| Description | | | | ABSTRACT
This research is on the impact of Television advertisement of Always on consumers choice of sanitary towel (A study of federal polytechnic Oko). This study is designed to find out how the consumers of this product react to the television advertisement of Always whether it affects their choice of sanitary towel. The presumption of the research was that television advertisement affects this consumers choice of sanitary towel greatly because of its uniqueness of combing sight and sound as well as demonstration. But the researcher base was on the staff and students of federal polytechnic Oko Orumba North L.G.A. the intention was to find out what extent does television advertisement influences them to change their buying decision, it has been observed that students have time to watch television adverts and filter media message to the best of their knowledge. Therefore, this study found out whether they are unfounded or bases on facts. | CHAPTER ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
The concept of news, journalism and freedom of press have for many years now been a major sources of disagreement between developing countries eg. African and developed nations of the world. Developing countries often feel ill served by the western news media claiming that foreign writers distrust the story about African growth and development or at times failed to report it at all.
The developing nation at other hand often see the developing nation as hindering the report of news. Members often from the news media in industrialized nations say a free press as it existed in the United States of America (U.S.A) and Great Britain is virtually unknown in Africa and other part of the developing countries. They argue that information and communication has a vital note to play in the development of any nation.
In about mid 70s, there was a cry over the poor coverage of event in the industrialized world by the African press while the African press has said the same thing about the industrialized world. As a result of this problem, the maintenance of an open flow of information across national boundaries lies assists to create and maintain a source of nations hood, it also perform development task such as improving educational, health care delivery, science and technology, political stability and offers inter-cultural information. It also help information public opinion as well as acts as a form of entertainment. It also acts as watch dog on government in a country where such is permitted.
The developed countries have been accusing the third world. They claim that the third world countries used their media primarily for economic and social development and to promote the government inn power. These arguments have had poor coverage of foreign event by many newspapers.
They argue further that news about developed countries are often published negatively and started to suit the ideology of the third world news agencies. The nature of news is always changing as a result of national interest and standards are always changing and because of this, the structure of news for the developing nations especially African countries must be redefined to reflect the effort being made by different government in Africa to transform their societies.
The Western definition of news on the other hand emphasizes on events that is out of the ordinary, exceptional, existing, sensational of man-biting the day varieties. This concept of news has influenced Western consensus.
Sequel to this 1997 meeting was a new international commission on communication problem was set up. The commission was headed by Seen Macbridge, former risk foreign Minister. The commission submitted its reports in 1990.
However, apart form the commissions recommendation, the committee was surprise after analyzing the content of the third world newspaper to team that the developed countries newspaper radio and television ahs the same bias reportage of foreign events. The developed nation argues that the bulk of information said to developing nations were saluted to suit the power that be.
In addition to that, the commission pointed out that there is a tendency for journalists in developing countries to write in a manner in which facts are distorted to perpetuate pejorative attitude and also to use terms that is dividing and insulting.
The study therefore analyze the coverage of foreign news by Daily Champion and vanguard newspaper to see whether the two dailies has the same reportorial bias as was discovered by the international commission on communication problem.
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
In the cause of this project work, certain reporters in what they gather and write as news about Africa are obscene. To them news are made in the third world countries only when there are scandals, coup detat, civil war and insurgence etc.
The developing nations are still batting to challenge this western definition of news of stretching the definitions to include and emphasize constructive news, embracing stories on social change, economic development, social, cultural, agricultural, technology and industrial progress, news that highlighted the culture and of peoples life and promotes trade and commerce.
The developing countries have also complained about the imbalance in order of global news flow which ensures that eighty percent of the world news comes from the industrialized counties with only about ten to twenty percent concerned about the third world.
One of the situation of this dissatisfaction which the situation was in the advocating for a new world information and communication order (NWICO) an order with a broader base include necessary for the preservation of world peace.
In 1976 at the United Nations Education Scientific and cultural Organization (UNESCO) general conference in Nairob, Kenya, the issue of new world information and communication order was first raised. In 1998, UNESCO accorded what amounted to defaults recognition to the issue by granting it a compromised factor has contributed seriously to the impediment of this research work. It was a great puzzle movement to assemble these dairies and on the other hand, the interview of the personnels of these newspaper companies.
In consonances with that, there has been a great battle between developed countries and the developing countries on the issue of news imbalanced. The right coverage of such news will help mould public opinion concerning any of the nations. The developing countries hinder the free flow of information into such countries.
It is against this background that this study analyzed the coverage of foreign news in daily champion and vanguard Newspapers.
1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
The principal aim of this research work is to find out the extent to which Daily Champion and Vanguard Newspapers reports foreign news. The specific purpose of this study is to
1. To find out if the political ideology of Nigerian affects its press reportage of foreign news.
2. To evaluate between Daily Champion and Vanguard newspaper rate of foreign news coverage.
3. To know the type of news about foreign counties that is reported by Daily Champion and Vanguard newspaper.
4. To critically examine the extent at which the Nigerian press show interest in the countries.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
The most topical and persistent issue in international communication and politics today is the issue of global news flow controversy. This is essentially a demand to the necessity for a drastic change in the present pattern of information flow between and among nations of the world.
Experts argue that the research for solution will be in high emphases because of the influence of mass communication in international politics and peace. This project will help correct the negative view held by he public concerning the coverage of foreign news by Nigerian newspapers.
Finally, this work will indicate the shortcoming of Nigerian newspaper in the coverage of foreign events.
1.5 RESEARCH QUESTION
1. To what extent does Nigerian press show interest in the development of foreign news?
2. Does government policy affect the foreign news coverage?
3. Does the press cover more negative news about foreign countries than development news?
1.6 LIMITATION OF STUDY
This project is limited only to the Daily Champion and vanguard newspaper. These dailies has been picked at random for easy content analysis of he newspaper pages at the cause of this research, a lot of problems were encountered. These problems include lack of adequate textbook in the library needed for this study. As a result of that, the researcher was unable to visit major towns and cities where there are better equipped libraries. Time was another constraining factors, the research was carried out in a short period of four months.
This study will embrace the historical back ground of new world information and communication order (NWICO) discuss its short comings, travails and importance
1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS
The concept of this study are:
1) Nigerian press
2) Negative news
3) Development news
4) News imbalance
NIGERIAN PRESS
Periodicals, mostly newspapers that are published and owned within Nigerian.
NEGATIVE NEWS
News about drought, famine, political instability, loop, war and poverty.
DEVELOPMENT NEWS
News that covers basic economic development political stability, improvement in the technology improvement in the technological innovation, improved infrastructures. | ABSTRACT
The issue of news coverage in Nigeria has generated interest from all works of life. Argument arise as a result of what is considered inadequate coverage of sports news by Nigerian newspaper. This study analyze the contents of two Nigeria dailies Vanguard and Nation newspapers with the aim of finding how far they have gone in the coverage of sports events in Nigeria. Content analysis method was used to select a representative size of 48 issues of the newspapers from a target population of 315 using a simple random sampling technique. Coding sheet was used as the instrument of data collection, just as tables and simple percentage were used for presentation and analysis of data. Research findings show that Nigerian newspapers do not give adequate coverage to sports news. The study concludes that, newspapers should allot more pages to reporting sports. Hence recommends that sports news stories should be given prominent display in Nigerian newspapers. |
| Content | Abstract
This project studies Political interference and regulatory role of the national broadcasting commission in Nigeria. The deregulation of the broadcast media in 1992 democratised the media space and led to the establishment of the National Broadcasting Commission (NBC) to regulate the Broadcast sector. NBC is the only body empowered to process and recommend broadcast licence for the President’s approval, through the Minister of Information. The lopsided approval of broadcast licence to political elite who are members of the ruling party has fuelled criticism among public analysts that broadcast media licence is being used for political patronage. This study examined the political interference and how the regulatory role of the NBC, affects the broadcasting industry in Nigeria. The research design is a survey. The population was 1,558 broadcasters in the public and private broadcast media organisations as well as NBC officials in Lagos Nigeria. Using the criterion of professional experience of at least 15 years practice, purposive sampling was adopted in selecting senior Journalists in 8 public and private media organisations and 7 senior officials of the NBC. Consequently, 55 Key informants were interviewed from 8 public, private broadcast media organisations and NBC. The instrument was an interview guide. The Interviews from respondents were transcribed and sent via emails to ensure that responses were true reflections of their views as validity. The data were transcribed, content-analysed and thematically grouped based on research questions. | This work focuses on the coverage of foreign news by Nigerian Newspapers using Vanguard and Daily Sun as case studies. The researcher made use of content analysis while simple random sampling was used to select 24 editions of the two newspapers which amounted to 48 editions as the sample size for the period of six months of this study. The findings show that Nigerian newspapers report foreign news frequently but do not give it prominence that is most foreign news reported were buried in the inside pages of the newspapers. Also the Nigerian newspapers report more of negative foreign news which does not have any bearing on development purposes. This work concludes that the concept of imbalance in news flow should be given less attention and be accepted as a characteristic of media system. | This paper examines the illusion and reality of press freedom in attaining a true democratic system of government in Nigeria. Area of the study was Enugu metropolis which comprises of Enugu North and Enugu South as area considered one of the nerve centres of intense political activities in Nigeria. Data were collected through questionnaire. Survey method was used for this work. Findings show that the illusion and reality of press freedom in attaining a true democratic system of government in Nigeria is rapid and therefore the government media organisations and public must work hand-in-hand so that press freedom will be achieved. The study concludes that if a nation must experience development it must not adhere to material advancement, threats, restriction and corruption instead it should conform to growth, progress and freedom. Press must therefore be free of all sorts of constraints so that press freedom will be made an absolute reality in Nigeria. Also the government must make sure that the economy of Nigeria is stable so as to meet up with other developed countries across the world. The government should not dictate for the media what to do and or where to cover events. | CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Advertising can be defined as any paid form of non-personal presentation and promotion of ideas, gods and services by an indentified sponsor.
Television Advertisement can be defined as the demonstration of products on usual form. It is a known fact that sanitary towel products are numerous and at a point in time it will be of interest to the public to know the impact of television Advertisement especially Always which is daily advertised on NTA television. This study gives account of how consumers of Always react after watching the advert of Always.
Television Advertisement permits our ladily lives. It has come to be credited by most people as being the savior of certain companies at the state time, the execution of others sometimes, people view it positively and other times, they curse it, some of it are said to inform, persuade or entertain while deceive or insult. These characteristics make it incumbent on any marketer wishing to sell goods to properly create and maintain a market product. A product can be ideally projected and yet fail to achieve desired success by not winning customers acceptance for the following reasons:
i. When the product cannot be obtained conveniently
ii. When the potential customers are not acquainted with the benefit of the product.
iii. When the marketers could not convince the customers that their need for the product.
A marketer in this situation tries to find some means of communicating effectively with potential customers for the dual purpose of acquainting them with the characteristics possessed by the product and informing them as the subject of advertising which is most accessible means employed by marketers to present promotional messages.
According to American impact Association. Advertising is any paid form of non-personal presentation and promotion of ideas, goods and services by an identified sponsor.
It is in this view that an attempt is being made to ascertain properly the impact advertising plays on the consumers choice of sanitary towel with special reference to Always.
Television is the fastest growing mass medium. However, the most important of all is the distinct advantage that television can convey as both eyes and ears. The impact is enormous as a matter of fact, in winker et al in their book advertising uphold their views in their own words.
As significant advert medium Television is about Forty five years old, but it has proven itself capable of reaching and holding large audience comprising simultaneously many different demographic groups winker et al in a book captioned marketing and the function of Advertising with it ported that commercial television became a powerful and intense medium immediately and developed into pre-eminent advertising medium for many classes of fast moving packaged goods.
He further states that:
Television provides the most significant way in which at one or time. A product stormy can be presented in the most drastic way or television with the aid of live performance and appropriate settings. It has a fat acting medium specifically for a new product or an already well known products.
The impact of television adverts is further made clear and manifest in the role it has assumed in some other areas politics and election.
Precisely, with television, you have at your command both sight and sound, with bonus of movement. These qualities make television very powerful. The development of commercial television in 1955 served as an ample opportunity in Britain for the first time: the ability to go right into various homes of their prospect consumers and demonstrate their products with all the persuasive of door to door sale man.
Therefore, the reaction of the audience towards television advertisement is the frame work of the project.
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY.
Sanitary napkins is a relatively new business for P & a, but it already is an important business, and future is bright .Larry Dare of the operation committee, June 1990. Always began in the test market in Minneapolis, Minnesota in January,1983 at that time 3pads types were introduced maxi pads, mini pads, and pant liners. The ongoing market share objective was 25% share; year 1 was 18.9%.
The target audience was women 12-49. Test market results indicated Always could achieve a 22.5% going share nationally.
Competition at the time was intense Johnson and John was the market leader. Competitive response included new products line extensions, product improvements and heavy competitive promotional spending. Always also spentvery heavily at the time consumer awareness of the product was low; consumer who tied Always liked it, except for the size of the pad.
By 1984, Always was in national distribution at the time there were 4pads types; maxi pads, mini pads, then mini pads and pant liners. National expansion results were mixed: market share was 14.8% is the 16% objective. Key issues included in market distribution and out of shock problems to meet the original 22.5% objectives. Additionally, awareness among pad using women was 82% compared to test market at 80%. Television advertising started 7/2/84 and sample were mailed including a coupon.
Always pricing objective was to maintain an average retail price equal to key competitors this was the same as the test market strategy to introduce Always at partly carload pricing (per cartons & per pads) vs j && stay free care free brands. At the time Always was the only brand with both a regular and attain maxi pad.
In 1986, Always plus was introduced into the U.S presenting the first line of feminine hygiene pads with panty protectors on the side, referred to as wings the wings wrap around the panty to offer additional protection on the side were leakage is most often likely to occur.
In 1991, Always ultra was introduced onto the U.S market the ultra pad in corporate a novel super sober technology for feminine hygiene protection. In Europe, the general expansion of the full Always product line, including Always ultra and pant liners also began.
Always was available throughout Europe and a number in the middle East.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE STUDY
The right marketing mix is applied in any product by ensuring that wastage (cost) is reduced and optional sales volume achieved. Besides, the role of advertising which is a key to promotional strategy as far as consumers goods are concerned must be a accomplished in the case of Always in federal polytechnic Oko.
It is quite understandable that consumers have absolute control over what products or services to show interest in but most times consumers tend to be influenced by advertisements. It is therefore pertinent to find out the variables that determine why a particular product or service gain more patronage than others in the same category and sometimes serving the same purpose.
As a result, many newly manufacturing companies cannot afford the cost of advertisement or electronic media and this result to only local means of letting people know about their goods.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
This project is geared towards identifying it television advertisements have any impact on consumers choice of sanitary towel with special reference/ emphasis on Always at federal polytechnic Oko.
The objectives of this study therefore include:
1.To determine the impact of television advertisement on the consumers choice of sanitary towel in federal polytechnic Oko.
2. The impact of television in dissemination of information on the sale of Always
3. To ascertain other sources of information available to the consumer.
4. To find out other factors that may influence consumers choice.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
Basically, this research would be useful considering the benefits derivable from this study such benefit are, knowledge acquired by the researcher, relevant information to advertisers of different products which would guide them in their management decision making and on the field of mass communication in which advertising is an integral part.
However, the significance of television adverts in developing economy life, ours cannot be emphasized. Hence advertising stimulates through and actions on enterprise society and so help to monitor productive efforts by management labour.
1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
The study which aimed at finding out the impact of television advert on consumers choice of sanitary towel with special emphasis on Always in federal polytechnic Oko would be wise if the following pertinent questions are asked;
i. What determines the impact of television advertisement on the consumers choice of sanitary towel in federal polytechnic Oko?
ii. What is the impact of television in dissemination of information on the sale of Always?
iii. What ascertains other sources of information available to the consumer?
iv. What helps in finding out factors that may influence consumers choice?
1.6 SCOPE OF STUDY
Due to the fact that sanitary towel have numerous products, this study is limited only on Always.
This study looked into the impact created of consumers which has increased hither to rich patronage of Always
Therefore, whatever information gathered is to be based on the response of the consumers on what the researcher observed from them.
1.7 LIMITATION OF STUDY
Despite the fact that the researcher employed all human and material efforts to see that the study is successful, yet there were constraints. The variables are so difficult to determine and qualify- one cannot easily quantify the impact of television advert just like tangible things which can be easily determined and quantify. It is surprising to observe that some people both literate and illiterate are yet to fully understand the real purpose of a research, while some bluntly refused to accept the questionnaire distributed to them some claimed that they do not have time to provide the necessary information required from them, some even requested for money before they can accept questionnaire.
Some respondents made among entries thereby making it difficult for the researcher to gather reliable information on the topic under study.
No doubt, all these made the research come a little bit short of what was intended earlier on as the case maybe, the study has provided as basis of which educated judgment can operate.
Finally, the researchers coming after are hereby adviced to start from where this work ended.
1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS
ADVERTISER: This refers to one who spend money for advertisement. He advertises his products, goods and services.
CONSUMER: This refers to one who buys a product for use.
APPEAL: The motive to create interest for a particular product or service.
CHIOCE: The ability of a consumer to think and conclude to patronize a product.
BRAND LOYALTY: The ability of a consumer to stick to a particular brand of product in the face of alternatives.
BRAND: It is the identifying mark of any product.
TELEVISION: The process of transmitting a view of events, adverts, plays etc while these are taking place or films or tapes on which records have been made.
ADVERTISING: It is any paid form of non-personal an identified sponsor.
IMPACT: The degree to which media message affect the behavior of the audience.
PERSUASION: Getting somebody to do what one wants by pleading or urging. | | CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
This academic work is based on the impact of effective compensation on the employees performance in Onitsha Cotton Mill Limited, Anambra State, Nigeria apparently, there are different needed among employees that must be achieved through compensation received. It is very pertinent that organizations should strive hard to effectively compensate their workers for motivational reasons which will help in the achievement of organizational goals and objectives.
The study falls within personnel management and personnel management according to Flippo 1986 is defined as the planning, organizing, directing and controlling of the procurement, development, compensation, integration, maintenance and separation of human resources at the end tht individual organizational and societal objectives are accomplished.
It can also be defined as money received for the work performance plus other kinds of benefits and services that the organizations provide for their employees, compensation is recompense, reward, wage or salary given by an organization to person or a group of persons in return to work done, service rendered or a contribution made toward achievement or organizational goal.
BRIEF HISTORY OF GENERAL COTTON MILL LIMITED ONITSHA, ANAMBRA STATE
General Cotton Mill Limited, Onitsha anambra State is a textile manufacturing company that is known with the sales of textile and textile products.
The company was incorporated on the 10th April, 1964 RC 3782, located at Niger bridge Industrial Layout, Onitsha and also has one of its branches at Bloc 4A, Apapa lane, Dolphin Estate Ikoyi, Lagos, having Chief Nolla O. Edun as its chairman, R.N.W. lee (U.S. citizen) as its MD / CEO and also F.A Enechukwu-Deputy managing director.
It is a textile company offering composite textile Mill producing African prints, or fabric materials with spinning, weaving, and printing division producing cotton yarn with a good number of employees at its service.
Cotton as a resources is a miracle fibre that has been spun, woven and dyed since ancient times and it is still the most widely used fibre clothing, it is soft and fluffy, and grows in a boll around the seeds of the cotton plant. Cotton can be used for many products like: clothes, beddings, tabletops, furnitures and even arts etc.
DEPARTMENT OF GENERAL COTTON MILL LIMITED
According to the structure
R & D centre (Research and Development)
They are in-charge of studying and adopting new technologies, innovation, development of new kinds of production, new methods of production and quality control.
Sales department: Their work consists of organizing production sales, attraction of new buyers and partner registration of export operations, contracts on local markets control of shipment and delivery of goods / contained
Purchasing department: they provide purchases from the local and foreign markets, declarations and also registration of import contracts and customs documents.
Financial and Accounting department: They handle the registration of financial operations, accounting report, production cost, payment system, vouchers, bank operations, payment forms, delivery of salary and works with plastic cards.
Corporate Planning department: These are the department in charge of planning and organization of company projects, works with company werb-site, public relation, making of business plan (statistics) organization of charitable actions and company events.
Cotton purchasing department (Cotton Team): They do the
Identification and selecting of raw materials of the best quality for further production. Conclusion of raw materials delivery contract.
Personnel and salary departments: They provide the process of salary calculation, registration of salary documentation, the conclusion and the termination of labour contracts, wages ratifying, personnel selection also.
Tashkent office: Realization of export transactions, attraction of new potential partners and clients, control on registration of export documents and shipments, i.e delivery of production and payment of all shipment carried out by the collective of the Tashkent office.
The study with the departments has a total population of (900) workers in general cotton mill Nigeria Limited Onitsha.
S/N DEPARTMENT NUMBER OF STAFF
1. Accounts 100
2 Commercial dept 180
3 Admin 100
4 Production 300
5 Labour committee 80
6 Cooperate planning 100
7 Personnel & salary 40
Total 900
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Certain conditions or factors can make workers to perform effectively or ineffectively on their jobs. It has been observed that a number of factors seems to be responsible for job dissatisfaction among workers. They includes lack of interest in the jobs poor salaries poor conditions of service and lack of fringe benefits.
General Cotton Mill Limited workers tend to be affected by the factors enumerated above. It has also been observed that as a result of lack of compensation as a motivational factors there is growing shortage and loss of competent hands in general cotton Mill Limited Onitsha in particular. In the study, on the effect of compensation on the performance of workers in Onitsha Cotton Mill Limited Anambra in particular tends to find out what compensation service have to do in motivating workers.
This study is faced with the problems of finding out the importance of compensation to workers but equal knowing how adequate is that compensation towards effort workers are putting towards achieving the organizational objectives, therefore, this study has on the performance of workers on business organization.
1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
The core purpose of the study is to point out some of those things that could aid compensation if the organization wants to achieve its set goals and objectives.
1. Identify factors in the organizational structure that could affect managerial effectiveness.
2 To determine whether there is problem in the design of the department within the organization.
3. To find out if the level of education of subordinate influence the way a manager structures his department.
4. To identify the links between the above variable and the manager degree of effectiveness in meeting up the objectives he is expected to achieve.
5. To structure out ways in which managers can work towards achieving a better compensation is unfair or inadequate.
Finally, attention should be given to the topic if the organization wants to achieve its goal and objectives.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The findings from this staudy would serve as good reference material to educationist. It would serve as a good material for people studying human relation as it affected by compensation. It would be a good reference material to those in the research institutes that would be futue practicing managers in piloting the affairs of the organization. It would also serve as a good materials for policy makers to help improve their subsequent policy formulations and planning.
The employees themselves would also find this study very useful. This would not only give them idea on what to expect management to do for them, but it would serve as guide enable them strive toward a greater performance as it would be in a position to compensate them adequately.
1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
1. What is compensation?
2. Are compensation given to workers adequate ?
3. Does compensation help to retain your ends period of time?
4 Is your pay in the organization commensurate to your productivity performance.
5. Does the promotion system in the organization inspire to higher productivity?
6. Do the management provide adequate transport?
1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
In order to carry out their study, the following scope have been formulated the help to generate data required for analysis.
When employees receive basic compensation, as equitable, hey increase their peformcne if not they will not.
When management gives to he workers the incentive they will increase their performance, if not, they will not.
1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Management: This is the process fo planning, organizing, leading, and controlling the effort of an organization members, making use of organization resources to achieve its objectives. As postulated by Edward Flippo.
Reward: This is a system that consists of an organization integrated policies process and practices for rewarding its employees in accordance with their contribution skills competence and their market worth.
Compensation: Compensation may be defined as money or any kind of benefits received for the performance of work.
Motivation: It is the inner drives that arouse direct and maintain an individual behaviour toward accomplishing a goals.
Organization: This is a social unit of people that is structured and managed to meet a need or to pursue collective goals.
Promotion: This is a cause, venture or aim activity that supports or encourages.
Adequate: As much as or as good as necessary for some requirement or purpose fully sufficient, suitable etc.
Strategy: The basic goal and objective of action chosen to reach those goals and objective and the allocation necessary for carrying out those goals.
Planning: This is the process of thinking about an organization, the activities required to achieve a desired goal.
Productivity: Is an average measure of the efficiency of production a measure of the efficiency of a person, machine, factory, system, etc. |
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