| Content | Abstract
This study is aimed at providing the impact of health and safety regulation in stores operation. Early attempt has been made to cover comprehensively the impact of safety regulations in stores operation. The researcher required for safety regulations in stores operation. It is made up of five chapters, chapter one talks about the introduction, background of the study, statement of the problem, the objectives of the study, the scope of the study etc. chapter two deals on literature review, the need for health and safety regulations, objectives, common causes of accident in stores operation. Chapter three talks about the research methodology. Chapter four deals on data presentation and analysis of findings. Chapter five deals on summary, conclusion and recommendations. | CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
The role of leaders in ensuring excellent organizational performance cannot be over emphasized. Adequate motivation, suitable work environment, compensation, efficient communication between managers and subordinates play an important role in promoting this goal. Planning and organization of work is also very crucial in organizational attainment. Some researchers have argued that the most common problems affecting organizational performance in Nigeria business and other institutions are poor attitude to work among workforce, inefficiency as well as ineffectiveness of leaders in most places, though others share a contrary view. This second school of thought believes that organizations in Nigeria are mange through leadership styles that are strange to typical Nigerian are managed through leadership styles that are strange to typical Nigerian culture. In the wake-up call to address this issue, management practitioners in Nigeria have embarked on series of studies in an attempt to establish the relationship between effective leadership and organizational performance. Some found out that effective leadership styles are positively related to organizational performance while others have a different view. Still there is no empirical evidence to show how effective leadership styles impacts on organizational performance. Again given our cultural background, educational qualifications, environmental factors it is still not too clear how effective a leader can be if he must combine the three types of leadership styles to achieve high performance in Organizations Usoro 2000. Given this scenario, this study will be important in that it tries to fill this gap. The extent (degree) to which all members of an organization use their abilities and influences in the effective utilization of resources depends upon how well the leaders of the organization understand and perform their jobs. Maddock and Fulton 1998 in Iyang (2006) explain that leadership styles and other processes of the organization must be such that can ensure maximum probability within all interactions and relationships with the Organizations, each member will in the light of his background, values and expectation view the expenses as supportive and one which can build and maintains his sense of personal worth and importance.
Despite the above, we should note that individuals have their needs to satisfy and that is why they offered their labours to become organizational members and the extent to which they are committed to the organization depends on the degree of their conviction that their membership of the organization will enable them realize their predetermined objectives. In this case, the support an organization gets from the individuals will be based on the realization that by doing that, his personal objectives and goals will be met; otherwise his interest in the organization will wane. Based on that, leadership effectiveness should be given adequate attention it the organization intends to achieve its objectives. That is why it is a common agreement among management scholars that the success or failure of an organization is largely a function of leadership and its styles. I yang on his part sees effective leadership as a unique ways and integrating employees with the organization to achieve its vision or objectives and that to a large extent the effectiveness of a leader is largely dependent to the styles adopted by mangers which he says is central in the management of Organizations. Speaking in the same vein Edem, observes that failure or success of an organization, which affect the subordinates, the customers and agencies within and outside the organization. Although there is no standard method through which a leader can be effective in achieving high performance in an organization but that what is required is the modification and the combination of the variables that make leader effective if the goals and objectives of the organization have to be realized (Edem 2002).
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Managing people in Organizations is parts and parcel of management Process. Therefore, managers should realize, that people are the critical elements in organizations and that they should be recognized as being synonymous with the organization. But the problem is, to what extent do managers recognize this fact that employees are synonymous with Organizations and that they should be adequately motivated so that they can give their best to ensure high performance? Again the leadership behavior/style in most organizations which believe that workers could be treated anyhow as a result of unemployment situation in the country which makes job switch difficult has resulted in the hardship workers face in their places of work in Nigeria. This behaviour/style of leadership has an impact on reforming and/or creating organizational culture which in turn affects organizational performance and commitment. So given this situation, how effective can a leader be to elicit the best response from subordinates and make for the highest or best performance (Usoro, 2000). Furthermore, some researchers are of the opinion that the most common problems affecting organizational performance in Nigeria businesses and other institutions are poor attitude to work among the
Workforce, inefficiency and ineffectiveness of leaders in most places, others still belief that organizations in Nigeria are managed through leadership styles and behaviors that are strange to typical Nigerian culture.
In view of the above contending issues, it was necessary to look at effective leadership and organizational performance in Nigeria using National Youth services corps Kogi State Secretariat as a case study.
Therefore, this study will be investigating the following.
- To examine the impact of effective leadership on organizational performance.
- To study the effect of leadership behavior on the execution/implementation of the programmes of the NYSC in Kogi State.
- To find out the extent to which the management structure of Kogi State NYSC influences the performance of the organization.
- To suggest recommendations aimed at engendering effective leadership of the Kogi State NYSC.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The general objective of this study is to examine the impact of effective leadership on organizational performance. The specific objectives are as follows:
1. To find out the effect of the leadership behavior on the execution/implementation of the programmes of the NYSC in Kogi State.
2. To examine the extent to which the management structure of Kogi State NYSC influences the performance of the organization.
3. To suggest recommendations aimed at engendering effective leadership in Kogi State NYSC.
1.4 Significance of the Study
The significance of any research study lies in the application of its findings for operational purpose. It is believed that this study will be of immense importance because the empirical finding will reveal how effective leadership impacts on organizational performance.
The study among others, seek identify the weaknesses or inadequacies of various variables of effective leadership. It is the researcher?s belief that this work through its findings will change the perception of the National Youth Service Corps Kogi State Secretariat leadership and other organization?s leaders about their leadership behaviour and styles.
Scholars and practitioners suggest that effective leadership behaviours can facilitate the improvement of performance when organizations face challenges (Avery 2008).
Again, leadership is viewed by some researchers as one of the driving forces for improving a firm?s performance. That is why effective leadership is seen as a potent source of management development and sustained competitive advantage for organizational performance improvement. This is because leadership helps organizations achieve their objectives more efficiently by linking job performance to valued rewards and by ensuring employees have the resources needed to get the job done.
Another theoretical significance of this study is that when organizations seek efficient ways to enable them to outperform others, a long standing approach is to focus on the effects of leadership. This is because team leaders are believed to play a vital role in shaping collective norms, helping teams cope with their environments and coordinating collective action?. The absence of leadership is so dramatic in its effects. Without leadership, organizations move too slowly, stagnate and lose their way. If decision making is timely, complete, and correct, than things will go well, yet a decision by itself changes nothing. After a decision is made, an organization faces the problems of implementation ? how to get things done in a timely and effective way. Problems of implementation are really issues about how leaders influence behavior, change the course of events and overcome resistance. Leadership is crucial in implementing decision successfully. Furthermore, the result of this work will be of immense benefit to the leadership of Kogi Sate National Youth Service Corps. As managers of human and material resource, this study will assist them to understand leadership, managing people and other resources, harnessing resources both human and material to achieve organizational goals and objectives and what it takes to achieve maximum performance through effective leadership.
The result of this study will also help officers in managerial positions to become conscious of their roles as the propelling force towards development. It is hoped that the research findings will assist the Federal, State and Local government Areas especially Kogi State and the Local Governments in the state on the ways to adopt the right leadership styles that can support them so that the state secretariat will achieve its goals and objectives like any other state secretariat will achieve its goals and objective like any other state secretariat in the country.
It is also believed that the work will stimulate further interests in future researches who will be involved in research efforts in the same organisation. In addition to the above, it will add to already existing literatures on effective leadership and organizational performance which will serve as reference materials to scholars and researchers who may be interested in embarking on a research of this nature.
1.5 Scope of the Study
The scope of the study covers only National Youth Services Corps Kogi State Secretariat. Thus, the focus of the study is on effective leadership and organizational performance.
However, to facilitate a sound grasp of the subject matter within the thought framework of the objectives of the study, the scope of the study covered such issues as the concept of leadership, the relationship between effective leadership and organizational performance, leadership and motivation. Others include motivation and job performance, leadership effectiveness and job performance and leadership styles. It also includes organizational performance, how to measure organizational performance, leadership and communication, characteristics and qualities of good leadership and managing subordinates in organizations.
1.6 Limitation of the Study
In conducting this research project, the work would have been more thorough if the thirty six States National Youth Service Corps offices in the country including the National Headquarters were covered. However, it was difficult to study all the thirty six States National Youth Service
Corps Secretariats due to costs of associated logistics and time constraints. Owing to these constraints, this study focused on National Youth Service Corps Kogi State Secretariat alone. A major limitation to research work in this part of the country is the inability of the researcher to get the necessary information which could have made the work richer were not obtained due to the unwillingness of the officials to give out rich information so the researcher resorted to getting the little to give out rich information so the researcher resorted to getting the little he could from the staff of the secretariat. Also, due to lack of culture of proper record keeping, only very limited data were gotten by the researcher for this work.
However, in spite of all these limitations and other constraints which may not be mentioned here, it does not in any way affect the reliability of the research work for the purpose of reference and its usage by all the stakeholders in national Youth Services corps especially the Kogi State Secretariat. | CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Since stock of materials represent money: it is important to research into how these materials are received, kept, issued with theoretical knowledge acquired in schools over the years, while the primary function of the store is to provide services to the operating function and these services cannot be provided without proper provisions of storage facilities.
The impact of storage facilities on stores efficiency is to ensure that goods regularly required are stored according and that adequate care of materials held within the organizations is very important. Store staff must be well trained in ensuring that materials held within the stores are well taken care of, storage facilities such as bins, rack, shelves, flat pallet, spillage post, box pallet, stock taking silos and tanks are to be provided.
Some methods of storage are associated with particular method of handling and therefore the task of handling materials and storage methods must be taken into consideration while choosing the methods of storage to be incurred or use. The provision of materials handling is another essential objective of store functions, storage also encompasses store design and store location system. Storage cannot be effectively done within taking into consideration the design of the store which involves planning so that stocks are conveniently grouped and placed for efficient operation. The store should also be designed in such a way that easy flow of items or materials held is to be ensured without hindrances caused by the choosing of gang way, also to ensure that materials can be found when they are needed within minimum waste of time.
There are two major location systems which can be adopted and these are fixed or random location system, all goods location system must not only locate them but also conjure up a mental picture of its position with store house.
In many organization, both public and private sectors much emphasis are being made on procurement of materials and less on storage and associated functions and procedures.
The research work is to reveal the storage procedures and its impact on store efficiency, in doing this the storage and materials handling procedures adopted by Lafarge cement Plc, Ewekero Ogun State shall be looked into ascertain its effects on store efficiency it also hopes that suggestions and recommendations will made regarding modern scientific and better system of storage and materials handling.
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
There is enormous variety of material in store house of all kind and yet there are increasing verities very now and then because of advancement in technology due to innovations and renovations, this has brought careful and important roles to be played by the stores as appropriately expected it worth reporting that so many damages had been caused to materials in the store and which as lead to significant losses thanks to materials handling, location system, storage procedures etc. which as help to decrease the rate of damages in the store house. While many materials have lost their strength due to poor storage facilities, poor storage procedures and lack of qualified or experienced and adequate staff to manage the store efficiently. However, financial constraint hindered the purchase of adequate equipment and qualified personnel.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
This project is tailored towards the realization of the following:
? To evaluate out how materials handling and storage contribute to store efficiency in terms of cost reduction in cost and wastages and enhanced productivity
? To assesses the objective of materials storage and its contribution to the organization (Lafarge cement Plc)
? To examine the effect of stored design on materials handling in Lafarge cement Plc.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTION
To aid this study the researcher finds it worthwhile to raise the following under listed question:
? What is the contribution of store to the development of an organization?
? Does materials brings about, enhance productivity?
? Does materials handling brings a wastage of materials
1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This research seeks to look at the store efficiency through storage and materials handling in an organization especially within Lafarge cement Plc Ewekoro, Ogun State.
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
? It will contribute to the existing wealth of knowledge the area of storage and materials handling in the store house.
? The study will be of access assistance to prospective researcher who may like to research on this topic or improve on the recommendations proffered by the researcher.
? The research will enable the researcher to have broad knowledge of ensuring store?s efficiency through storage and materials handling in an organization
1.7 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
During the course of this research, some problems are encountered which did not make the work as detailed and timely as expected. Among the difficulty confront are following
i) ATTITUDE OF THE OFFICALS: the officials met in the company were reluctant to give useful information that can make this job easy while some did not respond at all.
ii) FINANE: Fund was inadequate in order to enable the research enough. This is responsible for the. Slow in project write-up and printing.
1.8 DEFINITION OF KEY TEAM
Stores: is a term used to describe goods which are held in storehouse or stockyard.
? STORE: means an abode where material either raw, work-in- progress or finished goods are being kept before delivery or dispatch is made.
? EFFICIENCY: is a measure of how well or productive an organization uses resources in producing huge amount of product.
? STORAGE: refers to where or place where goods and materials bought are kept for uses or purpose or materials that await inspection or delivery are kept.
? MATERIALS: are items procured to use in the production process to give a reasonable outcome that is finished product.
? HANDLING EQUIPMENT: are facilities used to carry or move material from one point to the other in an organization e.g Forklift.
? OPERATION: Refers to as an action of functioning or the fact of been active or in effect. An action scope or method of working.
? OUTPUT: means end result of production activities an outcome of an operation either in production or any activities.
1.9 HISTORY OF LAFFARGE CEMENT PLC
Lafarge cement plc, formally as West Africa porland Cement plc was established in 1959 with its first factory in Ewekoro Ogun State Nigeria in 1960. The discovery of limestone in Sagamu area made it easy for the establishment of second Cement factory in Shagamu Ogun State and Commissioned the Hon. Minister of labour and industry Sir Roland Adeleye in way1978. The company commenced production with an initial capacity of 200,000 tones per annum, but these later grew with demand to about 1.5 million metric tones per annum.
In response to a growing demand for Cement and aligned products, West Africa Portland Cement Plc remained the flagship product of the essential input to build in Nigeria which is symbolized by elephant; its brand- has continued to depict power, maturity, Resilience, durability and reliability.
Elephant cement has continued to expand and assert itself as a market leader across borders, despite the overall instability and weakness of the market. Brand is successful due to its outstanding quality complimented by their Superior sales and world class logistics from work to position the elephant brand as a clear leader in prod class
From the late 90?s the company began to witness reduction in output due to age the inaugural plants in Ewekoro. However to cope with future challenges through increase productivity, improve efficiency and cost effectiveness a modern productivity, improve efficiency and cost effectiveness a modern State-of-the-art plant was commissioned in Ewekoro in August 2003 to replace the absolute and aged plant. The new plant capacity of 1.32 million metric tones per annum has since commence production with attendant result of increased output by the company.
Lafarge Contribute to the construction of city around the world through its innovative solution providing them with more housing and making them more compact; more durable, more beautiful, and better connected with the world leading building materials, Larfarge places innovation at the heart of its priority in other to contribute to more sustainable construction and to better serve architectural creativities. They promote social economic development job creation, adult training programmes and employee opportunity to make a positive contribution in the community around our sites.
CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY (CSR) OF LAFARGE CEMENT PLC OGUN STATE
Another representative of Ewekoro community, Chief J.O Idowu submitted that ?the company gave our students scholarship youth empowerment through revolving capital and educational relief materials. Lafarge WAPCO also introduced mechanized farming into our villages in Ewekoro by giving us tractors? youth representatives, under the aegis of Sagamu youth Council led by Mr. Jamiu Olododo said the company has equally demonstrated its commitment to the development of Sagamu through a number of activities ranging from the building of public toilet to yearly scholarships and a community learning center for youth empowerment.
Our commitment to the communities is supported by a methodology focusing on awareness, dialogue and collaboration designed to create shared values for local stakeholders and for the operations. We have set ambitious targets to promote local socio-economic development. We also support, conduct, or sponsor many adult training programs ranging from basic competences to specific trade skills.
The ACES is designed and wholly sponsored by Lafarge in its drive towards solving technical skills deficit in the society, the scheme is targeted at young school leaver from the host-communities along with others from the lager Nigerian society for them to acquire skills in Electrical, Mechanical, and instrumentation/ Automation crafts man ship, in furtherance of this- Lafarge as a member of the board of the Cement Technology institute of Nigeria (CTIN). Over 1,000 people have benefited from the acquisition scheme from the centre in various trade tests with a training period of three and half (31/2) years and a take away of a National Board of technical Education certificate (NABTEB) o ?level certificate. | CHAPTER ONE
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
There appears to be evidence more convincing about the poor quality of employees working in different sectors of the economy especially in the manufacturing industry. This is why most national governments have started to encourage employees training and development by incorporating grass-root workforce training and development in their nationals? policies. This is also seen in the Nigeria government. Here the government in its quest to boast employees training and development, established some agencies like; administrative Stock College of Nigeria (ASCON), Centre for management development (CMD), Industrial Training Centre (ITC), to mention but a few. The private sector also organizes training and development centres in order to contribute their own quota towards manpower training and development at work places.
However, training and development activities differ from sector to sector as well as company to company. The needs and skills areas in which a company desires, determines the levels of training and development programmes such company will embark on in order to attain its goals and objectives. it could be technical skills, supervisory skills, communication skills, materials management skills, accounting skills and other related specific areas of management like procurement skills.
The rate of a nation?s development is specifically based on the quality of its workforces, which is predicated on the quality of training and development programmes. This is also the case to companies especially manufacturing ones like Paterson Zochonis Cussons. This is so because the quality of training and development activities a company put in place, will increase productivity, greater adaptability to new methods, ensures lesser supervision, preparing one for a higher job, maintain and raising the standard of performance as well as increasing morale and confidence in the performance of duties. Also ugly situation like side-tracing and retrenchment are reduced drastically.
From the foregoing, it can been seen or observed that both training and development aimed at sustaining the nation?s economy as well as that of a company because both improve efficiency effectiveness of the workforce thereby ensuring total actualization or organizational goods and objectives.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMS
In Nigeria since independence in 1st October 1960, the rate, pattern and techniques of employee training and development have been negatively influenced by ineffectiveness and unpopular government industrial policies and the poor performance of the corporate sectors. This has led to the existence of excess unskilled and semi-skilled manpower in the labour market. As a result of this, many people, though, they have acquired university education but lack the necessary practical skills needed for gainful employment. And those that were employed are not qualifying for immediate corporate functions due to lack of training facilities and high cost of training. This phenomenon is responsible for high rate of retrenchment and unemployment in Nigeria. One major problem that is created by these deficiencies is that there are also many unproductive staff.
The magnitude of this problem is traceable to management perception of what constitutes adequate training and development of manpower. Manpower proponents of adequate training and development argue that unless companies in Nigeria start to adequately train and develop their staff, in vain will their employee performance especially purchasing personnel and productivity limited. Firms that do not spend sizeable portion of their annual profit in adequate manpower training and development will have to penalize growth and the rate of return on their investment.
It is from the foregoing that this study is targeted to the impact of manpower training and development in PZ Cussons Plc and evolved a techniques to solve the problems that may arise from manpower training and development which are hampering employee performance especially purchasing personnel in the company .
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The major purpose of his study is to evaluate the impact of manpower training and development in the manufacturing sub-sector with greater reference to PZ Cussons PLC. Other factors influencing the objectives of the study include the following:
? To find out the criteria used by PZ Cussons PLC to train and retain its staff.
? To find out the procedure adopted by PZ Cusson PLC to select manpower that are qualified for training and development.
? To evaluate the impact of training and development programmes on employees especially purchasing personnel.
? To identify the impact of cost on manpower training and development in PZ Cussons PLC Aba factory.
Finally to recommend to the PZ Cussons PLC
New methods and techniques for manpower training and development in order in order to stimulated greater performance and productivity.
1.4 THE RESEARCH QUESTIONS
For the purpose of this study and to ensure that reader flows along with the researcher, it becomes necessary that the following questions be ask and answered very well:
? Why is it necessary to train and develop staff in a manufacturing company especially PZ Cussons PLC?
? What are the necessary criteria required to train and retrain manpower in manufacturing company?
? What are the procedures that must be in selecting staff for training and development programmes?
? Does cost have any significant impact in training and development of manpower in PZ Cussons PLC Aba factory?
? Why is it necessary to evaluate the impact of training and development programmes on employees especially purchasing personnel?
1.5 THE STATEMENT OF HYPOTHESIS
During the course of this study, many views were raised, investigated and verified. Others that cannot be confirmed immediate were reconciled through the use of hypothesis formulations which are listed below:
? Ho: The number of training and development offered does not influence purchasing personnel performance?
? Hi: The number of training and development offered influence purchasing personnel performance.
? Hi: The type of training and development technique used does not affect the purchasing personnel productivity.
? Ho: The type of training and development technique used affects the purchasing personnel productivity.
1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The scope of this study is restricted to the impact of manpower training and development on purchasing personnel with reference to PZ Cusson PLC. The reason for this is influenced by the availability of large but untrained labour force in the Nigeria labour market and the gross negative effects of unskilled or semi-skilled personnel in the overall company?s performance in the market.
The scope will be further intended to includes;
? The importance of training and development of manpower in manufacturing company with reference to PZ Cussons PLC Aba Factory.
? Appraisal of types of training and development, their facilities, techniques and costs at various levels.
? Objectives and evaluation of training programmes, training processes and handicaps of effective manpower training and development.
PZ Cussons PLC is chosen because of its position in the Nigeria manufacturing sector, as a one of the top manufacturing company in the country. However, other issues not directly linked to the scope already mentioned but relevance to the topic was incorporated into the study.
1.7 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The topic study was carefully chosen based on its relevance to the success of any manufacturing company like PZ Cussons PLC as purchasing personnel performance is a major determinant of higher productivity. The research study will be of increase important to employers of labour in different sectors, be it in the manufacturing sector or any other sector.
Also managers, mostly personnel managers and management will find it to be a very good reference, student of human resource management and industrial relations will find the outcome of this study relevant to their academics pursuit. Though, with this research, it cannot be claimed that enough justice has been done to the topic but it will be agreed that a contribution had been made.
The researcher effort will therefore in no large measure contributes to the available literature on the topic and as well broaden the knowledge of the researcher and other scholars who may pick interest in this topic in the nearest future.
1.8 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
As a result of the vastness of the area of manpower training and development, the research tends to covers only the impact of manpower training and development in a typical manufacturing company with particular reference to PZ Cussons Plc Aba Factory.
This research work would have gone beyond this it not for ;
? Financial constraint prevalent today.
? The time needed to run round for informational and data collection is not enough.
? The attitude of most human resources manger while being interviewed.
? Other factors limiting the study include non-availability of reliable manpower training and development text books and cost of written materials to be bought from Standard Organization of Nigeria (SON) is too expensive.
? Attitude of Nigerians to research work- the tendency of people respondent not to regard questionnaire as important as well as the non-chalant attitude of people to research in the country due to some questionnaire not returned.
Nevertheless, these limitations have not in any way impaired the good intentions of this study.
1.9 DEFINITION OF TERMS
The following terms are defined as they are used in the study:
? ON-THE-JOB TRAINING: This is a situation in which a trainee is taking instruction on the real job he is performing in the company. He is doing the job but because he is not used to it, he is assigned to a superior who must take some pains to explains and demonstrate the rules of the job to him.
? OFF-THE-JOB TRAINING: This is a situation in which a trainee is sent out of the job for studies. This training include seminars, conference or workshops.
? LECTURE: This is an information talk given before a gathering or an audience or in a class.
? APPRENTICE: This is a situation in which a person spends period of time at the workplace which must be definite to learn about such work. He learns the basic skills about such work and can possibly become expert or professional in future.
? MANPOWER: This means the capability of individuals personnel in a given organization or company. Simply means total number of workers a company needs has at a given period.
? TRAINING: The process of acquiring the appropriate and necessary skills, concepts, rules, attitude and behaviours to enhance the performance of employee in a company.
? PRODUCTIVITY: It is defined as a means of comparing the amount produced with the time taken or the resources used to produced it. It simply means ratio of output and input.
? INDUCTION TRAINING: This is a process of introducing or orienting a new employee to the environment of the company. This means getting a new employee familiarized with the company?s environment and colleagues and challenges. This brings about sense of belonging and self confidence in such employee.
? SIDE-TRACKING: This means leading someone or employee into discussing something that is irrelevant to the main job he is doing as a result of lack of adequate training.
? DEVELOPMENT: This is the planned promotion exercise organized for already employed staff in order to for such employee to acquire higher knowledge for the job he is doing.
? RETRENCHMENT: This is a situation in which a company tends to reduces if manpower capability as a result of lack of proper training in some employees. | CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Introduction
According to Coddington, (2013) green procurement is the purchasing of products or services which have a lower impact on the environment over their whole life cycle than the standard equivalent. It involves the integration of environmental issues into purchasing decisions based on price, performance, and quantity. Increasing costs of waste management worker safety and public health concerns, and the emergency of acute a chronic environmental problems both locally and globally are just a few of the issues spurring on local communities to improve the environmental characteristics of their operations (Maignom, Hillebrand & McAlistor, 2012) in the private sector, a large literature has explored engagement with sustainability in supply chain management and has highlighted benefits in the form of risk reduction and performance enhancement (Zhu, Sarkis & Geng, 2009). Sustainability in supply chain management requires a company or organization to carry out on assessment of the environmental consequences of a product at all the various stages of its Lifecycle. This means considering the costs of securing raw materials, and manufacturing, transporting, storing, handling, using and disposing of the product.
Green procurement is rooted in the principle of pollution prevention, which strives to eliminate or to reduce risks to human health and the environment (Bolton, 2010). It means evaluating purchases based on a variety of criteria, ranging from the necessity of the purchase in the first place to the options available for its eventual disposal. Many private firms in Nigeria are working to improve the environmental performance of their operations and products and green procurement has been a logical extension of this work. Similar to public buyers, private sector organizations have in the lost two decade adopted green procurement practices for specific products (recycled-content office paper, renewable energy, points, cleaners, etc.), with few others have developed green procurement policies that cover a wider range of products, services and environmental issues. As the business benefits of these efforts better known, green procurement is containing to grow in the private sector.
From manufacturing and process oriented firms green procurement practices look at the materials substance and chemicals in the products and services they provide (Theyel, 2012). Subsequently, this approach looks beyond the company?s gates to include the materials substances and chemicals its supplier use. The ongoing efforts to reduce costs, most companies in Nigeria use life cycle assessment and material tracking tools to identify materials, substances and chemicals in their products that pose significant environmental, health and safety risks and re-design their products to reduce or eliminate such materials. There are several regulatory frameworks aimed at greening the Nigeria economy, however the principal legislation concerned with environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA) ACT 2007 and the Environmental impact Assessment (EIA) ACT 1992.
The NESREA Act replaced the Federal Environmental Protection Agency Act 2004. It establish the national environmental standards are regulations enforcement agency and charges the agency with responsibility, for the protection and development and sustainable of Nigeria?s natural resources in general and environmental technology including coordination, and Liaison with relevant stakeholders within and outside Nigeria on matter of enforcement of environmental.
As already mentioned, the second relevant legislation in the EIA Act passed in 1992 to promote proactive environmental management in Nigeria. The art makes EIA mandatory for development projects likely to have adverse impact on the environment prior to implementation.
While these environmental regulations focus on environmental protection and pollution control, the application of Green procurement offers another way for demonstrating Nigeria?s commitment to environmental sustainability (Temidayo, Adekunle and Ama, 2013).
Daft, Walker and Brammer, (2009), stated that currently, there is political consensus that sustainable development is both wanted and necessary. On the other hand, it has proven difficult to reach an agreement as to which effects are going to lead this green development not least in a globalized world where both goods and pollution are increasingly crossing borders. One of the instruments often debated in green public procurement opposes of green procurement are typically worried about possible additional costs that the public will have to bear and at the same time, they doubt that the state via subsidy policies and the like is able to pick the winner. The publication of Brundtland commission report ?Our Common future? on sustainable development (WECD, 1987) brought forward issues that promote public policies that encourages development and diffusion of environmentally sound goods and services have provided impetus and the much need inspiration towards policy formulation and adoption (Thomas & Jackson, 2007).
According to Thai (2006) green purchasing is the adding of environmental aspect to price and performance criteria when making purchasing decision as opposed to the fixation with price as the only criteria. Leading international agencies that have included environmental issues in their procurement guides include the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), Africa Development Bank (AfDB) and United Nation (UN). Specific countries that have mainstreamed environmental agenda in their procurement policies include the United State of America (Swanson et al 2005), South Africa (Bolton, 2006, 2008) and Asia (Ho, Diekinson & Chan 2010). In Europe, the directives (2004/17/EC and 2004/18/EC) have specific guidelines that require member countries to implement, thereby bringing about rapid environment diffusion and visibility.
Locally green procurement has been a logical extension of this work (Brammer & Walker, 2011), Yet Nigeria as one of the development countries has been slow in taking up structured and policy driven approach to enhancing adoption of green procurement, the benefits occurring notwithstanding (Bolton, 2006, 2008). The public procurement and disposal Act, 2007 and subsequent regulations 2005, which are the cure points of reference on public procurement in Nigeria, were reviewed.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Developed countries have initiated the use of green procurement as a tool to protect the environment, resources and the wellbeing of the earthly residents, developing countries can adopt green culture in other to minimize rapid deterioration of the environment. According to Maron, (2013) environmental issues have become a subject of critical concern for business in recent years worldwide. Environmental obligations have grown substantially as society become more conscious of its environment and legislation relative to the environment in increasing in number that requires companies to be environmentally responsible. In height of increasing cost of waste management, environmental degradation, public health concerns, climate change, resource depletion, and persistent global poverty, the supply management profession increasingly being called upon to contribute to broader organizational goals of sustainable development through the inclusion of social and environmental criteria within procurement processes (Srivastava, 2013). According to Faith ? Ell, Bal Fors & Folkson, (2010) environmental substantiality is still among the issues included in the eight International Development goals (Millennium Development Goals) that were established following the millennium summit of the United Nations in Millennium Declaration.
Despite the important role green procurement plays in ensuring environment performance and public health and safety, most of the studies on subject had been conducted in develop countries, yet not much research had been conducted in Nigeria leading to insufficient empirical literature on green procurement (Stephen & Helen, 2011) it was against this background this background that this inquiry to analyze the factors that affect green procurement implementation in the manufacturing sector in Nigeria. This research study provided valuabole unique contribution s to greemn procurenment literature. Career procurement research within manufacturing sector is particularly important considering recent studies indicate a rise in costs of waste management, worker safety and public health concern both locally and globally, implying that it is an area that still needs addressing (Jayaraman et al., 2013). Hence, the study instigated that gap in research by analyzing the factors that affect green procurement implementation in the manufacturing sector in Nigeria.
1.3 GENERAL OBJECTIVE
To analyze the factors that affect green procurement implementation the manufacturing industry in Nigeria.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE
i. To determine how firm resources capacity affect implementation of green procurement in manufacturing industry in Nigeria.
ii. To explore the effect of costs of green procurement on implementation of green procurement in manufacturing industry in Nigeria.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTION
i. In what ways does cost of green procurement affect implementation of green procurement in manufacturing industry in Nigeria.
ii. Does green procurement implementation in a manufacturing industry in Nigeria affect Nigeria Distilleries Limited?
iii. Does firm resources capacity affect implementation of green procurement in Nigeria Distilleries Limited?
RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
It is in consideration of the problems stated and above and the objective of the studied environment that the researcher pronounced the following hypotheses.
i. Ho1: the cost of green procurement implementation have no significant effect in the organization
ii. Ho2: There are no significant relationships between financial resources on implementation of green procurement NDL.
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study is significant especially to the factors that affect the implementation of green procurement in the manufacturing industry. The basic of the study was to ascertain whether green procurement implementation in a manufacturing industry. The study was significant in that it cab guide one on how to carry out a research in the future as scholars may revisit related topics in order to carry out further studies. The study has intended to coordinate to the growing body of literature on green procurement implementation in Nigeria.
This project would open awareness for tremendous reduction of the cost of research work (through centralization of research program and motivate young researchers of our time to face the challenges of this millennium
1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This study is intended to focus on the factors that affect green procurement implementation in the manufacturing industry with particular reference to Nigeria Dissilience Limited Sango Ota, Ogun state. Where the goal is not only to enhance the firm resources capacituy but also to manage the cost effectively. With a view to finding out the level of success recorded in their organization as a result of green procurement implementation.
1.8 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
Though a wide observation of the study will be made, however, because of time and space including resources involved some of the respondents here unwillingly to corporate with the researcher since they derived no financial benefit from the study. Others were apprehensive of the researcher?s intention, suspect ions, that the researcher may disclose their personal information.
Financial problem is also another constraint in producing this project as a student financial capacity is limited; scarcity of materials is also one.
1.9 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Supply Chain Management (SCM)
The management of the flow of goods and services, involve the movement and storage of raw materials, of work ? in ? process inventory, and finished goods from point of origin to point of consumption.
Environmental Sustainability
Is defined as responsible interaction with the environment to avoid depletions degradation of natural resources and allow for long term environmental quality.
Sustainability
Is defined as sustainable development that meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
Procurement
Procurement is the process of finding, asreeingterius and acquiring goods, services or works from an external source, often via a tendering or competitive bidding process.
Industry
The manufacturing or technically productive enterprises in a particular field, country, region or economy viewed collectively, or one of the individually. A single industry, is often named after its principal product, for example, the auto industry.
Manufacturing Industry
Abraneh of manufacture and trade based on the fabrication, processing, or preparation of products from raw materials to finished commodities. This includes all foods chemicals, textiles, machines, and equipment.
1.10 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Nigeria Distilleries, Limited (NDL) incorporated on the 6th of March 1961with 100% Nigerian ownership, is the largest nine and spirits producing company in Nigeria, solely devoted to the manufacturing and marketing of fourteen brands of alcoholic and non alcoholic beverages in 35 different pack Sizes. Nigeria Distilleries Limited (NDL) began production in 1979 with raw materials imported for the blending and bottling of international brands; Dubonnet, Ambassador, suze, Compari, Coitread, Dorville Brandy, Pimms and Mortini.
Over the years, with experience and intensive research, ?NDL? have grown adding to their range of hioce brands which include Seamonis Aromatic Schnapps Regal Dry Cuin, Lords Dry Cuin, Bacchus tonic wine, Baecchus Lite, Calypso coconut Liqueur, Apperito, and dark sailor Blended Dark Ruin.
The company has more than one thousand employees and has s philosophy of manufacturing Local personnel through training and exposure to modern equipment NDL has achieved phenomenal growth form inception through training and exposure to modern equipment NDL has achieved phenomenal growth form inception through the quality of its workforce. The current beverage capacity of the company is ten million liters per year with distribution outlets spread across the country.
The demand for both alcoholic and non ? alcoholic beverages in Nigeria increases daily over the years, with experience and intensive research NDL has expanded and improved its product range and quality level to satisfy its customers and meet the high demand for their products. Currently, NDL is regarded as the company with the best brand of beverages and a foremost leader in the best brand of beverages and a foremost leader in the alcoholic and non ? alcoholic beverage segment of the food and Beverage industry in Nigeria. NDL has a promises outlook derived from its business strategies and focus. | CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL OVERVIEW
In every organization public and private sectors, no matter how small they are, management will not like to lose huge sum of money due the ineffective supplies management. Therefore, the need for efficient supplies management functions in the public sector (e.g.) the ministry of finance Imo State is aimed identifying the importance and impact of supplies functions in the overall performance of the public supplies management.
Public supplies management are basically the same as the industrial supplies and materials management. It is a system of materials management associated mainly with governmental agencies (i.e.) federal, state, local government, municipal councils, public school system, public libraries, collages and universities, health institutions and various government commissions. It covers also the materials management functions as practices in inter ? governmental parastatals or extra ministerial departments including various boards authorities and public Corporations e.g. Power Holdings, NNPC, Nigeria Airways, Railways Corporations, water boards, port authority, River Basin Development Authorities, KASCO etc.
The fund spent by public supplies officers that is those officers who manage the government and supplies functions for government and agencies at all levels deserve the same attentions as Naria spent in industrial purchases. Since the source of these fund is tax ? payer. If public purchasing funds are spent effectively and efficient benefit will accrue to all those people who pay for and obtain the benefit from the services provided by government.
If the total annual tax ?supported budget for a given government unit is say N2 billion, (for example a state budget in Nigeria) purchased supplied, materials services, and construction probably accounts for approximately N50 million which is much is less than purchasing sales ratio in the average industrial or multi-national firms, since government operations are very low labour intensive. Still, if an overall 10% (percent) reduction in purchase cost could be effected through better management of the public purchasing and supply functions, that would result in or savings to the tax payer of some N5 million.
This translates into a high level of services, lower tax rate and or some combination of both efficient and effective government purchasing and materials management can play a major role in combating inflationary pressures and reduce cost and wastages extensively.
In every public supply management, the need for efficient supplies management is fully recognized. As to date the cost of materials equipment and supplies for industrial and non-industrial purpose account for a large proportion of the cost of these sectors.
According to Oyeku (2005) efficient supply is therefore achieved when the suppliers supplies the required parts, tooling and equipment at the lowest possible price. Conversely. It must also be borne in mind that supplying at the lowest price may become uneconomical if the required quantity of materials is not delivered and received as at when needed, if the quality specified does not meet or measure up to the quantify delivered. Or if the organization supplies falls to make satisfactory adjustment for this errors, as in the goods delivered or if the price of the items or services rendered.
Supplies is only a part of several activities dealing with the procurement of materials in the public sector.
The subject of supplies told the same basis principal and procedure in all public sectors.
Large supplies are usually made only after the media of publicity for tender. In other to encourage tenders, the supplies must state precisely what the wishes to supply and the due delivery date to avoid conflict.
In this research, project, an attempt is made to examine the need for, project, attempt is made to examine efficient supply function to increasing efficient in supplies.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Mean while, the project is a case study of the need for efficient supplies management in the ministry of finance Imo State.
The principal problem being investigated is to determine the importance, and how effective procurement of material are being carried out within the ministry. If one should ask, do the ministry of finance Imo State carry out their supplies function or activities effectively and efficiently? Simply consider this question to know whether or not the ministry of finance are using the right supplies as regards to materials and equipments, thereby ensuring efficiency in the public sector.
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The aim of this research is to reflect on the important and procedures being used for supplies in the public sector with reference to the ministry of finance Owerri Imo State. This research is therefore focused in identifying the solution to the problem of ineffective and inefficiency of procurement of supplies system of good / materials practices in the public sector, it will also be of immense use to all private and public sectors.
1.4 SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY
The research work on the need of supplies function in the public sector is designed mainly for supplies personnel, department tender board and government ministries in the public sector. It will also be of immense use to public and private whose knowledge of supplies concept is still not well established.
The researcher through the study will bring solution to ineffective and inefficiency of information services to supplies department, tender board and good service in the public sectors.
1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
i. Does the ministry of finance achieve any advantage because of the use of right suppliers.
ii. It is possible that using the right suppliers will reduce cost and as this result, increase servings in the ministry.
iii. What role does supplies functions play in the public sector.
1.6. HYPOTHESIS
The null and alternative hypothesis has been set by the researcher to verify the accuracy of data collected during the course of research work.
In carrying out researcher will use both null (Ho) and alternative (H1) hypothesis to find out whether the role played by supplies function in the public sector has any effect on the organization.
A hypothesis may be defined as a declaration statement of a relationship between two or more variables use for better understanding of the materials.
The assumptions one thus, stated below:
i. Ho: That supplies unit cannot be managed effectively by some one without professional qualification.
H1: That supplies units can be managed effectively by someone without professional qualification.
ii. Ho: The supplies department does not often experience unde-influence on matter relating to supply management by other department.
H1: The supplies department often experience unde influence on matter relating to supply management by other departments.
1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This research work is design to give an insight to the ways of carrying out the material procurement in the public sector. There are a lot of several ways of procurering materials in the public sector and as a result, it will be extremely difficult for the research to study all, considering the time given. The researcher decided to use the ministry of finance, Imo state to enable him carry out in insight study of the sector.
The ministry of finance as respondents to find out the supplies functions and need in the sector and also to compare it with professional standard, so as to detect the difference and make corrective recommendation where necessary.
1.8 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
In actual sense, there are some certain constraints that seen to limit ones extent of gathering more information based on this project.
There are obviously many public sectors in the state that needed to be visited for more information, but for the limitation in time and resources, these, some how limit the extent of this research.
Another constraint was the uncompromising attitude of the workers of the ministry of finance. They were always very suspicious on the researcher mission not minding the introduction so far made.
There was also lack of relevant data in some areas that could have helped the researcher in this study. Other limitations include all school activities surroundings the researchers.
However, bearing all these contracts the researcher made effort to ensure that he left no stone unturned in the research for the purpose of carrying out this research successfully.
Time of the government worker to be very limited and as such light schedules was the day.
By the time researcher tried to locate on officers, it would be late to meet the other in the office. In essence, it required patience and courage to make several journey before one will be able to secure information and attention of senior personnel whom the researcher felt were in better position to give more actual information.
1.9 OPERATION DEFINITION OF TERMS
i. Supplies: An executives function for the procurement of materials, part, tooling and equipment in the public sector.
ii. Local purchase order: This is a document which is issued to the supplier for delivery of material one made, it is used within a locality of the country.
iii. Vendor sources: This means that a good supplier has to develop sources of raw materials and component that will ensure continuity of production during period of fluctuating business consideration.
iv. Warranties: this is where the suppliers assume the product delivered or supplied will be sound through its life span. ?
v. Respondent: This refers to all government workers, storekeepers in the public sector that supply relevant information to the researcher.
Vi. Storekeepers: These are staff that is in charge of the private and public sector stores. |
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