacres within the army and in the north, which preceded the civil war in 1967.
- The carnage of the 30 months civil war, 1967-1970.
According to Usman (2000:2), others are;
- The Kasuwar Magani conflict between the Adara and Hausas, Kaduna State in 1980.
- The Ife-Modakeke conflicts, in April 1981.
- The Bachama-Hausa/Fulani conflict in Numan Adamawa State in 1986-1988.
- The conflict in Kafanchan between the Kataf/Hausa and other parts of Kaduna State in March 1987.
- The Kuteb-Jukun, Jukun-Tiv, Pansho-Mambilla at Wukari, Takum, Gembu and other part of Taraba and Benue States, in 1990-1992 and 1999-2002.
- The conflict in Obi and Toto LGA‟s and neighbouring areas of Nassarawa State in 1995-1999.
- The conflict in the Andoni and Ogoni area of Rivers State in 1993-1994.
- The conflict in Karim Lamido Local Government Area, Taraba State, in 1996-1997.
- The conflict in the Ogoni and Okrika area of Rivers State in 1994-1996.
- The conflicts in Nembe and Kalabari area of Bayelsa State in 1996-1999.
- The conflict in the Bassambiri and Ogbolombiri of Bayelsa
State in the 1990s.
- The conflict in the Okpona Brass area of Bayelsa State in the 1990s.
- The conflict in the Sangama, Soku and Oluasiri area of Rivers and Bayelsa States between 1993 and 2001.
- The conflict in the Burutu Local Government Area of Delta State in 2000-2001.
- The conflicts in Warri and its environs 1997-2002.
- The conflicts in the Okiti Pupa area of Ondo State in 19982000.
- The conflict in Mushin, Ajegunle, Ketu and Agege and other parts of Lagos State, 1999-2000.
- The conflict of the Quan-pan Local Government Area of Plateau State, and the Azara district of the Awe Local Government Area of Nassarawa State in 2001 and 2006.
- The conflict in Awe Local Government Area and other areas of Nassarawa State in 2001 and 2002.
- The conflict in Ife and Modakeke areas of Osun State in 20002001.
- The Fulani-Mambilla conflict on the Mambilla Plateau in 20012002.
- The conflict in Shagamu and other part of Ogun State in 19992000.
- The conflict in Aguleri and Omuleri areas of Anambra State in 2002.
1.2 Statement of the Research Problem
Ethnic conflict are no longer confined to the urban centres which was earlier identify as the cradle site of the antagonistic ethnicity. Rather we have the ruralization of ethnic conflict as different ethnic group that have shared century and decades of more or less peaceful coexistence have been pitched against one another as mortal enemy from Zango-Kataf and other places in the southern Kaduna and Manbila plateau of Taraba state to Tigno-Waduku in Adamawa state and Wukari (where the Tiv and the Jukuns are locked in the most protracted conflicts) as well as the Jukuns and Kuteb in Taraba state, evidences abound that the rural area have been turned into killing fields.
In seeking to come to terms with the phenomenon of the resurgence of these identities, it is important to take into cognizance the different forces at work, at both the domestic and global levels. Some of these forces, either acting alone or in combination, have been sharpened the crisis of the nation-state project in post-colonial African. they include the accelerating process of globalization and democratization, they deeping economic crisis and social inequality, the resuvergence of liberal ideology seeking to enforce market reforms, and the consequent whittling down of state legitimacy and capacity, all of which have led to the emergency of different individual groups redefining and reinventing their identities.
A major incentive to ethnic and religious conflict is the unevenness generated by the modernization process. In Nigeria, this becomes a crucial issue, because of ethnicity and religion, on the politics of resources allocation.
Two consequences of these for development processes are of immediate concern. The force has to do with the unevenness it generated various ethnic home land. and these make meaning in situation where ethnic and religious boundaries tend to concern. The significance of the ethnic factor in the distribution of resources and amenities has created a situation in which certain ethnic groups are précised to have enjoyed certain advantages. The emergences of new ethnic /territorial movement, especially among the minority ethnic nationality, are largely a response to this. The second has to do with the anarchy associated with the development process. Since ethnic religious and political consideration, dictate the manner in which resources are allocated, duplication and waste characterize allocation of resources, with minimal consideration for cost and efficiency in the operation of the federal system.
The problem of order and stability; are bound to arise where inequality and inequity resulting from this tend to occur along ethnic and religious line. In some other societies it has to lead to religious and ethnic groups, perceiving them as been disadvantage, demanding political autonomy. The way in which feelings of alienation and injustice at national, state and local levels enter into discourses has had a snowballing effect on what has appear as ethnic communal and religious conflicts in various part of the country.
Over the years, Nigeria has witnessed one form of conflict or another. Ethnic and religious crises have become more frequent and the phenomenon that readily come to one's mind are; what are the effects of such conflicts on development at the local government level? and how can these conflicts be abated against continuous occurrence? This study was undertaken in order to answer these vital questions as they affect the development of the local governments in Nigeria and Kaduna State in particular.
1.3 Research Questions
- What are the consequences of the ethno - religious conflicts at the local Government level in Kaduna state?
- How can ethno - religious conflicts at the local Government level in Kaduna state be abated against continuous occurrence?
1.4 Aims and Objectives of the Study
The aim and objectives of this study are to examine the effect of ethno-religious conflicts on the development of local governments.
Other specific objectives include the following:-
- To examine the effect of ethno - religious conflicts at the local
Government level in Kaduna state.
- To find out how ethno - religious conflicts at the local Government level in Kaduna state can be abated against continuous occurrence.
1.5 Hypotheses
The following hypotheses will be tested at 95% confidence level.
Ha. Ethno-Religious conflicts retard the development of socioeconomic development at the Local Government level.
Ho. Ethno-Religious conflict does not retard the development of socio-economic infrastructures at the Local Government level.
1.6 Justification/Significance of the Study
The significance of this study is rooted on the fact that similar researches and studies have been undertaken with different aims and specialty. However, this is not an exception. It is, but to add more to the existing researches. Consequently the Zangon Kataf crisis of 1992 was a conflict between two ethnic groups (Atyap and Hausas) that were hitherto leaving peacefully together. The conflict assumed ethno-religious dimension because the Atyaps were predominantly traditionalists and Christians while the Hausas were Muslims. The conflict witness the destruction of socio-economic infrastructures that were meant for both sides and as well the lost of lives and valuable properties. Moreover, the study is set to examine both the negative and positive aspects of such conflicts as they affect development at the local government level. For some time, conflicts including ethnic and religious, conflict have been given considerable attention by the media, academics and policy makers. In this study, the focus is on how ethnic and religious conflicts especially in Kaduna state have some effects on the development of the local governments. This is because life (both human and livestock) were wasted, properties, infrastructural facilities like public buildings, markets, schools, motor parks were attacked and destroyed. Social co-existence and cohesion is destabilized with resultant consequences of relocation and resettlement along ethnic and religious divide.
Therefore, it is of utmost significance to further unearth it effects on the development of local governments Meanwhile, the study will be of immense importance to the researcher and as well those in charge of peace, policy-making, security agencies, researchers, and local government functionaries.
1.7 Scope and limitations of the Research
The scope of this study is on ethnic and religious conflict and how these conflicts affect the development of local governments in Kaduna State. The Zango Kataf crisis of 1992 in Kaduna state is the case study. This is because it was one of the crisis in the state that witnessed the most tumultuous and volatile ethno-religious conflict with heavy toll on both human and material resources.
The major limitation and delimitations of this research is that, it does not cover all aspects of ethno-religious conflict in Nigeria. This is because the issue of ethno-religious conflicts is very broad to be dealt with. The focus of this research is on the understanding of the problems that have impacted negatively and perhaps positively on the peace and unity of the people of Kaduna State.
However, efforts to have access to some important documents at the Kaduna State Ministry of Justice and the Kaduna State Police Headquarters was to no avail as either they are not available from the source or they are classified as „confidential‟, thus they cannot be released for whatever purpose. Likewise information that are needed from some personalities were difficult to come by as they are difficult to be reached due to their tight schedules or the protocol involved.
1.8 Definition of Concepts
In this research, the following concepts are defined; ethno-religious conflict and development,
Ethno -Religious Conflict:
Ethno-religious conflict is a conflict that is inspired by ethnic and religious factors. The word ethnic in this research is conceptually define as those group of people that shares a common and distinctive features of language, heritage and religion. This include the major ethnic groups such as the Hausa, Fulani,Yoruba, Igbos etc and also the minority ethnic groups such as the Atyab,Bajju,Gwari, Jaba, Kaninkon etc. while religion in this context are the three constitutionally recognized religion in the country i.e. Islam, Christianity and the traditional religions. On the other hand, conflict according to the Heidelberg institute for international conflict research (HIIK 2005), is the “clashing of interests (positional differences) on national values of some duration and magnitude between at least two parties (organized groups, states, groups of states, organization ) that are determined to pursue their interests and win their cases”.
Therefore, Ethno-Religious Conflict in this study are those ethnic and religious groups that are found in Kaduna state that co-habits before and after the colonial era. These include the Hausa/Fulani Muslims and the Atyap (Kataf), Kaninko, Jaba etc Christians/Traditionalists.
From the above observations, we can operationally define ethnoreligious conflict as the violent conflicts that ensured among and between the various ethnic and religious groups in Kaduna state that often leads to the destruction of lives (both human and animals), properties and basic infrastructural facilities and places of worship.
Development: The definition of development will reflect the social and economic changes as it affects the upliftment of the standard of living at the local government level. This research addresses the link between development and conflict as it affects the local government level in Kaduna state. It can be understood that conflicts breeds underdevelopment and it impoverishes the society to the extent that basic existence of food, shelter, clothing, healthcare services and infrastructural facilities such as roads, water supply, schools, markets and motor parks etc are threatened and sometimes destroyed.
Operationally, therefore, development means the availability and existence of basic necessities of life such as food, shelter, security of life and properties, infrastructural facilities such as roads, water, markets, motor parks etc. |
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