| Description | | CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Background of the Study
This project is on correlation and regression analysis on road accident and death occurrences (a case study of federal road safety commission (FRSC) Benue State, Nigeria, 2006-2013). No nation can achieve economic and technological self-reliance without a good number of scientist and technologist.
Nigeria, as a developing country, requires good number of scientists and technologists as well as other categories of workers to cope with the increasing man power needs of the country.
Government efforts in producing these categories of workers at times is being frustrated through sudden loss of lives caused by accidents on our road; therefore, the need to undertake a research of this nature is very glaring. It will help us to see the rate at which death occurs through road accidents, how it affects the population and its consequences on the development of our country.
The aim of this write-up is to study the rate at which death occurs, causes and how far it affects the population of the country.
Population as it is being defined as total number of people living in the country at a particular time and it is being defined by equation:
Pt = Po (B – D) + (I – E)
Where Pt = Population at that point in time
Po = Actual population
B = Birth rate at that point in time
D = Death rate at that particular time
I =Immigration
E = Emigration
From the above equation, it can be deduced that mortality or death rate is one of the determinant factors of population.
The high death rates causes underdevelopment population and low death rates causes over development population and so on.
Therefore, there is a need to study the rate at which death occurs through accidents and how it affects the whole country. Death is caused by many factors in which accidents is one.
Road accidents in Nigeria are caused by many factors and it causes huge and sudden loss of lives and properties of the active population. (Working Population)
Accidents do not only cause loss of many lives but also an economic woe due to the destruction of some properties.
The government of Nigeria has realized these as a result, Federal Road Safety Commission was established in 1988 with offices and officers in each states of the country and has its headquarter at the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) Abuja.
They are adequately equipped with good vehicles and driving gadget to curb over-speeding and careless driving on our roads.
Government of this country also uses the mass media such as Radio, Television and Newspapers through several programmes to educate drivers and check their excesses.
From the foregoing, no topic could be more appropriate at this time than the topic of this nature. Even though the problems of road accidents are generally the same in every locality of this country, there are slight variations, hence a case study of the problems in one state (in this case Osun State) is necessary. It is hope that whatever effort put into a research of this nature will be justified at the end.
1.1 Statement of the Problem
Over the years, the behavior of commercial drivers on the roads, the conditions of their vehicles, their attitudes to passengers (particularly when they are advised) have been carefully observed. Poor conditions of our roads have also been watched.
Also, we have listened to news both on the Radio and Televisions about occurrences of accidents and its painful consequences. Sides of our road are also littered with damaged vehicles, which resulted from road accidents.
Therefore, this study intends to look into the rate of death as a result of road accidents with particular reference to Osun State of Nigeria.
It also aims at finding the means and possibilities of solving the problems by proposing possible remedy.
1.2 Significance of the Study
With the pains suffered by accident victims who escaped death but suffered either a partial damage or total loss of part of the body, the unnecessary or additional burden bore by relatives of these victims and at times loss of bread winners in families and or important persons in the nation which greatly hinder national development, it should be seen that the significance of a study of this nature cannot be over emphasized.
This study is very significant in many areas. It will identify the sources of blamer in regard to the frequently of accidents on our roads. It is hoped that the result will enable the pedestrians, road users; the management and staff of Federal Road Safety Commission (FRSC) see the rate, the effects of road accidents glaringly and be ready to work towards the reduction of accidents.
Finally, it is hope that this study will help Federal Government of Nigeria to see the urgency in the need for the repairs of our major roads.
1.3 Aims and Objectives of the Study
The main aim of the project is to find the relationship between road accidents and death occurrence, using correlation and regression analysis as our statistical tool.
The objectives of the project are:-
- To estimate the extent of linear relationship between death and number of serious and fatal cases of accident.
- To estimate the number of death, occurring per the number of fatal and serious cases of accident.
- To determine a linear mathematical method relating the number of persons killed to the number of fatal and serious cases of accidents.
- To make possible inference on data collection.
- To make some recommendation in order to control the future accidents.
- To know the variation in the value of Y (death) that can be predicted to change in the value of X (road accident)
1.4 Scope and Limitation of the Study
The scope (i.e. field) of the study of this project covers the relationship between the rate of accidents and that of death rate with particular reference to Osun State of Nigeria. There cannot but some problems in the course of collecting any classified under technical and attitudinal problems.
Technical problems include problems of coverage, time factor and lack of sufficient and competent enumerators. In the project some technical problems faced are:-
In ability to go to every state of the country to collect data. We concentrated our effort in Osun State of FRSC.
Although, this is still a true representative of the problems in other states of the Nation.
Therefore, it is used as our sample of statistical survey. Other problem is time constraint (time in collecting the data is short).
Hence, our reference to Osun State. Also, inability to meet respondents on time, we went to the state office of FRSC on several occasions before we could obtain the data.
Attitudinal problems are the most serious problems we are facing in Nigeria today, some of the attitudinal problems are financial factors.
Economic problems are due to fuel scarcity constitute a great problem as transportation to the source of statistical data was uneasy and expensive.
Finally, the time of the project survey is short and to make any statistical investigation a success, there must be enough time for the easiness of the study.
1.5 Source of Statistical Data
Statistical data are available in several forms some can be collected through experimentation in which the person that collects the data will have to carry out the experiment and record his observations which will serve as his data. Some could be collected through interviews whether direct, oral or indirect personal interview, which are classified as primary and secondary mode of data collection.
The data used in this project work are collected on daily, monthly and yearly basis in respect of numbers of accidents and number of deaths, number of people injured and number of vehicles involved e.t.c. from federal road safety commission (FESC) in osun state of Nigeria.
In order to provide fruitful information, attempt has been made to give brief historical background of FRSC our source of statistical data.
1.6 Brief Historical Background of Federal Road Safety Commission
The Federal Road Safety Commission (FRSC) was established by decree 45 of 1988, which was later amended by decree of 35 of 1993. It was mandated to do the following function:-
- prevent road traffic accidents.
- Do research on causes of road traffic accidents.
- Patrol all high ways to enforce traffic law and regulations.
- To educate motorists on the uses of the road vehicles registered in Nigeria.
- to enforce off recent the use of safety belt while driving.
- To give services to accident victims.
- Clear obstruction from the highways.
- To arrest anybody that commits road offence and charges him/her to court of law.
- To stop drivers from over loading of people and baggage.
Before the civil war and after it, the engineer corps of the Nigeria Army was carrying out these noble function, but in 1984 during the economic submit in Kenya, it was observed that accidents claim more lifes in Nigeria than the dreaded acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), hence the need to establish the FRSC over the years, the FRSC has been able to carry out these responsibilities, thereby reducing road traffic accident on the roads.
1.7 The Achievements of FRSC
The federal road safety commission has achieved a lot especially on the areas of prevention of road traffic accidents. In recent times road traffic accidents has reduced considerably. They also patrol the high ways on daily basis to enforce the rules. They have come out with uniform license for all road users in Nigeria. The federal road safety commission has also been able to bring about the reflecting plate in Nigeria.
The Federal Road Safety Commission has also set up road safety clubs and special marshal to bring about road safety culture to our local areas or grass roots.
The Federal Road Safety Commission has also established hospital in some major high ways in Nigeria; some are along Sagamu, Gbongan, Ijebu-JESA AND Brimu Gwari road. These help areas are used to give rescue/first aid to accident victims. Recently, the FRSC has started campaigning about traveling at night. The campaign is carried out in major motor parks in populace. The FRSC has over the year trained drivers, okada riders, trailer drivers on various techniques of driving. And this has assisted a long way in reducing road traffic accidents on our road.
The FRSC has put in place a lot a lot of programmes on radio and television to educate the motorists on how best to use the roads. These are some of their achievement over the years.
1.8 The Working Hypothesis
- The higher the rate of accidents the lower the rate of death.
- The higher the encouragement on education on road traffics and establishment of commission the lower the rate of accidents as well as death.
1.9 Definition of Related Terms
- Statistical Data: - information obtained through numerical data is known as statistical data.
- The Investigator: this is the person or body seeking information for his own or the researchers use.
- The Respondent: this is the person or body that supplies information for research use.
- The Interviewer:- this is the person sent by the investigator (or the investigator himself) to collect the required information from the appropriate quarters.
- Questionnaire: this is the form containing prepared questions to which the respondent is expected to supply answer.
- Population: it consists of object, which may be living or non-living, must be countable and may be finite or infinite. Population is finite when it has a specific and known number and infinite is when the number is too large to be known precisely.
- Highway Code: this is a booklet that contains the rules and regulations of using the roads.
- Sample: this is the point of the population on which further analysis is brought.
- Working Population: this is active population of the country. These are people of working age class.
- Rate: this is the amount, degree of anything in relation to unit of something else.
- Hypothesis: this is a statement about a distribution of a number of random variable intended to correspond to some statement about the real work or it is a statement about a population which we want to verify on the basis of information available from a sample.
- Null Hypothesis: this is the hypothesis we have set for the purpose of rejection.
- Alternative Hypothesis: this is the hypothesis we have set for the purpose of acceptance.
- Literature: this is the previous writing on a particular project.
- Survey: a detailed study made by gathering and analysis information.
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| Content | Abstract
The application of statistical quality control in industries (case study of Obai plastic Nigeria Ltd, Enugu). For any organization to achieve its objectives of profit maximization, it is required that its products must be of high quality, so as to satisfy its customers and be able to compete with any other products in the market. To obtain quality products, therefore, some control measures such as quality control methods are needed in the production process of any organization. This research work centers on the application of statistical quality control in plastic production to ensure that the quality of plastic produced does not deviate from the set standards. Data was collected on weight of plastics produced from proper recorded information, by the means of secondary method of data collection. Analysis was carried out by mean chart and range chart. The charts were simultaneously used in the analysis to investigate process average weight and individual variability. It is observed that the process is under control since the weight of the plastics falls within the specification limits. | ABSTRACT
This project is on correlation and regression analysis on road accident and death occurrences (a case study of federal road safety commission (FRSC) Benue State, Nigeria, 2006-2013).
This study is geared towards the rate of accident and death occurrence in Osun State with a view of fitting regression line and correlation coefficient to describe the situations. The data covers five years period from 20012005. Chapter one discussed the background of the study, purpose of the study and its objective, scope, significance, limitation of the study, statement of the problem and sources of statistician data. Chapter two deals with literature review. Chapter three contains the research methodology, Data collection and tools to work with testing for the hypothesis, confidence interval for estimating the linear regression, method of calculating correlation coefficient r, coefficient of determination and testing for the significance of the association. Chapter four comprises the whole analysis of the data presentation, working examples on the above tools, interpretation at the end of each test. Chapter five involves the summary of findings, conclusion and recommendation of the study. | ABSTRACT
It is widely accepted that water supply will be a pressing issue in this century. Thus, position of adequate rainfall in the development of human and natural resources is a worthwhile research work. The data used in this project work was monthly amount of rainfall in Enugu city within the period of 2000 2012.A preliminary inspection on the data revealed that the data has no trend but consist of multiplicative seasonal movements. Furthermore, the monthly data was also found to be stationary and serially uncorrelated by the Augmented Dickey Fuller test of unit root and the Autocorrelation test for serial correlation of the error term respectively.
The exponential smoothing procedures were adopted for the construction of the best fit model for the prediction of future rainfall pattern in Enugu. This was achieved by algorithms aimed at smoothing out all irregular components inherent in the series. The best fit model parameters were used to predict monthly rainfall distribution for 2013. The result suggested heavy rainfall in general for the year in question with its amplitude in the month of October.
CHAPTER ONE
General Introduction
Water resources are essential renewable resources that are the basis for existence and development of a society. Proper utilization of these resources requires assessment and management of the quantity and quality of the water resources both partially and temporally. Water crises cause by shortages, floods and diminishing water quality, among other, are increasing in all parts of the world. The growth of population demands for increased domestic water supplies and are the same time, results with a higher consumption of water due to expansion in agriculture and industry. Mismanagement and lack of knowledge about existing water resources and the changing climatic conditions have consequences of an imbalance of supply and demand of water. The problem is pronounced in semiarid and arid areas where the resources are limited.
Surface water being easy, direct and therefore less expensive to exploit in compassion to other sources like ground water or desalination makes it the major source of water supply for irrigation, industry and domestic uses. The surface water, in form of lakes and river discharge runoff is predoming obtained from rainfall after being generated by the rainfall runoff processes.
The primary source of water agricultural production for most of the world is rainfall. Three main characteristics of rainfall are its amount, frequency and intensity, the value of which way from place to place, day to day, month to month and also year to year. Precise knowledge of these three main characteristics is essential for planning its full utilization.
Information of the amount, intensity and distribution of monthly or annually rainfall for the most important places in the world is generally available. Long term records of daily rainfall have been compiled for years, norm and standard deviations have been worked out, floods and droughts have been defined and climate zones of potential evaporation less precipitation have been mapped from rainfall pattern and crop studies. Investigation using electronic computer are continuous in progress and effective are being made to predict future trend in order for refine planning.
Most rain water is used in agriculture for crop production. Therefore, the first point which arises is whether the available rainfall adequate and well distributed for crop raining. This new water rate structure encourages water conservation. Preliminary calculations done by city staff confirmed the advantages of the new billing system. However, a specific water forecast model is required for a more precise estimation of the influence of the new rate structure on water consumption and on revenue collection. Such a model will allow testing of different rate structures and different conditions affecting water use and therefore revenue water price, conservation programs, and weather conditions.
The water forecasting system is very powerful decision support tool. The precise estimation of the future water consumption is essential for determining the water management policy including the efficient water use and for the water purchase planning. The revenue projections are necessary for budget preparation. The knowledge of the future water production is indispensable for utility planning and management.
1.1 Method of Measuring Rainfall
Rainfall is usually measured by first collecting it in a rain gauge. These special drums are then used to record the depth of the water inside. Rain gauge is 5 usually about 50 cm tall and is place on the ground just high enough to avoid splashes. Rain water that is caught in a funnel on top runs down into a measuring cylinder below where it can be recorded.
1.2 Method of Data Collection
The information Data collected for the analysis of this project work is purely secondary data that is, already made data. The data on the monthly amount of rainfall 20002012, were collected from Nigeria Meteorological Agency Enugu state. The data are recorded on daily basis so that at the end of each month the overall total will be calculated.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
Having known that rainfall is important in the development of the nation and nations wealth. This research work Conduct a preliminary check on the data obtained to gain sight on the on the pattern of trend and seasonal components that constitutes monthly amount of rainfall in Enugu City during the period covered.
To investigate whether the sample obtained comes from the normal population.
To conduct the unit root test on the data obtained using the Autocorrelation test, ACF at lag k, and the Augmented Dickey Fuller test.
To determine the seasonal adjustment factor using the twelve 12 point multiplicative moving average approach.
To establish the best fit model for the observations using the exponential smoothing method.
To forecast monthly amount of rainfall in Enugu using the best fit model parametres for the year 2013.
To make recommendation based on our findings.
1.4 Scope of the Study
This project work/research is restricted to Nigeria Meteorological Agency in Enugu State. The study covers a period of twelve 12 years 20002012. It takes into consideration of the monthly amount of rainfall in Enugu City.
1.5 Statement of the Problem
The researcher has the interest in knowing about the problems of rainfall in Enugu city. The objective is to provide answers to:
Does climatic change affects the monthly amount of rainfall
Has there been any significant difference in the monthly amount of rainfall from 20002012.
Does the trend of monthly amount of rainfall decrease yearly from 20002012
Does seasonal variations affects the monthly amount of rainfall in Enugu city. | ABSTRACT
The project work study relationship between saving and loans between the periods of 5 years 20092013. Chapter one explains the historical background, scope and coverage with aims and objective. Chapter two analyse regression and correlation. Chapter three dealt with research methodology while chapter four compute the relationship between the variables under study. The rate of increase in loans was found to be 0.968098348.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The term regression was originally used by FRANCIS GALTON 1822 1911 in a statistical examination of human inheritance to denote certain hereditary relationship very often in practice, a relationship is found to exist between these variables and often this make it possible to predict one or more variables in terms of others. For instance, studies are made to predict the future sales of a new product with respect to its price, family expenditure on feeding in terms of the family income, the consumption of certain food items in relation to the amount spend on its advertisement, quality of a product depending on the temperature of the product at production etc.
In this study, the focus is to examine the relationship between savings and loans with reference to EDE COMMUNITY MICRO FINANCE BANK NIGERIA LIMITED ECB.
The group of data to be used involved only two variables; savings and loans, hence the simple linear regression and correlation analysis shall be used. The saving is taken to be independent variable X on which the loans Y depend.
The statistical model for sample linear regression assumes that for each value of X, the observed value of the response variable Y are normally distributed about a mean that depends on X. we use my to represent these means. Rather than just two m1 and m2, we are interested in how many means my changes as X changes. In general the my changes according to any sort pattern as X changes. In linear regression, we assume that they all line on a line when plotted against X. the equation of the line is given by
Y a bx
Where,
y dependent variable
a constant parameter which is autonomous intercept
b parameter which shows the rate of change y with respect to x slope.
With intercept a and slope b; this is the regression line. It describes how the mean response change with x. actually observed ys will vary the mean. The model assumes this variation measures by the standard deviation r is the same for all the value of x. the response y to a given x is a random variable that will take different value if we have several observations with the x value.
The strength of this relationship is determined by the amount of effect that any change in one variable may cause on the other hand.
1.1 Historical Background of Regression and Correlation Analysis
The fundamental philosophy of Regression and Correlation were first proved and applied by SIR FRANCIS GALTON 1822 1911.
Galton was engaged in the study of heredity one of his observation was that the children of tall parents tends to be taller than average but not do tall as their parents. Whereas children of unusually short person tends to be shorter than their parents. This regression toward mediocrity gave these statistical method their name.
In a sense, the successive generation of offspring from tall person regress downward toward the mean height of population and reverse is true of the offspring from short families. Since Galton used one variable i.e. height of the parent to predict another i.e. height of the child the original term regression was eventually applied to general analysis by which the unknown variables are predicted through the known variables.
Correlation analysis also tell us the degree to which two variables are related. It is useful in expressing how efficiently one variable has estimated the value of the other variable. The word that is used to describe relationship between two categorical variables is association.
If two variables are found to be either associated or correlated, that doesnt necessarily mean that a cause and effect relationship exist between the two variables whether two variables are found to be casually associated depends on how the study was conducted.
1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT
One of the aims of writing this project is to best the ability of the writers to apply theoretical knowledge acquired in the study of statistics at OND level with a particular application of Regression and correlation to real life practical and condition.
The objectives of the project are stated below:
i. To study the relationship between two variables savings and loans
Ii. To estimate the dependence of loans on savings
iii. To estimate the trend of the savings and loans over five years 200032007
iv. To predict the future behaviour of these two variables and lay the attitude of the banks towards loans in future
v. To apply all necessary statistical tools in order to explain the variables on how savings affect loans and loans affecting savings
vi. To design an hypothesis to test the significance or reliability of the regression and correlation coefficient
1.3 SCOPE AND COVERAGE OF THE PROJECT
Regression and correlation analysis are common methods of analysis data to provide useful decision and information. We are to examine the relationship that exists between savings and loans made and recorded by Ede Community Micro Finance Bank Nigeria Limited ECB.
The project covers a period of five years 20032007. The prediction shall be made. It will cover the behaviour of these variables within the period given. The total savings every month in Naira as independent variable shall show the minimum accuracy of loan given out as dependent variable. To estimate the expected value Yloan recorded and its behaviour towards independent variable X savings.
Finally correlation will also be used to measure the degree of association between the two variables and all essential test will be employed to establish these facts.
1.4 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF EDE COMMUNITY MICRO FINANCE BANK NIGERIA LIMITED ECB EDE
The federal government of Nigeria in the 1991 budget proposals further reiterated their commitment to the even development of Nigeria by concentrating on developing the rural areas a long side the urban centres.
Many attempts had in the past been made to force the big financial houses to establish the rural braches. The government realising that the banks and others, compelled by their own economic considerations are not willing to take up the challenges of rural development, introduced the idea of communities coming together to form their own bank. This effort is believed to have a dual advantage of bringing the banking culture to all and sundry.
To this end some interested and enthusiastic members of the Ede Community initiated the idea that culminated into what we know as Ede Community Bank Nigeria Limited.
1.5 TARGET OF THE BANK
The bank operates on target savings scheme such as Ileya saving fund, Christmas savings fund, educational funds and housing and house equipping funds.
The bank has several sections such as savings and current department, loan recording department, marketing department, administration department and entry department.
The savings and current department are called the operational system i.e. they deal with clearing of cheques and keeping of the summary of the daily activities.
1.6 RANGES OF SERVICES PROVIDED
The following are the services that the bank has planned for the benefit of people.
I. Saving account
II. Current account
III. Private banking
IV. Fixed deposit account
V. Short term finance
VI. Community project financing
VII. Equipment leasing
VIII. Cooperative development financing
IX. Special loans and other credits
X. Bank guarantees
XI. Financial Advisory services
XII. Safe deposit services
XIII. Investment banking
Other services include:
1 Overseas customer: People can send draft in foreign currencies the naira value of which would be paid to credited into the account of the owner with the bank.
2 Foreign Remittance: The bank through their chain of correspondence bank abroad could abroad could easily purchases from abroad or remittance of funds.
1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Below are the definitions of some term used in this project for easy comprehension.
Correlation coefficient: This is referring to the degree of association between a bivariate distribution
Correlation: This is the measure of degree of association that exist between two variables considering one as independent x and another dependent
Regression: This is also referred to as the slope of a regression equation. It is the measure of the rate of changes between two or more variables.
Analysis of Variance ANOVA: This is a common method of analysis experimental data. It attempts to analysis the total variation of a response by decorposing it into independent and meaningful portion attributed to each of the variable independent sop as to chance variable.
| CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY The role of Statistics in medicine cannot be neglected. Therefore, to have a good knowledge of scientific approach for planning and implementing various programmes, we need the knowledge of statistics. Since statistics cannot be neglected in medical aspect, we now refer to statistics as the scientific method of collecting, organizing, summarizing, presenting and analyzing of data?s and making reasonable influence on the basis of such analysis. As this project work is concerned, I shall be looking for the relationship that exists between live birth and still birth. Birth rate of a community depends on the facility of women and the number of women in the population. Birth rate is high in the world today because the population of the world currently has a large proportion of women of childbearing age. Birth rate is used to estimate average number of children born to each woman in the course of her life and it is truly mentioned as total fertility rates can be described as it states who will buy a baby dies in the process off label or delivery this time use 10 in the stink song is called miscarriage in United Kingdom UK Cuba's is usually described as an infant but without life after 24 hours gas station Since we are interested in doing new relationship that exist between live birth and still birth, I shall make use of correlation in statistic. Therefore, this project research work will help me in formulating and implementing of health related policies most especially in the area of medical to know ways to control the rate of still birth in the population. 1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM To know whether there is significant difference between live birth and still birth (foetal death).To also know whether there is significant different between the two variables. How to prevent pregnant women to stay away from the cause still birth on the period of delivery. 1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES. The aims and objective of this research project work are as follows: 1.To carry out statistical test in order to determine whether if there exists a significant difference between live birth and still birth. 2.To find out degree of association and relationship between live birth and still birth. 3.To know the specific cause of still birth or (reasons) In the population. 4.To use correction coefficient and regression analysis to measure the relationship between the two variables(live birth and still birth) and using correlation to measure the association that exist in them. 5.To determine the number of live birth and still birth with the given period of nine years and also examine the relationship and know the year which has the highest rate and death rate. 1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY. The details used for this research work is collected from an existing record department of state hospital, Eruwa. And also, with the data?s collected, I shall apply them on the topic of this project which says: statistical analysis on demographic structure on birth rate and death rate. A case study of the general hospital, Eruwa from 2007-2015, a period of nine years 1.5 SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY 1. To advice all pregnant women to visit the hospital for scanning and body testing (check up) so as to know the correct position of the baby in the womb. 2. The pregnant women should caution themselves on the intake of material consumption of recreational drugs such as (Alcohols, nicotine. Pharmaceutical,etc). 3. advising all pregnant women to stay away from any stress that to lead to infection to the baby during the period of delivery and lead to still birth 1.6 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY The data collected for this project research work are secondary data in nature because the data that have been extracted from an existing record department in state hospital, General Hospital, Eruwa. Therefore, I made sure that all the figures given have been treated, analysed and interpreted in the right way. Hence, presenting the data to suit future planning and making reasonable decisions 1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS The crude birth rate: In demography, crude birth rate is the number of life child birth per 1000 person per year. it can be represented by CBR=n x 100 The Crude Death Rate: in demography, crude death rate is the number of death per year per 1000 people. It can be represented by CD-R Gross Reproductive rate: Is the sum of specific birth rate of women age 15-49 restricted to female birth only. The General Fertility Rate: Is the annual normal of live birth per year 1000 of women of child bearing age (often taken to be sometimes from 15-44) The Infant Mortality Rate: Is the annual number of death children less than one year, per 1000 live birth The total fertility rate: Is the number of live birth per women completing her Reproductive life, if her child bearing at each age reflected current specific fertility rate. The Net Reproductive rate: Is the expected number of daughter per new born prospective mother who may or may not survive to go through the age of child bearing The Material Mortality Rate: Is the number of material death per 1000 live birth in the same period Mortality: Is the measure of the number of material death (in general or due to some specific cause) in a population, scaled to the size of that population per unit of time. Fertility is the measure of conventional as the frequency of birth in the population Fecundity: Is the potential level of performance or physical capability of bearing. Children Still Birth: Is a process whereby a baby dies during the point of delivery or labour. | ABSTRACT
This research study has been written to examine the following: To examine the actual causes of the changing phase in consumer behavioural attitudes towards, to assess the extent to which buying behaviour of consumer of Nigeria Bottling Products have charged, to suggest to the manufacturer the various ways of being consumer oriented. However, this research study is significant because the company i.e. NBC Plc will be able to realise the relatively higher patronage of its products now than before. Also, it will help consumers to know how far the company has improved on its productquality wise. For relevant response, data were collected through primary and secondary data collection methods. Oral interviews was also held with some respondents. The main secondary sources of information was review of relevant literature which were divided into two sections A and B were administered. Section A was meant for the customers who were 50 in number and section B for staff of NBC Plc who were 10 in number. The data collected were analysed in tabular from by using percentage and five hypothesis were tested. Conclusions were made on the results of the findings and necessary recommendations were made to the manufacturer, the consumers as well as the government.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Certification.. iii
Dedication.. iv
Acknowledgement v
Abstractvii
Table of Contents. viii
List of Tables. x
CHAPTER ONE.. 1
1.0 Background of the Study. 1
1.1 Historical Background of NBC Plc. 4
1.2 Statement of Problem.. 6
1.3 Research Questions. 6
1.4 Objective of the Study. 7
1.5 Statement of Hypothesis. 8
1.6 Scope and Limitation of the Study. 9
1.7 Definition of Terms. 9
CHAPTER TWO.. 11
2.0 Literature Review.. 11
2.1 Price Influence on Consumer Behaviour12
2.2 Review of Consumer Behaviour Model with Respects to Price. 15
2.3 Pricing Strategy. 17
2.4 Behavioural Aspect of Price. 20
2.5 Sources of Raw Materials. 21
2.6 Major Rivalry. 22
2.7 The Company's Contribution to Nigerian Economy. 23
CHAPTER THREE.. 24
3.0 Research Methodology. 24
3.1 Research Design.. 24
3.2 Sources of Data. 26
3.3 Method of Investigation.. 27
3.4 Research Instruments. 27
3.5 Questionnaire. 28
3.6 Interview.. 29
CHAPTER FOUR.. 30
4.0 Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data. 30
4.1 Allocation and Returns of Questionnaire. 30
4.2 Response Rate Analysis. 32
4.3 Analysis of Data. 32
4.5 Analysis of Management Questionnaire. 38
CHAPTER FIVE.. 50
5.0 Summary of Finding, Recommendation and Conclusion.. 50
5.1 Summary of Findings. 50
5.3 Recommendation.. 52
5.4 Conclusion.. 53
References. 55
Appendix. 57 |
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