| Content | CHAPTER ONE
1.1BACKGROUND OF STUDY
For efficient management of the resources and the maximization of returns, the management of an organization has to set up some internal control system to assist regulating and directing the activities of the organization.
The statement of auditing standards, number includes the following definition of internal control
Meanwhile, internal control has been defined by the institute of chartered Accountants of England and Wales as All forms of control both financially and otherwise established by management in order to carry on the business of an enterprise in an orderly and efficient manner, to safeguard its assets, to ensure adherence to management policies and to secure as far possible the accuracy and reliability of its records. In the same vein, internal control is defined as the means employed within an organizations policies, plans , and procedures and remedy, so far as possible , any errant performance.
These brief comments should suggest that a system of internal control consist of all measure employed by a business for the purpose of:
1. Safeguarding resources against waste, fraud, and inefficiency
2. Promoting accuracy and reliability in accounting and operating data
3. Encouraging and ensuring compliance with company policy
4. Judging the efficiencies of operation in all dimension of the business
TABLE OF CONTENT
Title page
Approval page
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Table of content
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
1.1Background of the study
1.2 Statement of the problem
1.3 Objective of research
1.4 Scope and delimitation of study
1.5 Research question
1.6 Significance of study
1.7 Definition of terms
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature review
2.1Historical development
2.2 The Audit of a public Enterprise
2.3 The importance of Audit in business organizations
2.4 What internal audit is all about
2.5 The extent of extent of performance and internal auditors in public organizations
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Research methodology
3.1Types and sources of data
3.2.1 Primary
3.2.2 Secondary sources
3.3 Areas of study/population
3.4 Sample and sampling techniques
3.5 Research instrument
3.6 Reliability and validity of instrument
3.7 Reliability
3.8 Method of data collection
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Data presentation
4.1Testing of hypothesis
4.2 Presentation and analysis of questions
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 Recommendation
5.2 Conclusion
5.3 Suggestion for further research
References/Bibliography
Questionnaire
| INTRODUCTION Communication is very important to the existence of human organization. The environment in which organization operate today is complex and comprises physical, cultural psychosocial, economics, legal, political, technical and other characteristics. It is in this environment that all organization must operate their business. They must among other analysis the character of economics and social problem and acknowledge that their policies are adopted and administered in a political system where concentration of power and self-interest has to be tacked. In addition, good communication network in the form of postal and telecommunication has been interpreted by various meaning. Some regard it as message itself. Some feel it is the channel along which the message is passed while other term it as the cut off message, passing communication can therefore be rightly defined as the process by which information is passed between individual or organization by means of a previously agreed method (either verbal or written). In everyday life one seeks information from or passes information to them. This communication can be verbal (face to face or telephone). Written (letter, memos, reports etc) or mechanical (seconding original documents instead of transmitting the message in them). The most vital means of receiving or sending information is oral communication. Osiegbu (1983:40) said that the factors that contribute to failure in implementation of organizational objectives include lack of clarity of purpose and failure in understanding of objective policies and tasks at any level by any group or individual. Failure in communication or perception clashes of interest of value, gap between anticipated and actual event, degree of flexibility and capacity of organization to respond to the unexpected all those by no means are possible constraints to organizational intention but the major concern here is the breakdown in management function due to no communication. In other word how “effective communication improves managerial performanceâ€. Communication function is the means by which organized activity is unified. The means by which social input are fed into the social systems or organization, the means by which behaviour is modified, change is effected, information is made productive and goals are achieved, be it business, the military, the government and so on. In a similar form, communication relates to exchange of facts, opinion or emotions by two or more persons in an organization. It could be word, letters, symbols or messages in a way that one-organization member shares meaning and understanding with another. On the other hand management is the managing of a complex system of men, machine, money and the physical structure whose effective coordination is necessary in the production of a product or service that have economic value to the society. The practice of management also rest to a large extent on the role or part which individuals and groups in the organization play and of course the way their activities are harmonized. Human beings are essentially crucial for the development growth and success of any organization for it is the human beings that get things done. The practice of management involve taking charge and streamlining the activities of organization member to ensure that as far as possible desired objective are active. | CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Women lives have been shaped for times unrecorded by their ability to raise children, whereas men are the ones who are responsible and concerned with business and politics. Due to the societal transformation and technological developments for the last 50 years, women tried to enter to the labor market and press their role and the importance of their social activities. These changes have facilitated and confirmed that, besides being mothers and wives women are now capable to become managers, researchers, politician and many more. However there are various factors that limit women?s potential to occupy senior managerial positions. There is an argument that at the bottom of the constraints that women face is the patriarchal system where decision making powers are in the hands of males. In the African context, traditional beliefs, personal and cultural attitudes regarding the role and status of women in society are still predominant and many women as part of this system find it difficult to dislocate from this culture and tradition otherwise they could be ostracized. Despite women?s education and advancement in the job market, the woman?s role is typically one of a housewife. The man, on the other hand, is the bread winner, head of household and has the right to dominate public life. Some women were able to cross cultural barriers and rise to managerial positions, but more often than not, it meant having to manipulate cultural expectations with their managerial roles. It has been argued that women themselves are often reluctant to run for managerial positions and this is partly attributed to cultural prohibitions on women going for these positions or going to public places. Top managerial positions require travel, spend more time on work, go to different meetings and go into hotels and different public gathering places for women that meant meeting with men. Women who strive for managerial positions have to consider the risk of being labeled ?loose? or ?unfit? as mothers and wives, and being socially stigmatized. Even if they are successful with their family, their life partners will not easily accept such a situation for a long. Such thoughts make many women to decline such positions that would put them in the public eye. Although there are a lot of challenges that face women managers, there is also good progress like government initiatives in adopting different policies and issuing directives to encourage women to stay and exercise top managerial positions and even in the political arena women are given a quota to represent their community in different settings. Therefore, this paper will examine the impacts of female managers in organizational efficiency. Moreover, it will compare the technical, leadership, intrapersonal and environmental skills of female dominated organization with a male dominated one. 1.2. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The concept of organizational management is psychological, it play a huge role in determining the efficiency and productivity of the organization. Women in managing organizations face a lot challenges. They would need to spend more time on work, attend different meetings and go in to hotels and public gatherings. It is against this that the researcher sees the subject matter worthy of investigation to examine if female managers contribute to organizational efficiency despite facing the problem of managing their house duties with office works. It would reveal how those challenges affect their efficiency in the managerial position. 1.3. RESEARCH QUESTIONS 1. Do you think female managers are more efficient than male managers? 2. Does female manager play a role in organizational efficiency? 3. What hurdles/ obstacles women managers face realizing their potential? 4. How women exercise their capabilities in making decision and using their discretion? 5. Do women have their own leadership style that the companies need? 6. How far the policies and strategies can support women managers? 1.4 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY 1. To examine government and corporate policies that hamper women from realizing their potential. 2. To understand and investigate the opportunities that women managers have in the course of managing organizations 3. To examine whether the female managers are more efficient than the male managers. 4. To examine the roles of female managers in organizational efficiency 5. To observe the specific leadership style that women are using in their work place and to determine its effectiveness. 1.5. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY Although there are different initiatives and programs that are considered as opportunities for women to raise up to top managerial posts there are still insignificant number of women in top managerial positions in different corporate organizations. This study would help to find out why those initiatives have not worked as expected. More so, this study would help organizations in knowing the roles of female managers in organizational efficiency as well as stating whether female managers are more efficient than the male managers. 1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY The research was limited to senior managers in the selected organization which is an organization dominated by female and male. Therefore it may not represent the current situation of women managers in the whole of Nigeria. The result gives insight in the impacts of female managers in organizational efficiency, challenges and opportunities that woman in senior managerial position face. For this reason, the Nigeria Bottling Company, Ibadan was selected as the case study of the research work. 1.7 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY 1. Network interconnectivity to enhance elaborate research ? 2. High level of illiteracy 3. Organization operational huddles. 4. Time and cost constraints due to cause of scarcity in gasoline to go about the research. | CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY The business environment is the environment facing the organization or company and should be considered in making business decisions. Company or organization's daily activities include interaction with the surrounding environment, including suppliers, shareholders, unions, customers, government, and so forth. The business environment was instrumental in influencing the determination of the organization's marketing strategy. Analysis of the business environment is intended to identify business opportunities that need the immediate attention of the executive and at the same time directed to find threats that businesses need to get anticipation. Analysis of the business environment trying to figure out the managerial implications arising directly or indirectly from a variety of external factors that have been identified affect the development and progress and prospects of the company (Suwarsono, 1994). A new competitive environment is developing largely based on the current technological revolution and increasing globalization. The emergence of a temporarily stable political environment premised on the evolving democratic policy in Nigeria has led to increased foreign participation in corporate governance (Kama, 2005). The business environment here has thus become filled with service and manufacturing firms in search of excellent practices to achieve competitive advantage, which must be seen by their customers as to their benefit by delivering superior value, which enhances repeat patronage and sales growth (Hooley et al., 2005). However, evidence from various empirical studies by Yadong (2004); Thomas, Blaltberg, and Fox (2004); Finney, Campbell and Powell (2005); Salavou (2005) and Kopalle and Lehmann (2006) show that while these practices are essential for continuous improvement, they seldom create any sustainable competitive advantage if market structure, demand, and technologies continue to evolve unexpectedly (or even expectedly) over time (Harrigan, 2004). Bamidele (2005) links this issue with marketing. The concept of marketing defines a business?s success achieved through a process of understanding and meeting customer needs (Kotler, 2004). While this definition looks simple and straightforward, achievement involves many complex, interdependent or even conflicting tasks (Porter, 1998). Such tasks are implemented against a backdrop of constant change, intense competition and limited resources (Kagoal and Norton, 1992; Lavie, 2006). A well articulated, effectively implemented marketing strategy would go a long way to alleviating this problem and reducing the complexity of business tasks (Kagoal and Norton, 2001; Baker and Maddux, 2005). Businesses consequently now recognize the importance of strategic issues and the contribution of strategic marketing to business success (Davidson, 1997; and Demond, 2004). Finney, Noel and Powell (2005) define strategy as the pattern or goal that integrates an Ireland and Hitt (2005) assert that firms are able to adapt in turbulent environments when they are strategically flexible enough to accommodate changes brought about by the environmental variables. Smith, Collins and Clark (2005) assert that firms which are unable to adapt and innovate will fail. Hence this study would tend to investigate the impacts of environmental variables on the marketing goals of an organization. 1.2 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES 1. To establish the relationship between environmental variables and marketing goals. 2. To determine whether environmental variables play a moderating role in enhancing the marketing goals of an organization. 3. To investigate the moderating effect of environmental variables on the relationship between market-focused strategic flexibility and sales growth. 4. To examine the negative influence of environmental variables on the marketing strategy of a firm. 1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS 1. Is there any significant relationship between environmental variables and marketing goals? 2. Does an environmental variable play a moderating role in enhancing marketing goals of an organization? 3. What are the moderating effects of environmental variables on the relationship between market-focused strategic flexibility and sales growth? 4. What are the negative influences of environmental variables on the marketing strategy of a firm? 1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY This study will benefit organization policy makers in establishing the significant relationship between environmental variables and marketing goals so as to implement an effective marketing strategy which would improve the sales of an organization. 1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY The study of the impacts of environmental variables on marketing goals is limited to the Coca cola bottling Company, Ibadan. 1.6 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY 1. Network interconnectivity to enhance elaborate research ? 2. High level of illiteracy 3. Organization operational huddles. 4. Time and cost constraints due to cause of scarcity in gasoline to go about the research. | CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY The rise of e-business in the late 1990?s led to the development of new opportunities related to procurement: e-procurement, spend management, outsourcing and joint product design (Lancioni, Smith, and Oliva, 2000). E-procurement is defined as an Internet-based purchasing system that offers electronic purchase order processing and enhanced administrative functions to buyers and suppliers, resulting in operational efficiencies and potential cost savings. Most of the companies nowadays can be seen as being composed of three primary processes which are purchasing, manufacturing and distribution based on the overall flow of materials (Thawiwinyu and Laptened, 2009). So, in order for the companies to remain competitive in the market, it?s must reduce the costs of their components or parts and materials by sourcing from cost saving suppliers. Nowadays most of the organizations are increasingly doing E-Business using information and communication technologies and the additional use of internet too. The traditional procurement which is lowly, back-end process has been transformed into E-Procurement with the emerging technologies that make everything possible and within reach. Furthermore, with increasing on competitive pressures, supply chain management professionals must continually find solution to reduce costs, increase efficiency, and also to reduce the longest lead time. Procurement now is seen as a core player in supply chain focus on time to market, product quality based competition, cost efficiency, inventory management, and customer uncertainty. According to Monczla and Morgan (2000), this can be solved by the key competitive priorities for the 21st century is the maximization of Internet-based technologies such as E-Procurement. In 1990's along with rapid growth of the Internet, Electronic Commerce (EC) in traditional market was founded. This study attempts to assess the e-Procurement success factors in telecommunication organizations of Nigeria. The main purpose of this study is to understand how the various factors play their role in making e-Procurement technology a success for the business. 1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Overall, e-procurement adoption in private sector in VOI may be below expectations due to a lack of understanding of the consequences from non-adoption and link to competitive advantage, a presumption that e-procurement is mostly for large businesses, and the notion that it is too early to assess conclusively (CFO Europe, 2003). In addition, there is evidence that the adoption process is complex and onerous, and intervention may be necessary to stimulate initial adoption and subsequent implementation. E-procurement adoption is an area of both threat and opportunity in terms of business productivity and competitiveness Even if the benefits of adoption and the potential strategic implications of e-procurement are recognized, the list of impediments for private sectors includes items that are major potential barriers for an effective adoption: risk, uncertainty, inefficiencies from supplier and catalogue-content readiness, cultural change, staff resistance, need for firm wide training with likely disruption of on-going activities each one of these makes it difficult for SMEs to implement e-procurement strategies, to the possible extent that the implementation may be deemed too difficult. One possible explanation for a slow adoption process is that the adoption decision is complex? while many benefits arise in the longer term, major impediments and associated potential costs may be very short term (e.g. extensive staff training). Associated benefits and costs are difficult to estimate in real terms. It is on this basis that the study examined factors influencing implementation of e-procurement in private sector. 1.3 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES 1. To find out the level of the implementation of e-procurement in the private sector. 2. To examine the success of e-procurement implementation in the private sector. 3. To ascertain the effect of skills of private sector employees and suppliers on implementation of e-procurement in private sectors 4. To determine the effect of cost of systems infrastructure on implementation of e-procurement in private sector. 5. To establish the factors influencing implementation of e-procurement in private sector. 6. To ascertain the important factors that contributes to the success of e-procurement in private sector. 1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS 1. What is the level of the implementation of e-procurement on the private sector? 2. What is the level of success of e-procurement implementation in the private sector? 3. What is the effect of skills of private sector employees and suppliers on implementation of e-procurement in private sectors? 4. What are the factors influencing implementation of e-procurement in private sector? 5. What are the important factors that contribute to the success of e-procurement in private sector? 1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The study will be used by companies to get more knowledge on factors affecting use of e-Procurement in Private sector. The knowledge will be used by the researcher to develop more knowhow on e- Procurement; it will assist scholars interested in conducting research in e- procurement and related areas as a source of reference. The study will assist policy makers on e- Procurement in companies both for private and public sectors, which will help shape the procurement sectors to perform better with implementing e-Procurement in business activities. 1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY The study of critical factors that influences e-procurement implementation success in the private sector is limited to the Ibadan Electricity Distribution Company, General Gas, Akobo Ibadan. 1.7 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY 1. Network interconnectivity to enhance elaborate research ? 2. High level of illiteracy 3. Organization operational huddles. 4. Time and cost constraints due to cause of scarcity in gasoline to go about the research. | CHAPTER ONE 1.1 INTRODUCTION In Nigeria today, the major factor that every organization need to consider is the workforce. The human resource of every organization is the employees that put in efforts to achieve the organization?s corporate goals. The function of human resources does not stop at production and services goals only but goes further to establishing of good conducive working condition for the organization which will enhance the production of goods and services in ways that will provide additional benefit to the organization. The successes and failures of an organization are greatly apportioned to the labour while capital, land and entrepreneur are considered dependable on labour. Appraisal and discipline of employees based on their performance and attitude to work must be effectively done to achieve maximum impact and output from the employees. In other to achieve the objective of profit maximization, human factor is to be managed effectively to attain better performance. To ensure this, more attention must be paid to how labour is recruited into the organization, their performances, motivating factor and other relevant factors. Recently, the attentions of management have been drawn to miss opportunities in the proper logistics management. Management now seeks way to save cost and explore opportunities in logistics with the overall goal of improving productivity. The cost involved in recruitment exercise, staff training and development, staff welfare, provision of good working condition, good enumeration are major cost concern in human resources management. However, they constitute the major factors needed to attain the corporate goal of the organization. The resources of every organization are grouped in three main categories: men, money, machines and materials. These are combined in various proportions in the production of goods and services for consumption. Money resources is the capital involvement in the establishment of the various input (machinery, tools and raw materials) that are needed for the production process while human resources is the effort of man directed to the production of goods and services in the organization. Competent workers are potent instrument for effective production of goods and services. If targeted production is to be achieved, companies must invest in employing and training experts into the organization. Every Nigerian manufacturing company should manage their workforce effectively for the attainment of their stated goals. 1.2 METHODOLOGY 1. The population on to be used in this study is the staff of FAN MILK PLC IBADAN 2. The simple design will be comprised of both random sampling and non random sampling 3. The instrument to be used in collecting data is through questionnaire and the plan intended to put it into operation. 4. The type of data to be collected is the bio-data of human resources management and labour productivity in a manufacturing industry- FAN MILK PLC 5. Experimental design and procedure: The step in collecting data for this project will include going to FAN MILK PLC IBADAN, to distribute our questionnaire which will be filled by the respondents. It also includes editing of the various responses provided on the questionnaire, coding responses in order to identify the categories and tabulating the number of response under each category. 1.3 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF FAN MILK PLC The company FAN MILK PLC was incorporated in Nigeria in November 1961, and the diary plant went into production by 3rd of June 1963. The first directors of the company were Eric Enarbong (Chairman) and founding members. Fredric Clerke, Wiulliam Hardy, larsSkensved and Chief B. Olufemi Olushola. The initial share capital was 50,000 pounds of which 10% was held by Nigerian investors. The name FAN MILK and the FAN YOGO exclusively made available by Eric Ebony dairy plant located at Eleyele Industrial Layout Ibadan. But in-spite of its modest size and been equipped with the most modern equipment in the market at that time, the Original range of dairy product was limited to plain full cream with chocolate flavored milk. Both products were held and packed in the revolutionary and unorthodox triangle pack which FAN MILK was the first company to involve in WEST AFRICA 1.4 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY i. To determine the factor most crucial to manufacturing output ii. To find out the relationship between human resources management and productivity of labour in the Nigerian manufacturing sub-sector. iii. To identify the factor that explains productivity iv. To analyze the role of productivity in manufacturing industry. v. To establish the role productivity in manufacturing industry. vi. To determine the unit of measurements and the procedure by which it is obtained. vii. To perform the measurement and compose it to the desired level. viii. To accept, rejector takes action to modify the result. 1.5 HYPOTHESIS i. The success of an organization depends largely on efficient personnel administration. ii. The human resources factor contributes the large portion in production. iii. Human effort also contributes a lot to the success of an organization. iv. Also the resources of human factor like land, capital profit and entrepreneurship contribute to the development of an organization. 1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY The work is limited to the manufacturing subsector only. This explains its limited applicability to the other sector of the economy, also labour productivity is emphasized. This study is also designed to examine the effectiveness of human resources management and labour productivity in manufacturing industry in Nigeria with particular reference to FAN MILK NIG. PLC. Due to the constraint interest in this exercise, the study is to a reasonable extent limited to the human resources management and labour productivity in manufacturing sector. In an organized society several institutions exist to provide goods and services for the need of the society. Some of these institutions are profit making while some are not. However, those institution that provides good and services for the need of people with the primary aim of making profit for the owners are referred to as business enterprises. To an average Nigerian, the word (business) means the buying and selling of commodities whereas in actual fact, business goes beyond that. As an all-inclusive term, business encompasses all profit-oriented economic or commercial activities carried out by an individual or a group of people as a means of livelihood. This work is limited to the manufacturing sector only. This explains why its limited applicability to the other sector of the economy. Also labour productivity is emphasized and not total productivity. 1.7 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY The secrecy of the company under study ? FAN MILK PLC officials affected the quality and quantity of information used. This is because some officials were unwilling to disclose some information needed for the study. We had to make use of limited available information to draw the conclusion. Also, with the use of correlation co-efficient we found it difficult to determine which of the two variables is dependent. Human resources or labour productivity also affect the quality and quantity of human resources management. |
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