Abstract Soil failure is a common sight in Nigeria road and structural constructions. The main purpose of this project is to investigate the suitability of the available laterite materials in Ilorin east local Government. To determine the suitability of the soil in the three selected areas, Various tests were carried out on- the samples and those are classification test which is a test used in determining the type of soil. Also, strength evaluation test was also done on the soil samples so as to determine the bearing capacity, density and strength of the soil and such strength evaluation tests, CBR test and moisture content test. The project was undertaken following various laboratory soil test result to ascertain the type, strength, and suitability of the soil for any civil engineering work. After all these have been performed results and observations were made and the final conclusion and recommendation were taken.
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| Settings | Suitability of available laterite material in Ilorin East local government area for road construction remove | The effect of chemicals on ground water in Nigeria remove | A REVIEW ON THE IMPACT OF FLOOD ON LAND UTILIZATION IN NIGERIA remove | Groundwater pollution vulnerability and groundwater protection strategy remove | THE USE OF COMPUTER IN CIVIL ENGINEERING remove | THE USE OF COMPUTER IN CIVIL ENGINEERING remove |
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| Name | Suitability of available laterite material in Ilorin East local government area for road construction remove | The effect of chemicals on ground water in Nigeria remove | A REVIEW ON THE IMPACT OF FLOOD ON LAND UTILIZATION IN NIGERIA remove | Groundwater pollution vulnerability and groundwater protection strategy remove | THE USE OF COMPUTER IN CIVIL ENGINEERING remove | THE USE OF COMPUTER IN CIVIL ENGINEERING remove |
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| Description | ABSTRACT The development of powerful and affordable microcomputers and computer software will have an impact in the delivery of instruction in higher education. This is especially true for civil engineering education where the computer has started to be appreciated as a useful tool in civil engineering analysis and design. This work present the use of computers as tools in the classroom and the authors experience of integrating computer usage in some civil engineering courses. | ABSTRACT The development of powerful and affordable microcomputers and computer software will have an impact in the delivery of instruction in higher education. This is especially true for civil engineering education where the computer has started to be appreciated as a useful tool in civil engineering analysis and design. This work present the use of computers as tools in the classroom and the authors experience of integrating computer usage in some civil engineering courses. | ||||
| Content | Abstract Soil failure is a common sight in Nigeria road and structural constructions. The main purpose of this project is to investigate the suitability of the available laterite materials in Ilorin east local Government. To determine the suitability of the soil in the three selected areas, Various tests were carried out on- the samples and those are classification test which is a test used in determining the type of soil. Also, strength evaluation test was also done on the soil samples so as to determine the bearing capacity, density and strength of the soil and such strength evaluation tests, CBR test and moisture content test. The project was undertaken following various laboratory soil test result to ascertain the type, strength, and suitability of the soil for any civil engineering work. After all these have been performed results and observations were made and the final conclusion and recommendation were taken. | CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the study Water is perhaps the most essential of all natural resources because it is fundamental to all vital processes of mankind. The quantitative supply of water can be a local issue, but in many regions the most serious problem hindering the utilization of water resources is the deterioration of water caused by chemicals, which leads to an estimated 25,000 deaths daily because of water ? related sicknesses (United Nations Population Information Network, Popin1994). Deficient water supplies and sanitation therefore pose the most serious environmental problems that face developing countries today. Ayoade and Oyebande (1973) noted that less than 30% of Nigerian cities are served by public water schemes. This fact remains true and is evident in Nigeria and its environs where private wells and boreholes ownership are common. In Nigeria and its environs, rapid urbanization and industrialization are ongoing, which implies an increase in the generation of domestic and industrial wastes, preponderance of individual septic tanks, indiscriminate drilling of boreholes with its attendant over?abstraction problems that enhance pollutant concentrations and saline water intrusion of the groundwater resources. Therefore, periodic examination to ascertain the quality of the groundwater is indispensable. The fact that most of the water consumed does not undergo treatment by the state public water utilities makes it pertinent to regularly conduct and monitor physical, chemical and biological analysis. Sources of water available to mankind are: atmospheric water (precipitate), surface water (including rivers, streams, ponds, etc), and ground water. The portability of water from any of these sources is determined by the water quality (Miller, 1997). With 97% of all freshwater found on the earth being stored underground, accessing ground water in the quest for potable water is a laudable venture. Groundwater is accessed by way of sinking wells and boreholes to reach the water table (Overseas Development Institute, 2009). Water-related diseases are responsible for 80% of all illnesses/death in developing countries (UNESC0, 2007). According to Kalua and Chipeta (2005) as cited in Pritchard, Mkandawire, and O?Neill (2008), in Malawi, only 65% of the population have access to safe drinking water and 50% of all illnesses are solely due to water related diseases. Water is a medium of thousands of microorganisms, some of which are disease-causing (Schaffter & Parriaux, 2002). A typical example can be seen in the facts of the matter as it pertains in Malawi and reported by several researchers (Chilton & Smith-Carington, 1984; Kalua, & Chipeta, 2005; Sajidu, Masamba, Henry & Kuyeli, 2007). The mortality rate in Malawi in 2002 from cholera was over 50% of the water-related deaths. During the 2001/2002 rainy season, 33,150 cholera cases and 980 deaths were recorded in Malawi (Davis, 2005). Globally, 4 billion cases of diarrhoea are reported every year causing 1.8 million deaths, out of which about 90% are children under age five (UNESCO, 2007). 1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Pathogens as well as life threatening chemicals get to pollute the groundwater system through leaching. When such polluted ground water is sourced for human consumption, the health implications can be overwhelming. Poor sanitation practices, such as locating on-site sanitation systems close to these wells, are a sure contributing factor in the pollution of the ground water system (ARGOSS, 2001). It has been documented, and accepted as a standard that when on-site sanitation systems are sited less than 50 m away from wells and bore holes, the water from such wells will definitely be polluted (Obiri Danso et al., 2008). Hence this study is set to examine the effects of chemicals on ground water. 1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The aims of this study include: 1. To identify the significant relationship between chemicals and ground water 2. To examine the physic-chemical and biological attributes of groundwater from the Deltaic Plain Sands aquifer underlying in Nigeria and its environs. 3. To determine the suitability of the groundwater resources for drinking and domestic uses. 4. To determine the level of the pH, colour, turbidity, nitrates, ammonium, chloride, and conductivity, of water samples from selected wells. 5. To evaluate the negative effects of chemicals on ground water and its accessibility 1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS 1. Are there any significant relationship between chemicals and ground water? 2. What are the physic-chemical and biological attributes of groundwater from deltaic plain sands aquifer underlying in Nigeria and its environs? 3. What is the suitability of the ground water resources for drinking and domestic uses? 4. What is the level of the pH, colour, turbidity, nitrates, ammonium, chloride, and conductivity of water samples from selected wells? 5. What are the negative effects of chemicals on ground water and its accessibility? 1.5 SCOPE / LIMITATION OF THE STUDY 1. Network interconnectivity to enhance elaborate research ? 2. High level of illiteracy 3. Organization operational huddles. 4. Time and cost constraints due to cause of scarcity in gasoline to go about the research. | CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Floods are the most frequent of the natural hazards globally (40%) followed by tropical hurricanes (20%), earthquakes (15%) and drought (15%) (Burton et al., 1978). In terms of global distribution, Miller (1997) observed that the majority of floods (44%) occur in Asia, 27% in America, 13% in Africa, 10% in Europe and 5% in Oceania. Natural disasters? associated annual economic losses increased from US$75 billion in the 1960s to US$659.9 billion in the 1990s without including indirect losses (Chen, 2007). At country level, among all the natural hazards in Nigeria, floods pose the greatest threat to the property, safety and economic well being of human communities (Brody et al., 2007). When quantifying flood loss, Nelson (2008) found out that, throughout the last century, flooding has been one of the most costly disasters in terms of both property damage and human casualties to the extent that the 1993 Mississippi River flood in Midwest killed 47 people with economic loss ranging between US$15 and US$20 billion. In Nigeria, more than 50% of all natural disasters are related to weather, climate and water (WMO, 2007). Natural changes as well as those brought on by development activities affect flood plains and there is need to understand and to identify appropriate development and natural resource management practices for these areas. Although development planners have the knowledge on how often, on the average, the flood plain will be covered by water, for how long, and at what time of the year, but lack of space for the expansion of urban settlement and the rapid rise in population even in rural areas has increased demand for land which has resulted in encroachment into the floodplains (Australian Government, 2008). Most urban and rural authorities do not have the necessary finances to put up the necessary flood mitigation measures in the flood plains or even plan the rural settlements properly so that they reduce losses associated with flooding events (Chen, 2007). Therefore delineating floodplains and other areas subject to flooding is a valuable input for proposing compatible development activities. Although flooding cannot be wholly prevented, its impacts can be reduced through appropriate planning and management. Damaging effects of flood disaster on lives and property can be reduced by structural (dams and weirs) and non-structural (legal instruments, public education, forecasting and early warning systems and rescue operations) measures. Despite the structural flood mitigation measures being in place, communities in the flood prone areas of Nigeria are still being adversely impacted on by the floods. Non-structural measures encourage living with floods and emphasis is on regulation of human activities through land use plans. There is therefore need to reduce the flood impacts on ecosystems and human settlements through flood hazard mapping. Geographical Information Systems (GIS) is one of the techniques that can be used in flood level forecasting and management in order to assist in the reduction of human and economic losses through the delineation of the areas at risk of being flooded. Institutions such as the World Bank (WB) and the recently developed Southern Africa Development Community (SADC) regional water policy are recommending land use plans which are a proactive flood mitigation measure. An assessment of the flooding event by the community coupled with GIS provides valuable input in policy formulation to reduce vulnerability and strengthen people?s capacity to cope with the disaster or risk they may be facing (Meijerink et al., 1994). The temporal and spatial pattern of floods is attributed to several factors of global change. The relentless land use/cover change (LUCC) can affect flood propagation (Di Baldassarre et al. 2009), flood volume, flood frequency, flood peak (Deasy et al), stream flow regime. It therefore poses challenges to the existing flood emergency and disaster management and planning efforts. Undoubtedly, an effective planning and implementation of flood disaster management and mitigation system requires and can benefit from a greater understanding of the effect of LUCC. However, determining the relationship between flood and LUCC is not an easy task. Detecting the effects of changing land use/cover on flood characteristics can be complicated by collection and interpretation of LUCC over a sufficiently long time period, selection and implementation of a suitable flood analytical tool at basin level and the linkage between the above two. Recent development of 2D hydraulic modeling at large scale basins. Grunfest (1995) argues that due to high poverty levels, people have become more vulnerable because they live in hazardous areas including flood plains and steep hills. They have fewer resources which makes them more susceptible to disasters .They are less likely to receive timely warnings. Furthermore, even if warnings were issued, they have fewer options for reducing losses in a timely manner. The poverty level affects the resilience and process of recovery from disasters. Disaster mitigation, preparedness and prevention needs to address socio-economic issues not only geological and meteorological aspects. 1.2. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The problem which this study addressed is the impact of floods on the utilization of land in Ibadan, Oyo state. The study area is in a low-lying, severely flood prone area (wetlands). Most of the communities targeted in the area are located along the Apete Bridge, Ibadan which. The population along the areas of the bridge which causes flood during heavy rainfall has grown over the years. More than 8,000 people live in this area. The area has suffered floods for a consecutive rainfall seasons The floods caused displacement of people from their usual dwelling places resulting into varying impacts on infrastructure, environment as well as damage to property causing huge traffic amidst the car passengers in the area. 1.3 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES 1. To examine the environmental effect of flood in the Ibadan areas of Oyo state, its challenges and management. 2 By examining the dimension and causes of flooding in the metropolis 3. Examining the role of city authorities in the management of flood. 4. To have an under spot assessment of flood prone zones in the cities with a view of suggesting ways of tackling them. 5. To assess the effects flood has on the utilization of land in the areas of the case study. 1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS The following questions were posed in line with the objectives of the study 1. What are the causes of flooding in the metropolis? 2. What are the environmental effects of flood in the Ibadan areas of Oyo state? 3. What are the roles of city authorities in the management of flood? 4. Does flood has any effect on the utilization of land in the areas of the study? 5. What are the ways of managing flood in the study? 1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The study is important because it assesses and estimates the effects of the floods on the utilization of land. The study also endeavors to establish the underlying causes of flood in Ibadan community. More importantly, it is envisaged that the outputs of the study will be key inputs in the designing of sustainable mitigation measures to minimize the impact of floods and the associated risks. 1.6 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY The study is limited to areas in the Ibadan community, Oyo State. It is chosen as the area in carrying out the research in this project and all research done within the study are limited to the aforementioned area. Due to the problem of time and money, the researcher may also encounter certain other limitations such as the problem of having to manage class work with the research work as well as the problem of gathering enough materials for the study. But in spite of this, the researcher will make sure that all this problems are managed well in order to come up with a good result that can be a plus to the area of study. | Abstract The importance of water to man cannot be overemphasized. Water is required for all the necessary biochemical activities in man. Also, water is found use in most domestic activities where its employed in washing, bathing, general cleaning, laundry and in agricultural activities amongst others. Because water is indispensable to man, there has been exclusive research and effort for its proper conservation and distribution for use. The use of water mostly is limited by its quality and this attribute of water also defines its general purpose. The source of water also contributes to its quality and the chief source of water for various domestic and agricultural uses according to American groundwater, trust is groundwater. This claim is consistent with what is obtainable in Owerri West of Imo State Nigeria. | CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION The rapid development of computer technologies which include powerful and affordable micro-computers and liable user friendly software has started to change the delivery of instruction in higher education. A computer has greatly increased the ability of students to perform calculations and to process large amount of data. As a result, the type and nature of problems and mathematical techniques taught in school may have to be changed or modified so that the usefulness of the computer can be maximized in the teaching-learning process. This is especially time for civil engineering education where the computer has started to be recognized as a useful and important tool in civil engineering analysis and design. In what way can computer usage be introduced in the curriculum? How can we increase the awareness of student on the importance of computers in the solution of the various problems in civil engineering? These and more are some of the question that will be addressed in this project report. [Oreta 2011] 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Civil engineering is the profession that focuses on drawing, design, construction and maintenance of buildings, bridges, transportation system, water and wastewater management, and other infrastructure that is relevant to societys well being. In almost all the different aspects of civil engineering, it is virtually impossible to escape the application of COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY. This application of computers in civil engineering goes beyond the normal black-box application and requires the engineers to be intelligent and cogent users in order to minimize trial and error approaches when designing physically sound design and analysis. 1.2 AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY The aims of the project is to discuss the various and specific use of computer and provide an avenue for the study of the acquisition of technical skills and knowledge in the use of computer in civil engineering, and also to be able to know how it is being used to solving problem in the preparation of civil engineering works. 1.3 SCOPE OF THE STUDY The scope of this project is concentrated on concept of the use of computer in civil engineering. It involves various ways by which computer application is put in use in order to enhance civil engineering work. 1.4 LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT During the period of this project, some limitation were encountered, it was not easy for us to get information relevant to this research. The project work was a tasking job, which demand enough time and commitment, but the fact that we are combining the write up, it then become a bit easy to meet up on the base on the duration of activities in the project. | CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION The rapid development of computer technologies which include powerful and affordable micro-computers and liable user friendly software has started to change the delivery of instruction in higher education. A computer has greatly increased the ability of students to perform calculations and to process large amount of data. As a result, the type and nature of problems and mathematical techniques taught in school may have to be changed or modified so that the usefulness of the computer can be maximized in the teaching-learning process. This is especially time for civil engineering education where the computer has started to be recognized as a useful and important tool in civil engineering analysis and design. In what way can computer usage be introduced in the curriculum? How can we increase the awareness of student on the importance of computers in the solution of the various problems in civil engineering? These and more are some of the question that will be addressed in this project report. [Oreta 2011] 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Civil engineering is the profession that focuses on drawing, design, construction and maintenance of buildings, bridges, transportation system, water and wastewater management, and other infrastructure that is relevant to societys well being. In almost all the different aspects of civil engineering, it is virtually impossible to escape the application of COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY. This application of computers in civil engineering goes beyond the normal black-box application and requires the engineers to be intelligent and cogent users in order to minimize trial and error approaches when designing physically sound design and analysis. 1.2 AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY The aims of the project is to discuss the various and specific use of computer and provide an avenue for the study of the acquisition of technical skills and knowledge in the use of computer in civil engineering, and also to be able to know how it is being used to solving problem in the preparation of civil engineering works. 1.3 SCOPE OF THE STUDY The scope of this project is concentrated on concept of the use of computer in civil engineering. It involves various ways by which computer application is put in use in order to enhance civil engineering work. 1.4 LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT During the period of this project, some limitation were encountered, it was not easy for us to get information relevant to this research. The project work was a tasking job, which demand enough time and commitment, but the fact that we are combining the write up, it then become a bit easy to meet up on the base on the duration of activities in the project. |
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