Description
TABLE OF CONTENT
TITLE PAGE.i
CERTIFICATION….ii
DEDICATION…………iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.iv
ABSTRACT……….v
TABLE OF CONTENTS……..vi
LIST OF TABLESxiii
LIST OF FIGURES…xiv
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION. 1
1.1 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES2
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 4
2.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF CEREALS… 4
2.1.1 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CEREALS4
2.2 SORGHUM..5
2.2.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF SORGHUM.. 6
2.2.2 SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION OF SORGHUM.7
2.2.3 GRAIN COMPOSITION AND NUTRITIVE VALUE7
2.2.4 CULTIVATION AND USES9
2.3 MILLET..10
2.3.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF MILLET. 10
2.3.2 BOTANICAL CLASSIFICATION OF MILLET…11
2.3.3 PEST AND DISEASES OF MILLET.11
2.3.4 USES OF MILLET..12
2.4 BREWING..13
2.4.1 HISTORY OF BREWING..13
2.4.2 BREWING PROCESSES14
2.4.2.1 EUROPEAN BREWING PROCESS…14
2.4.2.2 INDIGENOUS AFRICAN BREWING PROCESS.17
2.5 RAW MATERIALS FOR BREWING…18
2.5.1 STARCH SOURCE.18
2.5.2 ADJUNCTS.19
2.5.3 WATER…19
2.5.4 HOPS…20
2.5.4.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF HOPS.21
2.5.4.2 TROPICAL HOP SUBTITUTES FOR BEER BREWING.22
2.5.5 YEAST25
2.5.5.1 BAKERS YEAST…25
2.5.5.2 BREWERS YEAST26
2.6 BIOCHEMISTRY OF BREWING PROCESSES..26
2.6.1 MALTING AND KILNING26
2.6.2 MILLING….27
2.6.3 MASHING…27
2.6.4 SOURING29
2.6.5 WORT BOILING29
2.6.6 FERMENTATION..31
2.6.6.1 ALCOHOL FERMENTATION…35
2.6.6.2 TOP FERMENTATION..36
2.6.6.3 BOTTOM FERMENTATION.37
2.6.7 PACKAGING37
2.7 SPOILAGE38
2.7.1 MICROORGANISM THAT DETERIORATE BEER…38
2.8 TYPES OF BEER…38
2.8.1 EUROPEAN BEERS…38
2.8.2 INDIGENOUS AFRICAN BEERS40
2.9 EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL ON MAN45
2.9.1 ALCOHOL AND HEALTH45
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS…47
3.1 MATERIALS.47
3.1.1 CHEMICALS AND REAGENTS..47
3.1.2 GLASSWARES AND EQUIPMENT48
3.1.3 PREPARATION OF SAMPLES50
3.2 METHODS50
3.2.1 METHOD OF PREPARATION OF SORGHUM BEER..50
3.2.2 ACTIVATION OF YEAST51
3.2.3 PREPARATION OF BITTERLEAF EXTRACT.51
3.2.4 PREPARATION OF REAGENT…52
3.2.4.11 PHENOLPHTHALEIN..52
3.2.4.2 0.1M NaOH SOLUTION.52
3.3 METHOD OF CHEMICAL ANALYSIS..52
3.3.1 TOTAL ACIDITY..52
3.3.2 FIXED ACIDITY53
3.3.3 VOLATILE ACIDITY53
3.3.4 PH DETERMINATION..53
3.3.5 SPECIFIC GRAVITY.53
3.3.6 TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLID54
3.3.7 TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS.54
3.3.8 ETHANOL CONTENT..55
3.3.9 MICROBIAL COUNT55
3.3.9.1 PROCEDURES FOR THE PREPARATION OF MEDIA..55
3.3.9.2 PROCEDURE FOR CULTURING PLATES..56
3.3.9.3 PROCEDURE FOR IDENTIFICATION OF ORGANISMS..57
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 RESULTS58
4.1 RESULTS FOR TOTAL ACIDITY, FXED ACIDITY, VOLATILE ACIDITY AND PH OF SORGHUM BEER.58
4.2THE GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF TOTAL ACIDITY, FIXED ACIDITY, VOLATILEACIDITY AND PH RESULT ..58
4.3 RESULTS FOR ETHANOL CONTENT, SPECIFIC GRAVITY, TDS AND TSS FOR SORGHUM BEER…59
4.4 GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF ETHANOL CONTENT, SPECIFIC GRAVITY, TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS TDS AND TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLID TDS RESULTS 60
4.5 AVERAGE MEAN PARAMETERS GENERATED FROM HOPPED AND UNHOPPED SORGHUM BEER61
4.6 GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF THE AVERAGE PARAMETERS GENERATED FROM SORGHUM BEER WITH AND WITHOUT HOPS.61
4.7 MICROBIAL COUNT FOR BENCH STORED SORGHUM BEER WITH AND WITHOUT HOP62
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 DISCUSSION64
5.1 CONCLUSION.67
5.2 RECOMMENDATION68
REFERENCES ..69
APPENDIX A.74
APPENDIX B ..78
APPENDIX C..79
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