| Description | | | ABSTRACT
?Policy making? and implementation are issues that cannot be over-emphasized because of the important role they play in the life of any organization willing to survive and to grow in the face of the changing global village (world).
Based on the need for organizations to achieve their objectives, the researcher decided to conduct a research study on the topic ?policy making: A tool for an efficient management system to achieve the aims of an organization? with a Particular reference to Nigerian Breweries plc, Ibadan. The objectives of this study show the importance of policy making in achieving the organizational corporate objectives.
In chapter two the researcher reviewed the literature of some eminent scholars who are related to this research topic under study.
In chapter three, the researcher discussed on the methodology of research in which various method applied in conducting the research were discussed such as primary and seconding methods of data collection, the simple percentage method the random sample was employed.
In chapter four, the research also analyzed and interpreted the responses of the respondents.
Finally in chapter five, the researcher made the summary on his findings and conclusions, recommendations and suggestions. | | ABSTRACT
This research is on a survey of physical working conditions and their effects on productivity of the secretaries in some business establishments. This study was survey of physical working conditions and their effects on productivity of the secretaries in some business establishment in Enugu urban. The population of the study consisted of 150 secretaries from the selected business establishments in Enugu urban. The sample for the study was to secretaries out of 150. Four research questions were formulated which guided the study.
The major findings of the study were lack of adequate physical working condition, affects the productivity of the secretary, improper planning, lack of funds and managers, indifference etc. were also discovered to affect the secretary’s productivity. This study therefore recommended that: proper location should be chosen and secretary should be provided with a swivel chair, table and computer, making them comfortable in the office. In addition, the managers should make judicious use of allocation funds. | CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY
This research is on Effect of television viewing on the moral behavior of Nigerian children: (a study of Gaius Benton schools). Television is a sight and sound medium through which messages and information ideas are communicated to a wide range of audience.
Television viewing is a common activity engaged in by children, especially in this era of proliferation of television as a medium for communication.
To this end, television messages are broadcast for certain purposes, this implies that television through it’s programmers’ has certain influence on individuals as including children.
This chapter presents an overview of television and a brief history of television. It also encapsulates the statement of problem of this research work, the objective of this study, significance and the scope of study, research question as well as operational definition of certain terms.
Television has made tremendous impact on Nigeria society and in the world at large. It possesses immense power to influence the viewer and sharpen his sensitivity in all spheres of life. Various theories have been propounded by different scholars, some of which support the fact that the media possess immense power in influencing the viewer, while others have consistently countered the notion.
Television as one of the world’s most amazing inventions has come to stay and has over the years been a veritable channel for communication in the world.
The effects of television on adults can be significant but its influence in children goes much deeper. The increasing rate of immoralities in the society today among youths can be easily attributed to inventions of technologies like television, internet, films and motion pictures by an average Nigerian.
This study therefore is an examines the influence television viewing exacts on Nigerian children. Gaius Benton schools; cut across all sections of children from nursery, primary to secondary school.
It x-rays how the moral behavior of children can be affected by television viewing which can be positive or negative.
Television is viewed in almost every home by people of all ages, the senile, parents, youths, children even infants.
The intensity of viewing by children and the extended periods of time over which they view television raises concern for their moral development.
The world today is said to be a global village thus issues, events and experiences going on in one part of the world can be seen instantly by people in other parts. People have more information about what is going on in world’s events than any other generation in human history.
Television over the years has played a pivotal role in the lives of individuals particularly children. The rapid growth of television after the World War II brought entertainment and information into the homes of many.
Large space communication was achieved in 1962 when a space probe radioed data, was moved back to the earth as it speed past the planet venues. The satellite made possible the broadcast over television between Europe and the United States of America and today, the rest of the world.
Cable television arrived in the 1970’s to most areas of the United States and now, to other parts of the world”. Akpan (2002, p.19) the use of television was expanded by the use of home videos and dick system.
Television uses a person-to-person communication gestures, facial expression to effect communication to it’s audience.
Television as a broadcast medium has its main functions of information, education and entertainment on a wide range of subjects. An average child has access to but a small part of such information but it’s influence cannot be over emphasized for a look they say is worth more than a thousand words.
Television programmes may contain historical, scientific social, religious, economic and other matters. Those programmes when viewed especially by children broaden their cosmological perspectives thereby giving them better insight into happenings around him.
Television has served as a viable tool for instruction on religions matters. It has also served in experimental purposes. When properly used, quality television introduces children to a world beyond their classroom and motivate them to learn. Because children relate easily to television as a medium they are familiar with, they are more apt to absorb the material they learn from it.
The amount of television programmes watched by children has caused considerable concern for parents and educators alike. It is thought that children remain glued to the television set for long periods of time, viewing unsuitable programmes which a=mat adversely affect not only their cognitive but emotional development. No doubt, children are susceptible to the images which they see on the television. This therefore stress the fact that immoral programmes can to a large extent affect the morality of children all over the country and the would at large.
Communication through the television can be referred to as purposive because the information disseminated are meant to affect the audience positively or negatively. That is, it has a variety of consequences which may be direct or indirect.
Such effects or consequences include such factors as emotional response, attitudinal shift or changes in a child’s view of the world after exposure to certain kinds of media.
Children have the capacity to give themselves over completely to the world created by pictorial media (television). Such intense involvement often leads to storing emotional response and to a large extent affect the moral behaviour of children.
1.2 Statement of Problem
Many people think that television viewing does not have lasting positive or negative effect on children. Studies have shown through analysis of the effects of television programmes over the years that the effects of television viewing on children is great.
This study seeks to find out the degree or extent to which the children of Gaius Benton schools have been affected by television viewing and to establish if there are programmes on television that can enhance or mar the moral behavior of the children match.
There have been cases where children fold papers and light them up with attempts to practice cigarette smoking, having watched the action on the screen of television.
The kinds of clothing children see on television seems to shape their demands on parents who purchase clothes for their children, especially at festive periods. All these acts and more are caused as a result of visuals on the screen of television.
1.3 Objectives of Study
The major objective of this study is to determine the impact of television viewing on the moral behaviour of Nigerian children.
- To examine the benefits derived by children from television viewing.
- To determine the negative as well as the positive affects of television on the lives of Nigerian children.
- To determine how the effects affect other members of the family and the Nigerian society at large.
- To encourage television stations to promote generally acceptable social values and norms, foster the spirit of self discipline and generally accepted moral standards through the programmes watched by children.
1.4 Significance of Study
This study is immensely important especially to Nigerian parents because it will help to inform them on the effects of television on the moral behavior of their children as it will help them determine what programmes to expose their children to.
This study will serve as a means of future research for media researchers, scholars and students.
It will also help media ie television stations know the right type of programmes to air for children consumption so as to build morals and not kill morals in children.
1.5 Research Questions
The researcher of this work has prepared certain questions to help in the course of his study.
- Do children derive benefit from television viewing?
- Does it have positive or negative effect on the moral life of the children?
- How does this affect other members of the family and the society at large?
- Can television programmes maintain standards that can ensure acceptable moral behavior of children?
1.6 Scope of the Study
This study covers the effect of television viewing on the moral behavior of Nigerian children. Gains Benton Schools as a representation of children of all ages serves as the case study of this research work.
Although, the main function of television as a sight and sound medium is to inform, entertain and educate its audience. This study will reveal the extent it does these with respect to the effects of viewing habit of children of Gains Benton Schools where the work is countered.
This research work is based on a sample of children between the ages of two (2) to eighteen (18) years of age (Nursery to secondary school age).
1.7 Limitation of Study
The greatest limitation to this study is time factor. There is limited time for the researcher to explore the topic.
Secondly, some of the children are too small and can neither read no write or even respond to questions through interview. Also, some of the respondents, students/pupils are too naive as they feel that the questions will be used against them.
Finally, financial constraint is another set back encountered by the researcher.
1.8 Operational Definition of Terms
The contextual definition of certain terms are considered important on this study by the research.
Television: Television is an electronic device that utilizes motion pictures, sound and light in disseminating information to a wide and diversified audience to create an effect. Television is the medium that possess credibility audio visual qualities and can be utilized in virtually development communication (Nwosu, 2005, p.164).
Moral: The word moral comes from a Latin word “Moralis” which means custom or manner (Okunna, 2003, p.1). Morals are principles and beliefs concerning right and wrong behavior.
Effect: This means a cause, a result or an outcome. It is a change produced by an action.
behavior: This means the way a child acts or function.
Children: This is the plural of the noun child. A child is a young person (a boy or a girl) within pre primary, primary and post primary school age, (2 – 18 years). |
| Content | STUDY OF JOB PROSPECTS OF SECRETARIES IN SOME SELECTED BUSINESS ORGANIZATION (A Case Study Of Enugu State)
ABSTRACT
In this study, the objective of all objectives of the researcher is to study the job prospects of secretaries in some selected business organization in Enugu State. In cause of our study, we are able to study these business organizations in Enugu. They are:
ANAMMCO NIGERIA PLC, ENUGU
UNILVER NIGERIA PLC ENUGU
NIGERIA BREWERIES ENUGU
To carry out the research, the researcher was able to discover the job prospects of secretaries.
i. Who is a secretary?
ii. Modern technology innovations and employment opportunities for secretaries
iii. Career and employment opportunities for secretaries.
iv. Job prospects of secretaries.
The relevant literature was reviewed and some reference was made to know the project of secretaries.
The researcher then used questionnaire, oral interview and direct observation in collecting the necessary data and information required. Sample size were determined and validity and reliability of instruments were known.
The researcher presented and analyzed the data gotten from the questionnaire.
Finally, the researcher after everything summarized the findings from the data gotten and resolved into making reasonable recommendations before concluding at last.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Title Page
Approval Page
Acknowledgement
Dedication
Abstract
List Of Tables
Table Of ContentChapter One
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Background Of The Study
1.2 Statement Of The Problem
1.3 Significance Of The Study
1.4 Purpose Of The Study
1.5 Delimitations Of The Study
1.6 Research Questions
Chapter Two
2.0 Literature Review
2.1 Modern Technology Innovations And Employment Opportunities For Secretaries
2.2 Job Prospects Of Secretaries
2.3 Summary Of Literature Review
Chapter Three
3.0 Research Design
3.1 Areas Of Study
3.2 Population Of The Study
3.3 Sources Of Data
3.4 Questionnaire Design And Allocation
3.5 Method Of Data Collection
3.6 Data Analysis Procedure
Chapter Four
4.0 Data Presentation And Analysis
Chapter Five
5.0 Summary Of Findings
5.1 Conclusions
5.2 Further Research
5.3 Recommendations
5.4 Limitation Of The Study
Bibliography
Questionnaire
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
In order to carry out a meaningful research into the job prospects of secretaries, it may be necessary to attempt a definition of a secretary and the functions he/she is expected to perform. A secretary is someone who assists a top executive in the office by performing his/her secretarial duties, skillfully and who possesses the ability to relieve the executive of certain administrative tasks.
Also, Marshal (1973:2) defined secretary as an Assistant to the executive secretary as an assistant to the executive possessing mastery of office skills and ability to assume responsibility without direct supervision who displays initiative, exercises judgment and makes decision within the scope of her authority.
In the business organization, the secretary is a great asset to her boss, she is his personal organizer. She uses different typewriters, computers which are her tools in the office. She takes shorthand dictations and transcribes them to produce mailable letters. The secretary is generally the life-wire of any organization.
The secretary also performs the duties of using different filing systems to file documents,, arrangement and preparation of Board/Management meetings and prepare notices and Agenda of meetings. She also takes speeches in shorthand at conference, seminars and low courts. She also books appointments for the boss and takes care of his itinerary. The duties of the secretary is so enormous and vast that listing them will be inexhaustible.
These are various categories of secretaries in Business organization before the civil service reform of 1988 namely:
1. Confidential Secretary IV
2. Confidential Secretary III
3. Confidential Secretary II
4. Confidential Secretary I
5. Personal Secretary
(Principal Secretary Assistant Grades)
6. Personal Secretary Grade
(Principal Secretary 2)
7. Senior Personal Secretary
(Principal Secretary Assistant I)
8. Principal Personal Secretary
(Chief Secretary)
9. Bilingual Secretary
10. Verbation/Official Reports
However, the guidelines on the civil service reform of 1988 changed the titles as follows:
Old Titles New Titles
1. Principal Personal Secretary Chief Secretarial Assistant
2. Senior Personal Secretary Principal Secretariat Assistant I
3. Personal Secretary I Principal Secretarial Assistant I
4. Personal Secretary II Principal Secretarial Assistant III
5. Confidential Secretary I Principal Secretarial Assistant IV
6. Confidential Secretary II Senior Secretarial Assistant
7. Confidential Secretary III Secretarial Assistant I
8. Confidential Secretary IV Secretarial Assistant II
Though secretaries job titles have been harmononized, they do not reach the same position in rank with their bosses because they are subordinates to their bosses.
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM:
The secretary is faced with numerous problems, one of which is uncertainty of advancement in her job in terms of promotion, job training and lack of welfarism.
Some business organizations exploit the secretaries by not making the jobs they schedule.
In addition, she is not given the necessary incentives thus frustrated in her job.
Moreover, secretaries in some business organizations are made to stagnate or “mark time” in a grade level due to lack of promotion given to them.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study is expected to bring out the job prospects of secretaries in area like job remuneration, promotion, welfare and more job training in today’s business organizations.
When these prospects are known they will motivate new entrants into the secretarial profession.
Recommendations will be made to business organizations on how to motivate secretaries. This will also make secretaries not to change their profession or be forced out of their jobs.
Moreover, this study can also serve as a future reference in the library. It can serve as future reference to both the student and the lecturer.
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY:
1. To identify employment opportunities available to secretaries in those selected business organizations in Enugu metropolis.
2. To identify the job prospects open to secretaries in terms of promotion, welfare, job training etc.
3. To identify these facts responsible, where necessary militating against their job prospects.
4. To offer suggestions for the improvement of secretarial profession.
DELIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY:
The study was limited to some selected business organizations in Enugu State. The following business organizations were selected.
1. Nigeria Breweries Company
2. ANAMMCO Enugu
3. Unilever Nigeria Plc.
These three organizations have been selected as to determine the job prospects of secretaries.
RESEARCH QUESTIONS:
1. Do secretaries receive their promotion when other workers are being promoted in your organization?
2. What is the highest position a secretary can attain in your organization?
3. What are the secretaries other employment opportunities apart from office work?
| CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background Of The Study
Wherever Man is at the company he keeps is always influenced by his internal environment. The reason for doing that is that he is easily assimilated into the totality of work.
Generally, the secretary?s work can include many varied duties like research, typing, producing flyers, filing, transcription, screening telephone calls, appointments, liaising with clients and other staff members, attending meetings, composing of letters, making travel arrangement, supervising, training staff etc. The major role or tasks the secretary performs is to provide assistance to a manager or managers (Amoor, 2009).
The Modern Business Office is the office gazette with information and communication technology devoid of the traditional way or manual way of performing tasks. In modern world, no business or office can succeed without the Information and Communication Technology. It makes work to be done faster, clearer, and more accurate than the traditional method of using typewriters, duplicating machine, cutting of stencil, delay in - 17 - transmission of message, filing in cabinets in terms of storing information etc. but in modern business office Information and communication Technology had taken over every burden. Changes as a result of offices automation, has brought about new methods in carrying out functions performed by Secretaries in organizations. At the centre of the new trends in the office are the office information systems and these new trends in technological innovations place greater responsibilities on business educators and secretarial education students. Secretaries in the organizations of yesterday dealt with papers, worked with manual machines, relied on postal services for external communications and kept the office records in files and cabinets. Nowadays, secretaries do not deal with papers or carry out their duties manually because all office tasks are handled with electronic and telecommunication gadgets (Ntukidem, 2000).
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Office technology and innovation have affected the way things are done in the office. This means great transformation in the tasks performed by Secretaries in the modern business offices such as: Communication services, Computer operation, word processing, Database, Excel etc.
From observation and interaction of the researcher with some of the Secretaries, it was observed that some of the equipment and machines used in producing documents are obsolete and cumbersome and also not able to meet up with the current challenges in the offices with the global Technology of the 21st Century.
More so, from researcher?s interaction with Secretaries working in an organization it was found that some of them were not able to operate computers because they were adaptive to the use of typewriter which rendered their service in an organization useless and these made their employer to look for someone who is computer literate and acquainted with the new technologies. Another problem observed was that Secretarial Education teachers that is, those that found themselves in teaching line were not able to teach computer courses effectively even to operate computer was difficult instead they hired the services of people from other department to take the course or that particular subject.
In line with the stated problems, the researcher deemed it necessary to carry out this study in order to know the actual job tasks the Secretaries are required to perform in modern business offices.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The major objective of this study is to investigate/examine the effect of working condition of secretary in an organization required in modern business offices and implication on Secretarial Education Curriculum in the North-Central Nigeria Unilever Nigeria plc.
The specific objectives are to:
1. Investigate the job-tasks which are required by the Secretaries in modern business offices in Nigeria Unilever Nigeria plc.
2. Examine the impact of Information Technology on the performance of Secretaries.
3. Examine the competencies required by Secretaries in performing job-tasks in modern business offices in the North-Central Nigeria.
4. Investigate the lapses in the current curriculum used in the preparation of Secretarial Education graduates for the job-tasks in modern business offices in the North-Central Nigeria.
1.4 Research Questions
To further focus on this study, the following research questions are posed:
1. Are secretaries in Unilever Nigeria Plc likely to resign if they are not satisfied with the working conditions of the organization?
2. Does the work environment in Unilever Nigeria Plc encourage secretaries to put in longer hours in their jobs because they are adequately compensated in terms of better salaries, attractive housing allowances, transport allowances, etc?
3. Does the work environment in Unilever Nigeria Plc provide opportunities for secretaries to grow and develop them intellectually?
4. Are there external training programmes organized by the company for secretaries to improve themselves and enhance the performance of their jobs?
1.5 Scope Of The Study
The study is not designed to cover the manufacturing companies in Nigeria but it is limited to Unilever Nigeria Plc, Aba office. Efforts have been specifically devoted to find out how the effect of internal environment affects the job performance of staff of Unilever Nigeria Plc for this purpose; the study covers both the junior and middle level management staff.
1.6 Limitation Of The Study
This is limited to Unilever Nigeria Plc Aba office in Aba metropolis due to time and logistics constraints, which made extensive coverage of the manufacturing location impossible.
1.7 Significance Of The Study
This study will explore the effect of working condition on secretary performance and the make-up of what constitutes a good organizational productivity in the company used as a case study. It is intended to be of interest to the top management in the manufacturing companies who would find the study very essential as a guide in structuring the internal environment and make it a better place, putting all the necessary facilities in place to enhance efficiency and also increase the level of job performance.
1.8 Definition Of Terms
In this research the under listed terms shall be deemed as having the following meanings respectively:
Secretary: an employee who does clerical and administrative work in an office for a person or organization.
Environment: Surrounding conditions that influence development or growth.
Employee: Someone who works in an office or a person, who performs services for an employer under a contract of service.
Performance: This is the act of doing a piece of work which one is either ordered to do or promised to do. It could be as the result of an act, which is measured in quality or in quantity.
Productivity: The rate or efficiency of work especially in manufacturing production.
Organization: a group of people identified by a shared interest or purpose.
1.9 Historical Background Of Unilever Nigeria Plc
Unilever Nigeria Plc, formally known as Lever Brother Nigeria Plc is one of the oldest manufacturing outfits in Nigeria; the company was established in 1983 to manufacture soap using palm oil. Over the years the company diversified and expanded its operation to the production and market toilet soap, non-soapy detergent, foods and personal products including tooth pastes, body cream, lotion and body care product.
The company through selected acquisition has strengthened its merger with Lipton Nigeria limited in 1985, Chesebrough product limited in 1988 and lately in 1995 with Unilever Nigeria Plc. In order to ensure sustenance in management, the company now has four manufacturing sites for its operation from the original site at Apapa, the premier and largest site produced soap such as sunlight, personal products mainly tooth paste and range of Vaseline, the second oldest site, Aba, it devoted to the product of the non-soapy detergent powders and bars. Here, the company makes such popular brands as Omo. The third and newest of the plant commissioned in 1993 is the ultra-modern food factory in Agbara, where the company produces Royco, blue band among others and of course the fourth the Ogun site where such products as Elide, peers, etc, are produced.
The company is fully committed to backward integration and self-sufficiency and has made considerable progress in its effort towards local sourcing and development of raw materials. The tea plantation on the manbilla, plateau under sources the company?s unrelenting drive for self-sufficiency. The first crop of tea was harvested for test packing at the end of 1991 and a processing factory for the tea leaves has been completed on site. The company has also built a large palm kernel mill at its Aba factory to improve the supply of vegetable oil an essential raw material for soaps and edibles production. It is also making investment in oil palm plantation in order to improve its local sourcing. Unilever Nigeria plc range of quantity products are distributed and sold at uniform prices all over the country. The company struggles to lead in all its core markets of fast moving customer products and achieve strong profitable growth by being the best at identifying and meeting consumers? needs. | CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
The task of achieving the aims of an organization is one that has for many years remained a hard not to crack by the management of most organization, and as such left most of the organization either dead or stagnate.
The needs for policy making arise due to the nature of business firm that operates in this era. A firm which has originally commenced operations in a single product line catering for a unique set of customer in a limited geographical area, expanded in one or more dimension. Informal control and co-ordinations became partially irrelevant as expansion took place and the need for integrate functional areas arose. This integration functional area arose. This integration brings about framing of policies to guide managerial action. Policymaking became the prime responsibility for effective management system.
The implementation phases in strategic management process consist of a set of activities by which the top management assures that the strategic choice is communicated and related to both the organization and its people. This is to say that implementation encompasses the activity of developing the organizational structure and climate best suited for the implementation of the chosen or adopted policy.
1.1 Background to the Study
Over the years, worker unrest and agitations has rocked many organizations the world over and non-involvement of employees in the policy-making process has accounted for many of these.
Policy-making in organizations has been the preserve of top management without the involvement of those on the lower rungs of the ladder of management, yet they are the very ones expected to see to the implementation of these decisions.
The non-involvement of lower level management in policy/decision-making also means that vital input from employees is often not factored into decisions made. This gives rise to the problems that are experienced in organizations when it comes to the acceptance of these decisions and its implementation because employees feel slighted and of no importance because their views were not sought.
They also do not feel as being part of the decision process but rather, decisions are taken and ?pushed down their throats?. This leads to resistance to compliance or a lackadaisical attitude to implementation.
1.2 Statement of Problem
The management of most organizations in the world today has been facing the problem of not knowing how they could achieve the aims and objectives of their organization in the face of the changing world, so that their organization will survive and grow.
This problem which has defile many management approaches is what the researcher is aimed at solving.
1.3 Purpose of the Study
The purpose of the research problem include to following:-
1. To ascertain the effect of the policy and its implementation on organization performance.
2. To bring out the relationship between policy and its implementation on efficient management system.
3. To determine the nature of problem militating against effective policy and its implementation in achieving organizational aims (goals).
4. To make useful recommendation based on the findings of the study.
1.4 Objective of the Study
The objective of this study by the researcher is:-
i. To find out the important role of policy making and implementation plays in achieving an organizational objective.
ii. To improve the mental ability of the managers and enable them to link theory with practical such ability is important in making policy where large numbers of factors have to be considered.
1.5 Research Hypothesis
Ho: The efficient management system does not depend on policy making and implementation for attainment of organizational objective,
Hi: The efficient management system depends on policymaking and implementation for attainment of organizational objective.
Ho: Effective implementation does not contribute to an efficient management system.
Hi: In some organization, implementation of polices contribute immensely to an efficient management system.
1.6 Significance of the Study
The importance of policymaking cannot be over-emphasized. It can be viewed in different context where it proves to be helpful.
1. This study will enable management student to know the process of policy making and the important roles it plays in achieving the objective of the organization.
2. This study will help in training of the future managers by showing how things should be done.
3. It will enable public policy makers to provide guidelines for the achievement of the objective of government and private establishment.
4. It will help managers to economies their time, since polices direct future action, managers do not engage in daily guiding of sub-ordinates.
5. It will enable the general readers to be acquainted with the process of making policies.
1.7 Scope of the Study
This study is limited to the topic ?policy making: A tool for an efficient management system to achieve the aims of an organization here is Nigeria Breweries plc, Ibadan.
1.8 Definition of Terms
They are the basic economic and social purposes for which an organization exists. They are also defined in an organization.
POLICY: A predetermined guide established to provide directions to decision making. A policy defined as area within which the decision can be made but it does not take the decisions.
EFFICIENT: The ability to achieve a result with minimum input.
MANAGEMENT: The efficient utilization of the human, material and financial resources of an organization to achieve the objective of an organization.
It can also be defined as body or group of person who see to the efficient utilization of the human, material and financial resources of an organization to achieve the objective of the organization.
ORGANIZATION: A business unit, set up to achieve objective.
POLICY MAKING: Is a purpose of developing an-effective policy?
POLICY CHOICE: Is a chosen policy from among the alternatives?
POLICY IMPLEMENTATION: The process of implementing a chosen policy.
TOOL: An instrument for achieving an objective.
ENVIRONMENTAL APPRAISAL: Is the process of examining the environment of an organization for the identification of opportunities and threats and strength and weakness?
EVALUATION: Is the process of examining the performance of policy in achieving a given or objective.
OBJECTIVES: They are the basic economic and social purpose for which an organization exists. They are also defends the ends an organization seeks to achieve.
EFFICIENT: It is the ability to achieve a result with minimum input.
Management: It is the efficient utilization of the human, material and financial resources of an organization to achieve the objective of the organization. | CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
In recent times, there is the observation that males are dropping out of secretarial profession. A critical look at this statement reveals that the secretarial profession is being dominated by females in recent years. The sole aim of every organization is its survival and continuous profitability. As a result of this, employers of labor are making conscious efforts to ensure that organization chavel high caliber of employees who will contribute vigorously to the achievement of the organizational goals and those that are portray good image of the organization. Considering numerous and sensitive nature of secretarial profession, there is need for balanced labor force to save the employers from the problem of whom to employ and whom not to employ. In the past, secretarial profession was perceived to be for females only and that males who engage in it do so as a last resort. Some have impression that secretaries are females who took down notes and correspondence like shorthand and transcribe on the typewriter for male executives or managers. A female manager organize and run small offices for their male employers, they carry out all office jobs ranging from hiring junior staff keeping cash book and arranging for the day- to- day office routines. They are also regarded as a mediator between the channel of communication between their employers and the rest of the staff with constant demand on their ability. Furthermore, they are expected to tactful, loyal, efficient and discrete and maintain confidentiality. They are expected to put in all their energies and enthusiasm to their employer?s interest, protecting him from undesirable demand and interruptions. This assumption about secretaries in the past as ?female who run office for male employers or boss? is not the case these days. Recent analysis has shown that the advancement of Office Technology and Management profession was expanded and this is becoming more complex and challenging the roles of secretaries have increased tremendously to include other functions which are of great importance to any organization these made it possible for male to engage in the profession not as a last resort once more. At least in out of five secretaries two are males.
National Secretarial Association of the United State of America defines a secretary as an executive assistance, posing a good mastery of office skills and ability to assume responsibilities without direct supervision, display initiative exercises judgment and make decision within the scope of his/her authority.
Harding (1988) went further to define a secretary as ?one who provides a full range of management support which calls upon in a variety of skills and abilities that would certainly not be prerequisite office staff generally?. In these definitions, we see that secretary is an important officer in any establishment his works has even become more technical especially the advent of computers and other machines
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Today, it is observe that many employers, of labor prefer female secretaries to their male counterparts, reason for this have not been attributed to the non- performance of male secretaries but as a result of the fault that female secretaries are more useful in other areas than official duties. Also, male secretaries are perceived to be more assertive than female secretaries and such formed opinion that they will not be submissive to contributed authorities. The issue of down-turn in male students enrolment in secretarial studies department is reaching an alarming properties as industries employ more female secretaries this among others problems gave rise to this topic generally, the problem include that?.
1. It is not known whether parents no longer afford to support their male children financially once they got close to adulthood.
2. It is today a saying that male are becoming impatient with the unemployment status of the male graduates in the society. This gives us a serious concern.
3. We do not know why employers of labor prefer female secretaries to their male counterparts.
4. Some argue that the pronoun ?she? used to mean every category of secretarial profession is meant for females, the male students might be therefore feeling that there is no future to look forward to in the profession.
1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
The major purpose of this study is to investigate the factors responsible for down-turn in male student?s enrolment in Office Technology and Management department especially the study seeks to
1. To find out the causes of decline in male student?s enrolment in Office Technology band Management Department.
2. To ascertain the altitude of male towards Office Technology and Management program.
3. To determine if the image of technology and management studies is poor in the society.
4. To identify if male secretarial students graduate do not secure employment easily.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The significance of this study cannot be over emphasized, the study can be parameter to check the incessant exist of male student?s enrolment from Office Technology and Management Studies.
1 The studies will re- awake interest of male students? enrolment in the study of Office Technology and Management Studies.
2 The study will proffer solution on how to tackle the imbalance supply of quality secretarial staff for our industrial growth particularly now that secretarial functions are very challenging.
3 Furthermore, the outcome of this study will serve as reference for students of Office Technology and Management Studies and lecturers who wish to gain more knowledge on this subjects.
1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
1 What are the sources of down-turn in male student?s enrolment in Office Technology and Management studies Department?
2 To what extent is the image of secretarial studies poor in the society?
3 What are the altitudes of males towards Office Technology and Management studies programme?
4 To what extent do male secretarial graduate secure employment?
1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The study of the down-turn in male students? enrollment in Office Technology and Management studies department is such that would have taken the researcher too many higher institutions and some organizations but as a result of financial constants. | CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
This research is on a survey of physical working conditions and their effects on productivity of the secretaries in some business establishments. The score of today’s business is seriously widening and becoming dynamic challenging sophisticated and highly competitive for any establishment to cope with the demanding nature of modern business and eventually accomplish its set objectives, it must practice art of scientific management. This means that managers of these business establishments must have insight or vision which will enable them plan and work towards achieving its economic objectives using all available resources effectively or efficiently.
The managers accomplishment of these objectives is a demanding task. The manager will require the services of someone who will help him to achieve or accomplish this great task which is the services of a secretary.
According to Elendu, O. (2001) it is necessary to refer to definition given earlier and adopted by the national – Secretaries Association Missouri, USA which says that the secretary is an assistant to an executive, possessing mastery of office skills and ability to assume responsibility without direct supervision, who displays initiative, exercises judgment, and makes decision within the scope of her authority.
According to Okolo (2009) a secretary is a person who directly assists the chairman in the conduct of the meeting. The secretary is in charge of the secretariat and is responsible for all the secretariat functions of the meeting.
According to White Head (1979) a secretary is one who must act as the alter ego of the chief executive. The secretary must be able to render such services as desired by the chief executive and also assist him to realize the organizational goals based on competence and efficiency.
The secretary plays essential role in any establishment/office. This means that a secretary must be a person of high responsibility and even qualified by training experience and temperament to perform these essential duties.
A secretary being able to carry out his/her duties perfectly, physical working condition is mandatory to provide. It is so because these help to make secretaries comfortable. Physical working condition according to Elendu O. (2000: 1.8) said that it is not enough for an office to be properly located and laid out. It is also highly necessary to ensure that good physical condition are provided and at the same time will maintained, while Obasi Oko (1994: 950) enumerated them as orientation of the building, cleanliness of the office furniture and fittings. Physical working conditions and those things which is in an office that makes a worker to work for a long time without getting distracted and tired. The provision of adequate, attractive and conducive physical working conditions in the offices is of utmost importance. The manager should try to make the working condition comfortable and attractive.
The nature of the physical working conditions influences the performance of the secretaries in a greater way. If the office is not comfortable of conducive, it affects the job performance of secretaries, her mood and productivity. But a comfortable environment makes the secretary to be excited and enhances his/her performance and productivity.
In any office there should be maximum use of certain working conditions like lighting, ventilation, computers and others. Effective use of doors, windows, rents and skylights will save eyes, improve work and health, and it reduces the cost of lighting, heating and air condition. Base on these the provision of proper physical working condition in the office is sine qua non, if the productivity of the secretary is to be guaranteed.
This study is therefore aimed at finding out the extent to which the provision and lack of any of these physical working conditions have influenced and affected the secretary’s performance and productivity.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMS
The challenge of these modern office and the resultant challenge posed on the secretaries in the office and job holders have made the practice of secretariat functions too demanding and tasking. With poor physical working conditions there is usually discomfort, fatigue and poor health, with its consequences on productivity.
Lack of adequate and proper physical working conditions in offices the secretary’s morale depressed resulting to lack of job satisfaction, sabotage and performance. In an office, lack of performance of the secretary will surely disorganize the entire system in the business for the organization.
Some people have ability to concentrate in the face of distraction but whether a person has this ability or not, it is the duty of an employer to make adequate provision for his staff, an environment conducive to work in order to enhance job performance and productivity. Absence of these physical working conditions in an office have made secretaries resort to truancy, lateness, indifference, absenteeism and the consequential rate of labor turnover of the secretaries.
1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
The major objective or purpose of this study is to determine the physical working conditions in offices and their effects on the productivity of secretaries in some business establishments.
- To identify the major physical working conditions in offices and its level of availability in those establishment.
- To identify the problems associated with lack of these physical working conditions.
- To prefer solutions aimed at solving these problems and make recommendations.
- To determine the extent to which the physical working conditions in offices affect the productivity of the secretary especially in those selected establishments.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE
This study is intended to highlight the major physical working conditions that should be present in offices. It will exposes the factors responsible for lack of these physical working conditions in offices and its resultant effects on the performance of the secretaries.
This study will suggest the various ways establishments and employees of labour could follow to provide these essential physical working condition for the secretary in order to ensure maximum serve as a reference material to other students and readers who may embark on similar research in future.
1.5 DELIMITATION
The researcher emerged the result of covering all the country and decided to limit the investigations to some selected establishments in Enugu urban.
1.6 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
This study is intended to identify the following:
- What are the major physical working conditions in offices and the level of availability in those establishments?
- What are the problems caused by inadequate physical working conditions?
- To what extent do these physical working conditions influence your productivity?
- What do you think are the possible solutions to these problems?
1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS
PHYSICAL CONDITION: These facilities and conveniences in the work place that without distraction and fatigue that work can be done efficiently.
PRODUCTIVITY: The amount of production in relation to labour employed.
SECRETARY: An executive assistant who possesses a mastering of office skill without direct supervision, exercises initiative judgment and makes decisions with the scope of his assigned authority.
ENVIRONMENT: The surrounding conditions of an employee, which influences his work.
ORGANIZATIONAL GOALS: Targets or designed objective, which an organization aimed to achieve. | ABSTRACT
This research is on Effect of television viewing on the moral behavior of Nigerian children: (a study of Gaius Benton schools). The deterioration of the moral life of children who grow into youthful age and then into adulthood in the face of immoralities has become an issue which needs urgent action in today’s Nigerian society. This can be attributed to a lot of reasons but the mass media with us Persuasive messages cannot be exonerated. Television being a viable medium of the mass media stands at the fore in shaping the attitudes of children. This research work has therefore made a good attempt at unrevealing the various effects of television programmes on Nigerian children using Gaius Benton schools as a pivot. In this regards, a historical background of events owing to this study and analysis of findings and recommendations are duly presented. It is found in this research work that television programmes affect children’s moral behavior both positively and negatively depending on the moral standards of the programme. The appraised and critical examination of issues are the mainstay of this research work thus, if the recommendation are heeded it will help in enforcing and maintaining good, upright and acceptable moral behavior in Nigerian children. |
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