Brilliantng December 1, 2021 0 In

IMPACT OF THE INTRODUCTION OF THE COMPUTER ON THE SECRETARIAL PROFESSION

THE IMPACT OF THE INTRODUCTION OF THE COMPUTER ON THE SECRETARIAL PROFESSION

ABSTRACT

In order to arrive at a conclusive decision on the above objective, the researcher carried out a library research, interviews and questionnaires.

The populations of this study consisted of hundred secretaries in some selected banking institutions namely; First Bank of Nigeria Plc, Okpara Avenue, Union Bank of Nigeria Plc, Uwani and Abakpa Nike Community Banking Limited. Questionnaire and Oral interview were used to collect data.

The statistical tools used are average and percentage. When the data was analyzed, it was found that secretaries do not react adversely to the introduction of computer in their offices, computer have created new skills for the secretary and have added some spices to their work. With the acquisition of such skills, secretaries are now seen as indispensable tool in the office, thus giving them good professional status. And it was recommended that secretaries should develop attitudes and learning skills that would enable them to take advantage of new opportunity.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE

Introduction

Background of the study

1.1 Statement of problem

1.2 Purpose of the Study

1.3 Research Questions

1.4 Significance of the study

1.5 Delimitation of the study

1.6 Definition of terms

CHAPTER TWO

Literature review

2.1 Perspective on Computer

2.2 Computer and organizational output/productivity

2.3 Computer and workload

2.4 Computer and workers health

2.5 Computer and redundancy

2.6 Synthesis of literature

CHAPTER THREE

Research methodology

3.1 Area of Study

3.2 Research design

3.3 Population

3.4 Sample and sampling technique

3.5 Instrument for data collection

3.6 Method of gathering and Administering of data

3.7 Validation of research

3.8 Method of data analysis

CHAPTER FOUR

Data presentation

CHAPTER FIVE

Summary of findings, conclusion,

And recommendation

5.1 Summary of findings

5.2 Conclusion

5.3 Recommendations

5.4 Suggestion topics for further research

5.5 Limitation

Bibliography

Questionnaire

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Today, the business world is undergoing far-reaching

Technological revolution due to the advancement in science. For all types of organizations to succeed in today’s rapidly changing environment, they need to be able to be process data and information effectively.

In conducting them day to day operations organization use information for functions such as planning, controlling, directing, organizing and diction making. Information therefore is unique actionably a critical resources in the operations of all organization the business men, secretaries, students and in fact everybody, would now readily see the indelible impact of modern technology on people lives.

In an organization, information moves from person, forms are completed, filed and received and individuals communicate variety of both simple and complex concepts. At the turn of the century most written information were complied by hand in pen and ink copies were made by hand and communicated was by letter, telegraph or in person. Today most of the tedious functions related to information handling and processing are done through the computer.

For the secretaries, not only have their equipment changed, but also their administrative processes office routine management systems are similarly evolving into new forms. Computers have replaced manual typewriters and electric typewriter while for machines replaced telex machines. There are also different type of advanced communication gadget such as cellular phones, pager etc. With this radical change, the secretaries are expected to change and be able to keep up with all these professional changes around them. In accordance with the law of motion CHANGE is a constant phenomena. If we look at the beginning of man to the present day, we would see that there had been tremendous change. If there had not occurred, man would have remained primitive hill today. Change is a challenge and if we abide by change, it brings out the best in us thereby leading to erroneous progress.

The first office automatic machine were introduced 1930 and used paper rolls later paper tape as a form of memory. BY the 1960s the international business machine (IBM) had introduced the selective go If ball typewriter which allows the typist to change the print element, the go If – ball to provide a different type font (character design and sign) another break through was the introduction of IBM’s magnetic tape selective typewriter. This was followed by the introduction of a visual display unit (VDU) this allows the typist to see what I happening to the text as if being tyed amended and stored, but before it I being committed to paper or printed out. In fact, electronic systems are now possible that they can sense absorbs store, categorize ponder, very high quantity. Yet with greater accuracy, speed and reliability. Coventry, (1981) indicated that Recent development of the micro processor, founded on the silicon chips has potentials likely to have a vast social repercussion through out financial industry, for a simple chip take over a high proportion of today’s office job P.21. When we refer to computer system, we refer to information and communication system which are necessary for the functioning of the office. We assume that data processing and word-processing play a large role and also that human system under lie these technical systems. In an ideal situation therefore, the technology and the people function together harmoniously.

It is important to recognize that development and implementation of the computer is moving through several overlapping phases, each affecting differently.

In general, a distinction can be made between two classes of office workers. The first are the information worker they are those who are involved in the routine entry, recording, storage and transmission of information, those who fall under this group of worker include – Typist, secretaries, clerks and data entry personal.

The second group are the knowledge works-this group aconite of those worker who create, interpret, analyze and utilize this information these knowledge worker can be divided into two (2) groups professional/technical employees and managers.

The main impact of the computer is simply to facilitate office operation as they are now being carried out. For example the word professor replace the secretary’s type writers, the mini-computer replaces the clerk’s filing cabinets etc. More recently professionals and secretaries have begun using personal computers and sophisticated calculators to speed up their work. The timing of there development has largely been dictated by the emergence of the technology starting with the widespread introduction of word processor’s in the 1970’s, and it in the late 1970s and its legitimating as a business tool in 1981, with the introduction of the IBM P.C.

1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

Up to the 190’s the use of the computer in this country was limited to very few multinational companies. The secretary then had to contend with using manual and electric typewriters in performing her word processing function.

Furthermore storage and retrieval of information was by use of files, filing cabinets, index cards etc. Accessing of other information had to be through telephone directories and other relevant specialized text meant for such purpose.

Many of the secretaries of the 80’s are still in employment. With the advent and widespread use of the computer are then wonders how these secretaries are adjusting to be new devices now prevalent in modern offices are they finding it easy or difficult? Is the profession generally under threat by the introduction of the computer and the Internet? What can be done to keep the secretary still relevant in to day’s modern business setting? These and many more are what this research aims to find solutions for.

1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The purpose of this study is to thoroughly investigate on the impact of the introduction of the computer on the secretaries.

1. How secretaries react or the attitude of secretaries towards the introduction of computers.

2. To ascertain whether the introduction of computer has in any way improve the secretary’s work.

3. To ascertain whether the introduction of computer has made it easy or difficult to adjust (especially the secretaries of the bank under investigation).

4. To determine the problems encountered by secretaries in trying to adapt to changes in the nature of their work.

5. To find out whether or not secretaries are involved in the planning and introduction of computers.

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The research provided answers to the following research questions;

1. How do secretaries react to the introduction of computer

2. What problems are encountered by secretaries in trying to adapt to changes in the nature of their work.

3. Are there orientation programmes in facilitating the adaptation to new changes of work

4. Are secretaries involved in the planning and introduction of computers.

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The investigation of the impact of the introduction of the computer on secretaries in some selected banks in Enugu Metropolis. Would give some insight in the performance of secretaries on the advert of computers.

Many of the major problems that organizations have faced in the past have been that they are in awe of technology, they failed to recognize the need to use technology as a competitive weapon against their rivals, they expected technology to be difficult to use and also the unwillingness to address the compelling human issues which has been the major cause of low productivity. This study will help secretaries to full understand how their career will change as a result of the introduction of computers in their offices.

From this study, banks will now recognize the need to use technology as a competitive weapon. Winning a competitive edge has become of fundamental importance within national and international Banking, institutions. The prime emphasis of activity now rests on providing an ever improving levels of services to existing clients and customers and winning new business through the sheer quality of service provided and the ingenuity of marketing activity. Ultimately, it is only through establishing a competitive advantage over rival institutions that an institution can hope to maximize profitability.

In Banking sector where establishing a competitive advantage has become so important, it is necessary for them to pay particular attention to the role which technology plays in offering them an opportunity to gain this advantage. The main function of technological deployment is to assist an institution to gain a competitive advantage.

Finally, this research work will be of significance to the society at large because if the computer is well utilized, productivity (efficiency and effectiveness) would be enhanced, there by leading to a higher standard of ling for the society.

1.6 DEFINITION OF TERMS

Bank: This means any private or pubic organization which derives the greater part of its revenue from handling, managing, or investing money either on its own behalf or on behalf of its customers.

Computer: A computer is a device capable of accepting information, applying prescribed processes to the information and supplying the result of these processes.

Secretary: An executive assistance who processes a mastery of office work and skills and demonstrates the ability to assume responsibility without direct supervision, who exercise initiative and judgments and who make decision within the scope of assigned authority. Also a person who deals with correspondence or arranges venues, date and time for meetings.

Sophisticated: Having or showing a lot of experience of the would and social situations.

Effective: Having the desired effect producing the intended result.

Efficiency: Able to work well and without wasting time or resources, competent. The ability to produce the required result without wasting time or resources.

Equipment: The things needed for a particular purpose.

Productivity: Efficiency, especially in industry, measured by comparing the amount produced with the time taken or the resources used to produce it.

Brilliantng December 1, 2021 0 In

IMPACT OF COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY ON SECRETARIAL ADMINISTRATION IN THE BANKING SECTOR

THE IMPACT OF COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY ON SECRETARIAL ADMINISTRATION IN THE BANKING SECTOR

ABSTRACT

In recent years the relationship between information technology and productivity has become a source of debate. The empirical research generally did not significant productivity improvement associated with IT investment, more recently, as new data are identified and new methodologies are applied, several researchers have found evidence that IT is associated not only with improvement in productivity, but also in intermediate measures, consumer surplus, and economic growth.

This report shows a details analysis of tends in ICT use by the bank business sector by looking in particular at the use of computer, the internet and the web. This is done against the background of a continues increase in the proportion of business using ICT is in the study also review the specialized literature estimating the productivity impact of ICT used at the firm level in a number of developed countries. It then present the result of the empirical analysis measuring the impact of ICT use on productivity in manufacturing firm, both at a general level and also by geographical, industry, branch, firm age and size. The result indicates that the computer is important in the countries

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.0 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

As a result of development in social consciousness, sophistication in business, increasing literacy rate and innovation in science and technology, this has changed the structure content and methodology of secretarial administration. The traditional method of secretarial administration which is characterized by the use of manual machine in handling incoming and outgoing mails, varieties of clerical duties like word processing including typesetting of letter, memos, reports, shorthand writings and transcription and other text materials. They now become inadequate for handling information needed by today’s organization especially in the banking sector. The traditional approaches of secretarial administration were designed to carry average load of activities often resulting in the transactions that have to be put toward till another time. Accuracy of information cannot be guaranteed, errors that are costly were occurring and important data misplaced. Extra time resource were required to clear backlogs storage facility in efficient, especially when there is large data shifting through them to extract information required could be very clumsy because of this complexities in handling data banks today require modern tools that will enable them get relevant information easily and on time, rather than manual equipment. A computer is any machine or device which under the control of stored program can accept data in prescribed form process the data and supply the result as information in a specified form. Computers have certain characteristics that make them excellent tools for secretarial administration. The speed with which it processes information has helped in quick decision making in organization. Information is now stored in a compressed form, occupying less space in the office. The use computer technology has also improved the customers’ service at the bank as they can now enjoy quick access to information which improves productivity. The use of the spread sheets and ATM Cards to process accounts and mathematical tables has reduced long queues in banking procedures. Computer has also expanded to the use of desktop design for their employees. According to Okoko, 2001 computer technology has resulted to the emergency of many concepts like E-Government, E-commerce , E-supermarket etc. this implies therefore that computer technology application is not only for secretarial administration in the banking sector but it is applied in all fields of human Endeavour. Based on the above, the secretary must therefore acquire the computer technology skill that will assist him/her to work in all these fields.

1.1 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

Since independence secretarial administration has been geared towards the use of manual typewriter, shorthand writing and the traditional office administration. Bu today’s office work has been revolutionized due to expansion and complexity in the methodology of office functions. Organizations like banking industry by their very nature do to respond to changing technology faster than other organization therefore there is need for secretaries on who the responsibility of running the office lies on to acquire computer skills and competencies in order to effectively carryout secretarial administration work in the bank.

1.2 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The purpose of the study is to find out the impact of computer technology in the productivity of secretaries in the banking sector.

1. Evaluate the traditional role of secretaries in the banking sector.

2. Identify the impacts of computer software packages used by secretaries in the banking sector

3. Identify the impacts of computer technology on the productivity of secretaries in the banking sector.

4. To identify the challenges posed by computer technology in the productivity of secretaries in the banking sector.

1.3 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

For the purpose of this study, the impact of computer technology on the productivity of secretaries in the banking sectors, only in Owerri the researcher has no intension of studying the above stated study outside Owerri because every data and fact needed for this research will be provided by some selected banks in Owerri

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The following research questions will guide the study

1. What is the traditional role of secretaries in the banking sector?

2. How adequate and relevance is computer technology?

3. What impact has computer technology on the productivity of secretaries in the banking sector?

4. What type of computer technology skill that secretary working in the banking sector require?

5. What are the challenges posed by computer technology on the productivity of secretaries in the banking sector?

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The study is meant to discover the impact of computers technology on secretarial administration in the banking sector. It reveals the extent to which the modern computer packages has added in efficiency of secretarial work in the bank will appreciate the level of computer skills and competencies required of them. The study will be a good reference material to the banking sector to measure the computer skill level required of secretaries they employ to optimize productivity.

1.6 LIMITATION

The research during the course of the study faced certain constraints. Among them is time constraints, this is because the period expected of the researcher being a student was two short to complete the work moreover there are few computerized banks around the researcher’s environment and unavailability of time to travel to places where such banks were found. Finally, the unresponsive nature of some the people encountered by the researcher violated the finding of the researcher. However, it is unlikely that would adversely affect the validity of the finding.

1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS

COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY

There is no doubt that computer technology has had a great impact on society and also brought many technical developments with it, it has brought many changes to the way we live as individual as well as members of societies and organizations. It has had major effects and changes on the economy, health, education, industry etc. the ability of computers in gathering, processing presenting and sending large amount of information has had major changes in the way large organization as well individual organize their lives.

For people with enough technical knowledge on computers, the amount of technical knowledge involve in the field of computer technology is over whelming. It is also a field that changes fast enough for people to keep peace with.

SECRETARY

This is an assistant who possesses a mastering of office skill demonstrates the ability to assume responsibility without direct supervision, exercises initiative and judgment and make decisions within the scope of assigned authority.

BANKING SECTOR

This is a financial institution which carries on any banking business or financial transactions whether lawfully or unlawfully as defined in the bank and other financial institution decree (ACT).

Brilliantng November 30, 2021 0 In

IMPACT OF THE INTRODUCTION OF THE COMPUTER ON THE SECRETARIAL PROFESSION (A Case Study Of Selected Banks In Enugu Metropolis)

ABSTRACT

The degree to which computer is used in offices has been of serious concern to secretarial profession. This study investigated the impact of the introduction of the computer on the secretarial profession and how the secretarial react to the introduction of computer.
In order to arrive at a conclusive decision on the above objective, the researcher carried out a library research, interviews and questionnaires.
The populations of this study consisted of hundred secretaries in some selected banking institutions namely; First Bank of Nigeria Plc, Okpara Avenue, Union Bank of Nigeria Plc, Uwani and Abakpa Nike Community Banking Limited. Questionnaire and Oral interview were used to collect data.
The statistical tools used are average and percentage. When the data was analyzed, it was found that secretaries do not react adversely to the introduction of computer in their offices, computer have created new skills for the secretary and have added some spices to their work. With the acquisition of such skills, secretaries are now seen as indispensable tool in the office, thus giving them good professional status. And it was recommended that secretaries should develop attitudes and learning skills that would enable them to take advantage of new opportunity.

TABLE OF CONTENT

Title Page
Approval Page
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Table Of Contents
Abstract

Chapter One
1.0 Introduction
1.0.1 Background Of The Study
1.1 Statement Of Problem
1.2 Purpose Of The Study
1.3 Research Questions
1.4 Significance Of The Study
1.5 Delimitation Of The Study
1.6 Definition Of Terms

Chapter Two
2.0 Literature Review
2.1 Perspective On Computer
2.2 Computer And Organizational Output/Productivity
2.3 Computer And Workload
2.4 Computer And Workers Health
2.5 Computer And Redundancy
2.6 Synthesis Of Literature

Chapter Three
3.0 Research Methodology
3.1 Area Of Study
3.2 Research Design
3.3 Population
3.4 Sample And Sampling Technique
3.5 Instrument For Data Collection
3.6 Method Of Gathering And Administering Of Data
3.7 Validation Of Research
3.8 Method Of Data Analysis

Chapter Four
4.0 Data Presentation

Chapter Five
5.0 Summary Of Findings, Conclusion,And Recommendation
5.1 Summary Of Findings
5.2 Conclusion
5.3 Recommendations
5.4 Suggestion Topics For Further Research
5.5 Limitation
Bibliography
Questionnaire

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Today, the business world is undergoing far-reaching
Technological revolution due to the advancement in science. For all types of organizations to succeed in today’s rapidly changing environment, they need to be able to be process data and information effectively.
In conducting them day to day operations organization use information for functions such as planning, controlling, directing, organizing and diction making. Information therefore is unique actionably a critical resources in the operations of all organization the business men, secretaries, students and in fact everybody, would now readily see the indelible impact of modern technology on people lives.
In an organization, information moves from person, forms are completed, filed and received and individuals communicate variety of both simple and complex concepts. At the turn of the century most written information were complied by hand in pen and ink copies were made by hand and communicated was by letter, telegraph or in person. Today most of the tedious functions related to information handling and processing are done through the computer.
For the secretaries, not only have their equipment changed, but also their administrative processes office routine management systems are similarly evolving into new forms. Computers have replaced manual typewriters and electric typewriter while for machines replaced telex machines. There are also different type of advanced communication gadget such as cellular phones, pager etc. With this radical change, the secretaries are expected to change and be able to keep up with all these professional changes around them. In accordance with the law of motion CHANGE is a constant phenomena. If we look at the beginning of man to the present day, we would see that there had been tremendous change. If there had not occurred, man would have remained primitive hill today. Change is a challenge and if we abide by change, it brings out the best in us thereby leading to erroneous progress.
The first office automatic machine were introduced 1930 and used paper rolls later paper tape as a form of memory. BY the 1960s the international business machine (IBM) had introduced the selective go If ball typewriter which allows the typist to change the print element, the go If – ball to provide a different type font (character design and sign) another break through was the introduction of IBM’s magnetic tape selective typewriter. This was followed by the introduction of a visual display unit (VDU) this allows the typist to see what I happening to the text as if being tyed amended and stored, but before it I being committed to paper or printed out. In fact, electronic systems are now possible that they can sense absorbs store, categorize ponder, very high quantity. Yet with greater accuracy, speed and reliability. Coventry, (1981) indicated that Recent development of the micro processor, founded on the silicon chips has potentials likely to have a vast social repercussion through out financial industry, for a simple chip take over a high proportion of today’s office job P.21. When we refer to computer system, we refer to information and communication system which are necessary for the functioning of the office. We assume that data processing and word-processing play a large role and also that human system under lie these technical systems. In an ideal situation therefore, the technology and the people function together harmoniously.
It is important to recognize that development and implementation of the computer is moving through several overlapping phases, each affecting differently.
In general, a distinction can be made between two classes of office workers. The first are the information worker they are those who are involved in the routine entry, recording, storage and transmission of information, those who fall under this group of worker include – Typist, secretaries, clerks and data entry personal.
The second group are the knowledge works-this group aconite of those worker who create, interpret, analyze and utilize this information these knowledge worker can be divided into two (2) groups professional/technical employees and managers.
The main impact of the computer is simply to facilitate office operation as they are now being carried out. For example the word professor replace the secretary’s type writers, the mini-computer replaces the clerk’s filing cabinets etc. More recently professionals and secretaries have begun using personal computers and sophisticated calculators to speed up their work. The timing of there development has largely been dictated by the emergence of the technology starting with the widespread introduction of word processor’s in the 1970’s, and it in the late 1970s and its legitimating as a business tool in 1981, with the introduction of the IBM P.C.

1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
Up to the 190’s the use of the computer in this country was limited to very few multinational companies. The secretary then had to contend with using manual and electric typewriters in performing her word processing function.
Furthermore storage and retrieval of information was by use of files, filing cabinets, index cards etc. Accessing of other information had to be through telephone directories and other relevant specialized text meant for such purpose.
Many of the secretaries of the 80’s are still in employment. With the advent and widespread use of the computer are then wonders how these secretaries are adjusting to be new devices now prevalent in modern offices are they finding it easy or difficult? Is the profession generally under threat by the introduction of the computer and the Internet? What can be done to keep the secretary still relevant in to day’s modern business setting? These and many more are what this research aims to find solutions for.

1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
The purpose of this study is to thoroughly investigate on the impact of the introduction of the computer on the secretaries.
1. How secretaries react or the attitude of secretaries towards the introduction of computers.
2. To ascertain whether the introduction of computer has in any way improve the secretary’s work.
3. To ascertain whether the introduction of computer has made it easy or difficult to adjust (especially the secretaries of the bank under investigation).
4. To determine the problems encountered by secretaries in trying to adapt to changes in the nature of their work.
5. To find out whether or not secretaries are involved in the planning and introduction of computers.

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
The research provided answers to the following research questions;
1. How do secretaries react to the introduction of computer
2. What problems are encountered by secretaries in trying to adapt to changes in the nature of their work.
3. Are there orientation programmes in facilitating the adaptation to new changes of work
4. Are secretaries involved in the planning and introduction of computers.

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The investigation of the impact of the introduction of the computer on secretaries in some selected banks in Enugu Metropolis. Would give some insight in the performance of secretaries on the advert of computers.
Many of the major problems that organizations have faced in the past have been that they are in awe of technology, they failed to recognize the need to use technology as a competitive weapon against their rivals, they expected technology to be difficult to use and also the unwillingness to address the compelling human issues which has been the major cause of low productivity. This study will help secretaries to full understand how their career will change as a result of the introduction of computers in their offices.
From this study, banks will now recognize the need to use technology as a competitive weapon. Winning a competitive edge has become of fundamental importance within national and international Banking, institutions. The prime emphasis of activity now rests on providing an ever improving levels of services to existing clients and customers and winning new business through the sheer quality of service provided and the ingenuity of marketing activity. Ultimately, it is only through establishing a competitive advantage over rival institutions that an institution can hope to maximize profitability.
In Banking sector where establishing a competitive advantage has become so important, it is necessary for them to pay particular attention to the role which technology plays in offering them an opportunity to gain this advantage. The main function of technological deployment is to assist an institution to gain a competitive advantage.
Finally, this research work will be of significance to the society at large because if the computer is well utilized, productivity (efficiency and effectiveness) would be enhanced, there by leading to a higher standard of ling for the society.

1.6 DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The study of the impact of computer on the secretarial profession, will be carried out in some selected Banks I.e. first Banks on Nigeria, Union Bank of Nigeria plc, and Abakpa Nike Community Bank limited in Enugu metropolis and does not pretent to give an overview of what applies in other Banks.

1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Bank: This means any private or pubic organization which derives the greater part of its revenue from handling, managing, or investing money either on its own behalf or on behalf of its customers.
Computer: A computer is a device capable of accepting information, applying prescribed processes to the information and supplying the result of these processes.
Secretary: An executive assistance who processes a mastery of office work and skills and demonstrates the ability to assume responsibility without direct supervision, who exercise initiative and judgments and who make decision within the scope of assigned authority. Also a person who deals with correspondence or arranges venues, date and time for meetings.
Sophisticated: Having or showing a lot of experience of the would and social situations.
Effective: Having the desired effect producing the intended result.
Efficiency: Able to work well and without wasting time or resources, competent. The ability to produce the required result without wasting time or resources.
Equipment: The things needed for a particular purpose.
Productivity: Efficiency, especially in industry, measured by comparing the amount produced with the time taken or the resources used to produce it

Brilliantng November 29, 2021 0 In

EVALUATION OF THE PERFORMANCE AND PROBLEM OF SECRETARIES (A Case Study Of Enugu State University Of Science And Technology Esut Enugu)

ABSTRACT

This study is aimed at evacuating the performance of secretaries in Enugu state University of science and technology (Esut) Enugu. The study is also aimed at identifying the problems of secretaries in Enugu state university of science and technology (Esut) Enugu; Agaion, the study will suggest ways of solving the problems encountered by secretaries. Finally, the study will make recommendations for govt. companies and other employers of labour and future researchers.
Some research questions were put forward and they include.
Do secretaries fell happy with their holiday entitlements?
Do secretaries use good equipment in the discharge of their duties?
Do secretaries stay in a comfortable working environment?
Are secretaries denoted to their duty?
Do secretaries receive retirement I pension packages?
Do secretaries reach level 14 in their establishment?
Are secretaries accepted in the society?
Do secretaries perform well in their establishment?
A total of 50 subjects (sample) were used for the study. An item questionnaire comprising two sections was used for this study. The questionnaire comprised items on variables of performance and problems of secretaries.
While research question 1,2,3 produce more negative than positive response, research question 4,5,6,7,8 produce more positive than negative responses.
Recommendations were made for govt. companies, other employers of labour and future researchers.

TABLE OF CONTENT

Title Page
Approval Page
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Table Of ContentChapter One
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Background Of The Study
1.2 Statement Of Problem
1.3 Purpose Of The Study
1.4 Significance Of The Study
1.5 Research Questions
1.6 Scope Of The Study
1.7 Limitations Of The Study
1.8 Definitions Of Terms
References

Chapter Two
2.0 Literature Review
2.1 Roles Of Secretaries
2.2 Problems Of Secretaries
2.3 The Social Problems Of Secretaries
2.4 Psychological Problems Of Secretaries
2.5 The Evaluation Of Performance Of Secretaries

Chapter Three
3.1 Research Methodology
3.2 Research Design
3.3 Population
3.4 Sample And Sampling Technique
3.5 Instrument For Data Collection
3.6 Method Of Data Analysis

Chapter Four
4.1 Presentation And Analysis Of Data

Chapter Five
5.0 Summary Of Findings
5.1 Recommendations, Conclusions And Suggestions For Future Research.
Bibliography
Appendix

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The word “secretary” has always remained ambiguous to many people including institutions. Many studies have suggested that no single definition best describes the word “secretary”. Attempts by various authors to give a definition that will encompass all the characteristics of secretary have always met with flaws.
The word “secretary” is rather seen as multi-dimensional.
According to Virginia etal (1972 – 75) a secretary is defined as ‘a person employed to write letters, draw up reports and records, one who carries on business correspondence or other maters requiring writing, any officer whose business is to superintend and manage the affairs of a particular department of government.
Macdonald (1972 :1224) also defined a secretary as “one employed to write or transact business for another or for a society etc.
According to Thomas (1991 – 258) . it is difficult to specify precisely the duties of a secretary in a company and athe tems of arrangement made with him.
However, the author went further to give a general summary of his obligations.
They are as follows:
i. He is present at all meeting of the school and of the direction and is responsible for the taking of minutes thereof.
ii. He issues, under the direction of the board all necessary notices to members and others.
iii. He conducts all correspondence with shareholders as regards calls transfers forfeiture and otherwise.
iv. He is responsible for keeping the statutory books and administrative records of the school.
v. He makes all necessary returns to the registrar.
The above definitions and duties of a secretary may suggest that secretaries are the administrative officers of any company or business organization and therefore remain indispensable in any organization.
In spite of all these duties performed by a secretary, the attitude of the society more especially the employers of labour, is not quite encouraging. Some people believe that secretaries are mere seruants without author. The official status accorded secretaries by the entire society is nothing to write home about until around 70’s little effort was made by Nigerian government to improve the status of secretaries as regards remuneration and other conditions of service. Prior to this period all that was required of a secretary usually called a “typist” was a good aptitude in typewriting and shorthand. Later it was replaced with the acquisition of 100 / 50 words per minutes in shorthand and typewriting respectively. Today, things are different. Many companies need the services of qualified secretaries in other to meet the demands of the new world of technology. The kind of service required and sophisticated machines in Enugu state university of science and technology can no longer be entrusted in the hands of these unqualified secretaries.

1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
The nature of secretarial profession has made secretaries almost indispensable in the management of both human and material resources. Secretaries are very much relevant in any office or establishment in Nigeria. In recent time, may secretaries are compelled to word round the clock without reward or compensation. Some of them are even deried holiday entitlement worse still are the poor working equipment with which they discharge their duties and he unconducive environment in which they perform their tasks. Some secretaries perform their duties in an unfavourable working environment characterized by poor ventilation illumination, noise, heat condition and dirt, it is still suprising to see some office equipment such as typewriters and computer, being used by secretaries in Enugu state university of science and technology, are in a state of disrepair.
In spite of this ugly situation, some employers of labour was regard secretaries as magicians who can produce the desired result with such abandoned and neglected equipment.
Recently, attention has been drawn to the discriminatory attitude of some employers over remuneration. There is no equity in terms of reward or payment for services being lendered in the past, while staff in other professions were taken care of in terms of remuneration and other benefits, secretaries received meager remunerations which was not commensurate with the services they render. But today, the reverse is the case, secretaries are now well placed in terms of remuneration, and other benefits in Enugu state university of science and technology (Esut Enugu).
With respect to job security, the secretarial profession in Enugu state university of science and technology is still unprotected. May secretaries feel unsecured in their jobs in Esut owning to the negative attitude of some employers of labor. Employers in Enugu state university of science and technology make little or no arrangement about secretaries retirement and pension scheme.
Finally, attention has been drawn to the official status assigned to secretarial profession in Enugu state university of science and technology by the society. It is surprising to notice that the profession has not gained enough support and prestige among other people.

1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
The study is aimed at evaluating the Enugu state university of science and technology secretaries holidays entitlement.
The study is also aimed at identifying the problems of inadequacy of technology and equipment used by secretaries in Enugu state university of science and technology.
This study identifies the beneficiaries of meager remuneration commensurate with the services of secretaries in Enugu state university of science and technology.
This study is aimed at the importance of secretaries in Enugu state university of science and technology staying in a comfortable working environment in discharge of duty.
The study aimed at evaluating the retirement and pension packages of secretaries in Enugu state university of science and technology.
The study is aimed at identifying the importance of secretaries and workers devoted to their duty in Enugu state university of science and technology.

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The findings will serve as a reference point for bidding researchers. This study will also help in correcting the wrong, impression in Enugu state university of science and technology and society that secretaries are mere typist and shorthand writers.
It will help employers of secretaries in Enugu state university of science and technology and government to treat secretaries as equal partakers in progress. Finally, the suggestion and recommendations of this study will give hope for future secretaries and a host of others who have already lost confidence in secretaries profession.

1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
Do secretaries in Enugu state university of science and technology feel happy with their holidays entitlements?
Do Enugu state university of science and technology use good equipment in the discharge of their duties?
Do secretaries in Enugu state university of scienc eand technology stay in a comfortable working environment?
Do secretaries in Enugu state university of science and technology receive meager remuneration commensurate with the services?
Are secretaries in Enugu state university of science and technology devoted to their duty?
Do secretaries receive retirement and pension packages in Enugu university of science and technology?
Do secretaries in Eust reach level 16 in their establishment?
Do secretaries in Enugu state university of science an technology feel unsecured in their jobs.

1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The scope of this study is restricted to Enugu state university of science and technology. The secretaries and the employers in Enugu state university of science and technology were used for this study. This is to have a balanced report and will also help to put matters in their right perspectives.

1.7 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
This study was limited to Enugu state university of science and technology Esut Enugu. This was due to time factor and the, heavy financial involvement. However, as a pioneer study in the area, it must start in a place.
Further studies of this nature should expand the scope to cover within and outside the campus.
There is also the possibility of response taking among the “secretary” respondents’. Who may not want to volunteer information, but the high occurrence of this has been reduced by assuring the respondents of high level of confidentiality.

1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Remuneration:- reward made in payment for the work done.
Indispensable:- absolutely essential, that which cannot be dispersed iwht ie secretaries are indispensable.
Compelled:- to make somebody do something or to force.
Moble:- having a high social rank, especially from birth or having very fire personnel qualities.
Sprinted:- to manage and control workers e.g to supervise somebody or something.
Encompass:- to include.

REFERENCES
Macdonald Ani (1972), Editor, Chambers Twentieth Century Dictionary England EH 21DG.
Thom, G.M 91971): Campus secretarial Practice 8th ed (The M&E Hand book series) Great Britan company Secretary ship.
Virginia S. Thatchar et al (1972): Editor, The New Webster Encyclopedia Dictionary of the English Language Chicago consolidate book publishers.

Assuring:- saying positively with confidence
occurrence:- happening.
Perspective :- apparent relation between different aspect of a problem.
Budding :- beginning to develop.
Commensurate:- in the right proportion
Reputation:- general opinion about the character of somebody
Sophisticated;- complex
Forfeiture:- suffer the loss of something as a punishment or consequence.
Ambiguous:- doubtful meaning, uncertain.

Brilliantng November 27, 2021 0 In

EVALUATE THE USE OF COMPUTER IN TEACHING AND LEARNING OF BASIC TECHNOLOGY AT THE SECONDARY SCHOOL

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

In recent times, the world has witnessed a rapid increase in technological innovations. This era ushered in the advent of the electronic computer system among other modern technologies. At present the computer technology has permeated nearly all aspects of human organizational roles and education.

Computer encompasses almost all facets of human endeavours. So much has been written on it and its relatedness to all areas of human disciplines, which include computer/information technology, engineering, agriculture etc. However, much work has not been done on computer and its application and relevance to education. This work aims to fill this gap, as it discusses it importance to the field of education Today, computer technology in schools is one of the most far-reaching and fast growing developments in education. Like maize in a plantation during a storm, countries all over the world are bending towards the fad of computer education (Joseph, 1990; Madu, 1990; Macaulay, 1993).

Development in science and technology has brought into lime light the indispensable roles of computer in the area of information technology. It is a new instructional system. The incursion of the electronic computer system into the educational parlance, according to Sherman (2005) provides the wherewithal to solve teaching and learning problems even more rapidly and accurately than hitherto conceived. This has eventually made the computer system the doyen of humanity as it continues to exert greater acceptance. Computer, according to Jayesimi (1985), has become the ‘nowology’ in our society and possibly futuristic years ahead.

In schools, computers are widely used; and the need for computer technology and literacy in the educational system has become more relevant. Computer has been found to be an effective device for presenting an instructional programme. According to McCormick (1993), computers can be used to diversify, develop and improve the pedagogical relation of teaching and learning. Also, technological development can only be enhanced through proper acquisition of scientific knowledge: which can only be realized through relevant training in Science, Mathematics and Computer Education. It was in this light that the Federal Government of Nigeria launched the National Policy on Computer Literacy at primary, secondary and tertiary levels of education in 1987 with the following general aims:

For the computer to transform the school system, as there is increased merger between the computer technology and communication; and To equip the individual or student with thorough understanding of the concept of computer in order to fit in to the next century.

The National programme on Computer Education as put in place by the Federal Government of Nigeria was received with open arms and regarded as a technological innovation in educational practice in Nigeria institutions of learning. Computer Education was perceived as a new instructional system that was designed to improve the quality of teaching and learning and to aid technological and socio-economic development. This was further corroborated by the then Federal Minister of Education, Professor Jubril Aminu in his address to the Adhoc Committee on Computer Literacy in Nigeria that the objectives of the nation’s Computer Education programme, among other things, were as follows:

To bring about a computer literate society in Nigeria within a short space of time.

To enable the present generation of school children at all levels, appreciate the potentials of the computer; and To enable them to be able to use the computer in various works of life and later occupation.

With these laudable objectives, all state governments throughout Nigeria follow the Federal Government policy to introduce Computer Education and Literacy in secondary schools in 1997 with the following general objectives:

To bring about a computer literacy in each state in Nigeria.

To develop the use of computer as teaching tool in all subject areas and to familiarize students with the use of computer technology.

To enable the present generation of school children at the secondary school level appreciate the potentials of the computer and be able to utilize the computer in various aspects of life and later occupation; and. To expose the teachers and the students to the latest scientific knowledge and skills.

From the foregoing, based on the importance of computer to learning, introducing it into the Nigerian educational system can be said to be a step in the right direction.

1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS

As excellent and important the computer, it has not really gained its root in our Nigerian schools, let alone the entire society. Its impact is not strongly felt by all, especially by our students. This is because there are some challenges facing its implementations in our society. Some of the challenges are listed below.

The challenges of computer education are both educational and administrative. The prominent among the administrative problems is cost. Over the years, the cost of computer has been on the high side. This has been a deterrent to the adoption of computer for instructional purposes in most Nigerian secondary schools. Coupled with this is the exorbitant price of software; it follows the same pattern as that for the hardware. Where attempts are made to purchase computers for instructional purposes, the costs of installation, maintenance and replacement are unavoidable.

The depressed economic situation of Nigeria has incapacitated the government to fund education effectively. The meager funding of education in Nigeria coupled with low technological level has been an impediment to the provision of instructional materials and use of computers for instruction in Nigeria at all levels of education.

In addition, death of trained personnel militates against the use of computer for instruction. Experts with the technical know-how of computers are few except the computer dealers who are profit conscious. Hence, there are no computer operators, keypunch operators, analysts, computer scientists, computer engineers and technicians to operate service and develop computer course ware for use on a large scale in education (Salisbury, 1998).

Another impediment to use of computer in the classroom could be attributed to the syndrome of resistance to change among the Nigerian teachers. They view the use of computer for education as a means of displacing them from their cherished job rather than an instructional material to enrich teaching and learning.

Also, they regard the use of computer as an increase in their tasks in the classroom without adequate compensation, hence the prayer for premature death for computer education.

1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The aim of this research work is to evaluate the use of computer in teaching and learning of basic technology at the secondary school in Orumba South Local Government Area of Anambra state. The specific objective of this research work includes the following:

1. To determine how teachers make use of computer in preparing lesson note.

2. To determine how teachers use computer assisted instruction in teaching.

3. To determine how students make use of computer to gather academic information.

4. To determine the ways students make use of computer to relate to other students and their teachers.

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study is very essential to the extent that it will help to identify most suggestion for improving the teaching and learning of computer and integrated science in our secondary schools. The results of this research will be of benefit to the following groups of people.

1. It will help Anambra state Government and Orumba South Local Government Area in particular to know the relevance and importance of the use of computer in Teaching and Learning in secondary schools.

2. It will enable the government to know the qualifications of teachers teaching computer and in secondary schools.

3. Parents will from the result of this study know the importance of science laboratory in the academic life of their children.

4. The result will also help the management and teacher of secondary schools to know and understand that laboratory should be the bed rock of students that study computer and therefore attaché importance in science laboratory.

1.5 RESEARCH QUESTION

The following research questions were formulated in this research work:

1. What are the way teachers use computer in preparing lesson note?

2. What are the teachers use computer assisted instructions in teaching?

3. What are the ways students make use of computer to gather academic information?

4. What are the ways student use computer to relate to other students and their teachers?

1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This study will be restricted to the use of computer in teaching and learning of basic technology at the secondary schools in Orumba South Local Government Area of Anambra state.

Brilliantng November 27, 2021 0 In

THE CHALLENGES OF COST BENEFITS ANALYSIS IN A COMPUTERIZED ACCOUNTING SYSTEM

ABSTRACT
This research is on the challenges of cost benefit analysis in a computerized Accounting System. The purpose of this study is to enquire into the viability or other wise of computerized accounting Systems, with particularly reference to coca-cola Bottling Company, Enugu. The objective of the study is to ascertain if the introduction computer system may lead to industrial unrests as workers resists change. Also, the method used in this study is chi-square while the findings in the process of this research work is the implementation of computerization of coca-cola bottling Plc Enugu and also the recommendation for the work is that the company should motivate its personnel more on the use of computers.

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Computer has been defined as electronic machine that accept data (input) processes it to produce useful result (output). It is also capable of storing information. It uses predefined instruction known as computer programs to execute the task in order to produce output. Computers technology has helped in no small measure in activating the problems encountered using the manual tools and machines. Computerization ranks prominently in the commanding heights of economic activities of the business world. Through computerization, industries have been able to control their cost of production heading to high profit margin, sustainable growth and development, accurate and lasting records.
The manufacturing industry has come a long way from the manual era of machine operation to modern day science and technology. Within this period, a number of major changes took place in the
2
business world with significant positive impact on the business world. Notable among these changes are those changes in manipulation of accounting records, fantastic computer designs etc.
We have various types and categories of computers which perform diverse functions; however, the one of interest and relevance to this research is the digital type of computer.
The history of the digital computer data back to the Abacus which was intended in China more than a thousand years ago and used to add, subtract, multiply and divided . This was followed by the counting invented by John Napier in the 1600’s. Blaise Pascal followed closely with a mechanical machine that could do similar jobs more efficiently. GOH friend Von Liebritz invented a more improved version of Pascal’s machine. Other great mathematicians and investors like Jacuard, Babbage, Grace Hopper etc made greater strides towards, building calculating machines. An American Herman Hoterrith, developed the mechanical members calculator which was used to read punched cards and greatly facilitated the sun of 1890 in that country. Hoterrith founded a company to sell his inventions and
3
today that company has grown to become IBM which is (international Business machines) the largest computer company in the world.
The era of modern computers began sometime in the period preceding the end of the Second World War when the vast calculations required in the production of the first bomb necessitated he buildings of a giant computer which operated on vacuum tubes. This computer was huge and expensive and only affordable by few.
Thus, from this period on wards, with the introduction of new technologies, computer became smaller in size and cheap as well: such that today we have the micro computer which costs a few thousand naira and can do job undreamed of forty years back.
There are three classes of computers now in use viz;
1. The micro – computers
2. The mini- computers
3. The mainframe computers

Brilliantng November 22, 2021 0 In

EFFECTS OF A COMPUTERIZED ACCOUNTING SYSTEM ON THE PERFORMANCE OF BANKING INDUSTRY IN NIGERIA

THIS WRITING IS ON EFFECTS OF A COMPUTERIZED ACCOUNTING SYSTEM ON THE PERFORMANCE OF BANKING INDUSTRY IN NIGERIA.

INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Today’s modern technology brought into use the computer, this technology is the application of science to gathering, recording, processing and communicating of business information by means of electronic media. Most commonest tool for application is the computer and it involves all the transaction processing system management information system various business support system etc. The computer is a central force in the advancement of various organization. The historical development of computer started with Hollerith punched card of 1880,Goerge Alken calculator and Charles Babbage’ creation of the difference engine. The computer can be defined as a tool or device which is able to accept facts (data) and figure in a prescribed form, apply prescribed processes to data and supply result of the processes in a specified format as a meaningful information. There are also different types of information depending on the make or type of their functions. The revolution in technology to the computer complements or in the other hand, substitute for ten elements which are: – paper, personal memos, charts, reports, calculators, terminals letter. Hartzell (2006) defines computer as an electronic machine for processing information automatically and very quickly. The important of computers is the ability to handle vast amount of information and to do other processes with accuracy and speed which cannot be manually undertaken have been recognized and appreciated by financial institutions, hence the trend in the computerized of banking operations. Tanembaum (2010) sees computer as a machine that can solve problems for people by carrying out instructions given to it. The American Accounting Association defines accounting as the process of identifying, measuring and communicating economic information to permit informed judgement and decision by users of the information. Accounting is also the establishment, maintenance, collection and analysis of financial position of an organization and any changes that have occurred or may occur overtime. Omolehinwe (2009) defines accounting as the collection and recording of financial data about an organization whether in the private or in the public sector and analyzing the data so collected to suit the decision that needs to be taken and reporting the relevant information in a summary form to the user in a form that is meaningful to him or her. Chionye (2003) defines accounting system as the art of identifying, recording, classifying measuring and interpreting in a significant manner the financial transaction of an organization for decision making. Summarizing from time to time the information contained in the record, for its significant presentation and interpretation to interested parties as an aid to decision making. Accounting system is also defined as a consistent way of organizing, recording, summarizing and reporting financial transactions. Computerization is the installation of computers as a part of a process of automation.

Banking in Nigeria has witness impressive development in recent time particularly within the last decade in time with growth in economic activities and complexities, banking service have expanded significantly in size and variety due to increased by computerization of banks.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM In spite of the benefit of computer to banking industry and business generally some problem are still left unsolved and new ones have been credited by the use of computer itself problems like; The use of computer to keep accounting records.

Another problem is the displacement of labour hands in the accounting department and its union implication and the problem of low turnover (volume of operation) and profitability in banks.

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY. The objectives of this study are:-  To determine he relationship between the application of the manual accounting system and the computerized accounting system in the banking system.  To find out, whether the effect of computerized accounting system enhances higher turnover (volume of operation) and profitability in banks.  To examine the impact of using computer to keep accounting records.

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS. To be able to achieve the above purposes, some questions would be asked which help the researcher to gather the necessary information needed, they are:  Are there any relationship between the manual accounting system and the computerised accounting system in the banking industry?  Also can computerized accounting system enhance high turnover and profitability in banks?

 Finally, What are the effects of using computers to keep accounting records?

1.5 HYPOTHESES OF THE STUDY In order to ensure the verification and validation of the primary data gathered through administration of questionnaires. A research hypothesis is formed comprising the null hypothesis (Ho) and the alternative hypothesis (Hi). Hypothesis One Ho: – There is no relationship between the application of the Computer and manual system in the accounting system of banking industry Hi: – There is a relationship between the application of the Computer and manual system in the accounting system of the banking industry. Hypothesis Two Ho:- The impact of computerized accounting system does not enhance higher turnover and profitability in banks. Hi:- The impact of computerized accounting system enhances higher turnover and profitability in banks. Hypothesis Three Ho:- There is no effect of using computer to keep accounting records. Hi:- There is an effect of using computer to keep accounting

records.

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY. Most banks have growth and continuity as part of their objective, and such objectives are best realized by an efficient management, as well as effective computerized accounting system. This has made it possible for banks to gain inherent advantage while minimizing risks involved in their daily operations. This research project will therefore be of immense advantage or benefit to the management of banks, computers and other business organization using computerized accounting system. Hence, the theories and concept contained therein can be infused into their management system. This research will also contribute to enhance efficiency in the following ways; a) Speedy and accurate decision making through the use of computerized accounting system. b) Improvement in the delivery and quality service. c) The banks profitability will be improve.

Firstly, in the realm of academic, the project will be very useful to wide audience as it applies to courses in accountancy, banking and finance as well as executive development courses, management seminars and supervisory workshop conducted in colleges and universities.

1.7 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY.
The scope of the study is restricted to examining the effect of computerized accounting system on the performance of banking industries such as, Diamond bank plc, Eco bank plc and First bank plc all in Enugu metropolics of Enugu state.

1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS AUDIT TRIAL:- a technique that made it possible to retrace processing of data in all other to charge, add or delete records in a file. BLOCKING:- the storage of more than one term in a record. COMPLIER:- a programming system applied by a manufacturer to convert a programme written in an automatic language into machine language. EXPERT SYSTEM:- A computer system which embodies some of the experienced and specialized knowledge of an expert. it enables a non-expert to achieve comparable performance to an extent in the field.

PPLICATION PACKAGES:- These are computer programmes written for the purpose of carrying out specific task for individuals or organizations with similar or related needs.

Brilliantng November 22, 2021 0 In

EVALUATION OF THE IMPACT OF COMPUTERIZED ACCOUNTING AND AUDITING SYSTEM IN PUBLIC SECTOR

THIS RESEARCH IS ON EVALUATION OF THE IMPACT OF COMPUTERIZED ACCOUNTING AND AUDITING SYSTEM IN PUBLIC SECTOR.

ABSTRACT

The essence of this study is to evaluate the impact of computerized accounting and auditing system in the public sector. The study used of both primary and secondary sources of data to obtain information, for the primary sources, questionnaire, observation and interview method was used, while for the secondary data, the use of text books and journals was adopted. The findings of the study showed that the introduction of computerized accounting and auditing is needful for high professional quality work for National economic development, but the system is not given adequate recognition nor attention towards meeting the desired objectives, the study also revealed that there are insufficient experts in computers operation and maintenance. Other problems include, epileptic powers supply, out dated computers and current accounting software not replaced lack of conducive rooms for computer storage, all these are constraint to the success of the system. The researcher therefore recommends that adequate recognition and attention should be given to computerize accounting system for the enhancement of the system.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

Business today is being done or conducted in an age of economic crisis and highly complex technology imposed on business management, there is need to implement sophisticated business systems which accords with present day needs. Looking at these, it is therefore necessary that effective and useful information should be provided to an organization for effective decision making. We are living at the age of information and technology environment which requires today’s accountant and auditor or manage to be versed in the use of computer if he or she does not want to be left behind. Computer can be seen as machine which magnify information as well as data about workers abilities since it can receive and process back information, therefore person skills in using computer system will increase his or her output.

Today computers are used in different forms in both small and large business, education, science and engineering, health care, sports in our homes, entertainments and leisure etc. Technological development through the years enable us to do more with less effort. Today we are now witnessing one of the most dramatic technologies ever developed. A computer can just be seen as a device that works faster than an ordinary human brain. Although a machine or computer has no brain of its own to reason like a human being but has the in build memories and other accessories that enable it to solve complex of mathematical problem as fast as possible.

Brilliantng November 20, 2021 0 In

CHALLENGES OF COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS, IN A COMPUTERIZED ACCOUNTING SYSTEM

This research work is on CHALLENGES OF COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS, IN A COMPUTERIZED ACCOUNTING SYSTEM (A Case Study of Coca-Cola Bottling Company, Enugu)

ABSTRACT

This research is on the challenges of cost benefit analysis in a computerized Accounting System. The purpose of this study is to enquire into the viability or other wise of computerized accounting Systems, with particularly reference to coca-cola Bottling Company, Enugu. The objective of the study is to ascertain if the introduction computer system may lead to industrial unrests as workers resists change. Also, the method used in this study is chi-square while the findings in the process of this research work is the implementation of computerization of coca-cola bottling Plc Enugu and also the recommendation for the work is that the company should motivate its personnel more on the use of computers.

TABLE OF CONTENT
Title Page
Approval Page
Certification Page
Acknowledgement
Dedication
Abstract

CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background Of The Study
1.2 Statements Of The Problem
1.3 Statement Of The Objective
1.4 Research Questions
1.5 Research Hypotheses
1.6 Scope Of The Study
1.7 Significance Of The Study
1.8 Limitations Of The Study
1.9 The Cost Benefit Analysis

CHAPTER TWO
2.0 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Effect on Personnel
2.2 The Feasibility Study
2.3 System Cost versus Size of Organization
2.4 Seeking Expert Advice (The Computer Consultant)
2.5 Data Processing Function Within The Organization
2.6 Capital Budgeting Techniques

CHAPTER THREE
3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Design
3.2 Sources Of Data
3.4 Area Of Study
3.4 Population Of The Study
3.5 Determination Of Sample Size
3.6 Reliability Test: Test Re-Test Method
3.7 Validity Test
3.8 Method Of Data Analysis/Techniques
3.9 Decision Criterion For Validation Of Data

CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
4.1 Data Presentation

CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary Of Findings
5.2 Conclusion
5.3 Recommendations
Bibliography
Appendix I
Appendix II

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Computer has been defined as electronic machine that accept data (input) processes it to produce useful result (output). It is also capable of storing information. It uses predefined instruction known as computer programs to execute the task in order to produce output. Computers technology has helped in no small measure in activating the problems encountered using the manual tools and machines. Computerization ranks prominently in the commanding heights of economic activities of the business world. Through computerization, industries have been able to control their cost of production heading to high profit margin, sustainable growth and development, accurate and lasting records.
The manufacturing industry has come a long way from the manual era of machine operation to modern day science and technology. Within this period, a number of major changes took place in the
business world with significant positive impact on the business world. Notable among these changes are those changes in manipulation of accounting records, fantastic computer designs etc.
We have various types and categories of computers which perform diverse functions; however, the one of interest and relevance to this research is the digital type of computer.
The history of the digital computer data back to the Abacus which was intended in China more than a thousand years ago and used to add, subtract, multiply and divided . This was followed by the counting invented by John Napier in the 1600’s. Blaise Pascal followed closely with a mechanical machine that could do similar jobs more efficiently. GOH friend Von Liebritz invented a more improved version of Pascal’s machine. Other great mathematicians and investors like Jacuard, Babbage, Grace Hopper etc made greater strides towards, building calculating machines. An American Herman Hoterrith, developed the mechanical members calculator which was used to read punched cards and greatly facilitated the sun of 1890 in that country. Hoterrith founded a company to sell his inventions and
today that company has grown to become IBM which is (international Business machines) the largest computer company in the world.
The era of modern computers began sometime in the period preceding the end of the Second World War when the vast calculations required in the production of the first bomb necessitated he buildings of a giant computer which operated on vacuum tubes. This computer was huge and expensive and only affordable by few.
Thus, from this period on wards, with the introduction of new technologies, computer became smaller in size and cheap as well: such that today we have the micro computer which costs a few thousand naira and can do job undreamed of forty years back.
There are three classes of computers now in use viz;
1. The micro – computers
2. The mini- computers
3. The mainframe computers
i. MICRO – COMPUTERS: These computers are designed to handle simple data processing functions; it is the smallest general
purpose computer. Micro computers are capable of handling independent task and do not led themselves to integrated network. Some just j contain a keyboard for input entire, where data is keyed in by an operator of programmes. Others can contain sophisticated input/output forms. Micro computers and their speed are designed to be stand alone computer, which means that they operate independently, on they can be part of a network or system. Their memory is smellier than that of mainframe or mini computers and their speed of processing data is slower also.
ii. A mini computer – is a small computer relative to mainframe and maybe be defined as a seated down mainframe, as the processor and peripherals are physically smaller. Although the processor may be physically smaller, it is powerful than the micro computers; several people can make use of the mini computer to do different jobs simultaneously through a linkage channel called the work-stations or terminals. It can be used to in inventory control, customers account records and employees payroll. It can
also be used to prepare final accounts of companies using computerized accounting system.
iii. The mainframe computer is large and powerful. They have higher processing speed and capability than both mini and micro computers. These are used by large organization with immense data processing deeds. Computers can be used in several fields as widely diverse as law, medicine and architecture. However, the principal concern within the scope of this research work is a data processing and analysis for business organization.
In the past thirty year or so, there has been a tremendous advance in technology of automation. The introduction and adaptation of the computer to business has led to revolutionary changes in data processing methods in advanced countries.
These changes are fast spreading to the developing world. In present day Nigeria, there is a noticeable and marked trend towards computerization of computers, often with little or no back-up capability often with little or no hack-up capability as guards’ maintenance and utilization.
Companies are begin attracted to this computerization possibly with the belief that it is sound business to sight coupled with the feeling that it is in vogue for a company to say it is fully computerized.
In answering the question why any organization should consider the transition to computerized accounting system Larry J. Campbel (1979) observes that research by behavioral scientists reveal that he fundamental reasons for transferring to some form of mechanization in information systems are the same as any other tact of an enterprise. Companies turn to mechanization because.
1. Company growth exceeds the capability to expand the present processes by any other reasonable scheme.
2. Technology changes, force different and more computer tactics that can best me mechanized.
3. Efforts to cut costs force searches for alternative. Added it all these is the requirement of data for decision making at a faster speed to meet up with competition.

1.2 STATEMENTS OF THE PROBLEM
The problem of this study includes:
1. The problem of industrial unrest
2. The problem of obsolesce or unsuitableness for the needs of the company.
3. The problems of companies not realize the full potentials of the computer system they have installed thereby leading to inefficiency.
4. The problem of company’s data processing operation which are amiable to automation may be over looked.

1.3 STATEMENT OF THE OBJECTIVE
1. To ascertain if the introduction of computer system may lead to industrial unrest as workers resists change.
2. To identify the wrong computer systems either in terms of obsolesce or unsuitableness for the need of the company.
3. To determine how companies can realize the full potentials of the computer systems installed thereby leading to efficiency.
4. To examine how companies data processing operation can be amenable to automation so that they cannot be over looked.

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
The followings are the research questions
Research questions help in obtaining adequate information within the preview of any chosen topic. Answers to questionnaire will help in the discussion of a research question, some of the research questions which will help to achieve the objective of the study Viz:
1. Is the turnover of workers higher now that you use computer system? Yes/no.
2. Is the high cost of procurement and installation yielding good returns? Yes/No.
3. Are your computers very expensive to maintain? Yes/No
4. If yes, what is the maintenance cost of your computers yearly?
5. Is the usage of computers advantageous to your company? Yes/No.

1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
These are problems that put together all the concepts construct, and variables and give the researchers a clear view of the problem under study. That is, they are prepositions put forward by a researcher to enable him or her solve the problem(s) formulated and to achieve the objectives of the research exercise.
The following research, hypothesis are used where
HO: Stands for Null hypothesis
Hi: Alternative hypothesis
1. Ho: Cost benefit analysis, computerized accounting system does not helped coca-kola bottling company Plc Enugu.
Hi: Cost benefit analysis, computerized accounting system helped coco-kola bottling company Plc Enugu.
2. Ho: Here is no programme of computer training skills and acquisition.
Hi: There is programme on computer training skills and acquisition.
3. Ho: Computerized accounting system has no impact on the staff of coca-kola bottling company Enugu.
Hi: Computerized accounting system has impact on the staffs of coca-kola bottling company Enugu.
4. Ho: The staffs of coco-kola bottling company does not benefit from the cost of using computerized accounting system.
Hi: The staffs of coca-kola bottling company benefit from computerized accounting system.

1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The challenges of cost benefit analysis, in a computerized accounting system. The project is restricted to coca-cola bottling company plc 9th mile, Emene, Enugu State.

1.7 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
1. The study will be of immense benefit to the company by improving the use of computer system.
2. The implementation of computerization of coca-cola bottling company Enugu has significantly saved cost and has increased profit maximization.
3. The computerization of coca-cola bottling company Enugu has led to reduction in labour costs.
4. The introduction of computer did both undermine workers morale.

1.8 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
During the course of this study, some constraints were encountered by the researcher which limit the scope of and details of the study. The constraints were numerous as they prove formidable and able to determine to some external the ultimate outcome of the study.
1. Time was one of the constraints, the little time I have as a student had to be apportioned between studies, research and other social endeavors since all the these activities are very important to my well-being none had to be forgone.
2. Financing a research of this nature is not easy, money is needed to sought for material, print questionnaires, and post to respondents and to compile the report. Finance being a scare resource was a very big constraint to the smooth conduct of this study.
3. The uncooperative attitude of some people and due to the duty of secrecy they owe to their company staff makes the not be make available some important fact.

1.9 THE COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS
1. The benefit of an organization using a computerized accounting system is important because the organization will be modernized in its cost of using computer systems for its business.
2. An organization will benefit from the cost of using computers systems whereby the organization will no longer have to spend much money on employees to be employed in the cost of using manual system in the organization because there is no computer system to make their work faster.
3. The cost benefit which an organization will benefit from using a computerized accounting system will include the organization benefiting from the account of the organization not having errors like in the case of using manual system. In using a computerized accounting system, an error cannot occur because the computers will be there to detect error.
4. The organization will also benefit from using a computerized accounting system if in the case of centralize organization whereby their staff can at home it they need anything, from the
office, they can go to the computer and get the information they need from their organization to ease the stress of them going to the office to get information.
5. In the cost of an organization benefiting from using a computerized accounting system, the work of the organization will also be fast and will not be left behind unlike using a manual system that lead to the organization been slow in their activities.

Brilliantng November 19, 2021 0 In

EXTENT OF ACCOUNTING LITERACY POSSESSED BY JUNIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL SCIENCE TEACHERS

THIS RESEARCH WORK IS ON EXTENT OF ACCOUNTING LITERACY POSSESSED BY JUNIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL SCIENCE TEACHERS.

ABSTRACT.

There is a need for everybody to be Accounting literate in the society, and this made us to carry out this project work titled the extent of Accounting literacy possessed by junior secondary science teachers in Enugu education zone. We have five research designs and the area of the study is Enugu education zone. Simple random sampling was used. The sample of the study is made up of 10 schools selected at random from the 27 existing schools in the zone. 50 teachers were selected from the 150 teachers in the zone, that is, 5 teachers from each of the 10 schools sampled.

The main instrument for data collection was questionnaire. The instrument was structured according to strongly agree, agree, disagreed and strongly disagreed. In our study, we find out that the teachers still have along way to go in the world of Accounting

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ………………………………………………………………………………i.

APPROVAL PAGE ………………………………………………………………………ii.

DEDICATION ……………………………………………………………………………iii.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT……………………………………………………………….iv.

ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………….vi.

TABLE OF CONTENTS ……………………………………………………………..vii.

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION.

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY ………………………………………… 1.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM …………………………………………5.

1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY ………………………………………………… 6.

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY ………………………………………….6.

1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY ……………………………………………………..7.

1.6 RESEARCH QUESTIONS ……………………………………………………7.

1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS …………………………………………………….8.

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW.

2.0 INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………10.

2.1 COMPUTER LITERACY …………………………………………………….10.

2.1:1SOCIAL IMPLICATION OF COMPUTER LITERACY ………………12.

2.2 COMPUTER AGE …………………………………………………………….14.

2.3 INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY ……….15.

2.4 THE IMPORTANCE OF COMPUTER IN EDUCATION …………….16.

2.5 THE MAJOR COMPONENT PARTS OF COMPUTER ………………17.

2.6 DATA PROCESSING…………………………………………………………22.

2.7 APPLICATION OF SOFTWARE ………………………………………….23.

2.8 SUMMARY OF REVIEWED LITERATURE …………………………….24.

CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODS.

3.0 INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………………….25.

3.1 DESIGN OF THE STUDY ………………………………………………….25.

3.2 AREA OF THE STUDY ……………………………………………………..26.

3.3 POPULATION OF THE STUDY ………………………………………….26.

3.4 SAMPLE AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUES …………………………….27.

3.5 INTRODUCTION FOR DATA COLLECTION …………………………27.

3.6 VALIDATION OF THE INSTRUMENT …………………………………27.

3.7 RELIABILITY OF THE INSTRUMENT …………………………………27.

3.8 METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION ……………………………………28.

3.9 METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS …………………………………………28.

CHAPTER FOUR.

4.0 PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND SUMMARY OF DATA ……..29.

4.1 RESEARCH QUESTION 1 ……………………………………………….29.

4.2 RESEARCH QUESTION 2 ……………………………………………….32.

4.3 RESEARCH QUESTION 3 ………………………………………………..34.

4.4 RESEARCH QUESTION 4 …………………………………………………36.

4.5 RESEARCH QUESTION 5 …………………………………………………38

CHAPTER FIVE.

5.0 DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATION AND SUMMARY………………………………………………………………………41.

5.1 DISCUSSION …………………………………………………………………41.

5.2 CONCLUSION ………………………………………………………………..42.

5.3 RECOMMENDATION ……………………………………………………….43.

5.4 SUMMARY ……………………………………………………………………..44.

REFERENCES. ………………………………………………………………………45.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

This century has witnessed the transformation of the human society from the industrial age to information age. The volume of information that circulates in an economy is now a measure of the level of advancement of any economy. Industries enjoy relative advantage over their competitors if they have monopoly of some classes of business information. Nation is stronger than others because they have more information. It is therefore, not surprising that government and private business organizations invest significant proportion of their budget in information technology. The role accounting plays a central role in the acquisition, processing, storage, dissemination, and use of vocal, pictorial, textual and numerical information. The use of Accounting has revolutionized the way we do business, study, work, and social activities and so on, as well as continue to touch and change our daily lives in a profound way. So significant is the impact of Accounting that it is regarded as an enabling technology, the facilitator of change and the creator of hitherto unimaginable possibilities.

According to Okolo (2007), the critical analysis of the definition of Accounting, performs three devises that qualify it as a computer;

Receiving input as data.
Processing the received data.

iii. Providing the processed data as information.

Therefore, a person’s skills in using computer system will largely determine his or her values in workforce in coming decades. Acccounting literacy is already beginning to create a great impact on career opportunities as ordinary literacy did in the past.

Okolo defined Accounting literacy as a way of being able to tell a computer to do what one wants it to do through operation. For one to tell a computer what to do for him or her, the person must understand exactly what he or she wants. Then for the computer to perform the operational task given to it effectively, the operator has to go through the information before he or she could confirm it.

Therefore, for one to be able to instruct the computer to do certain work for him or her, he or she must know and understand Accounting language such as; programming languages. No one can use account without giving it instruction, which is programming it. We should understand that programming skills work together with computer operation from the backbone of Accounting literacy.

Okolo (2007), defined computer as an electronic gadget or device that accepts data as an input and processed the data electronically to produce the desired output or information with the aid of a set of instructions. A computer machine requires some means of accepting data called input port. Somewhere to store the data called memory, somewhere to keep the sequence of operations to be manipulating the data or performing the circulation called the Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) and finally, a method of telling the result of the calculation.

Edafiogho (2007) outlined the different ways information and communication technology (ICT) can be applied to education to include learning, on-line learning, digital literacy, assessment, information literacy and digital virtual library. ICT can be used in education for tele-processing, telephone, database, electronic bulletin board and so on. In teaching and learning especially in secondary schools ICT have been very useful in a variety of ways. A breakdown of the application shows that ICT is needed in the following areas;

Provision of instructional materials that are used in teaching and learning of cumbersome and uninteresting topics.
It also provides opportunity for teachers to have an access to teaching aids used in other parts of the world to understand a concept.

iii. Provision of ICT in secondary schools helps in improving access to learning opportunities, redress in equalities, improves the quality of learning and delivers long-life learning opportunities.

It helps the teachers and students to access information in their class work and assignment.
It enables teachers to choose from variety teaching and learning experience which the teacher can use to permit instruction in the learners.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Education is a field in which data processing using computer as an aid of teaching and learning in a classroom, communication that is the use of internet for wide research across the globe and for effective communication to the whole world is necessary.

It is quite essential for both the teachers and students to become Accounting literate in other to enable them cope with the continuous development in the society.

We then, find out that in our educational institution today, both the teachers and students are still ignorant in information technology. For this ignorance, Enugu Education Zone is not left out. They still have second hand information of what is going on in society. There is every reason to ask therefore, what is the extent of Accounting literacy among teachers, precisely science teachers in Enugu Zone?

1.3 PURPOSE OF STUDY

The purpose of this project aims at ascertaining the extent of Accounting literacy possessed by junior secondary school science teachers in Enugu Zone.

Specifically, the purpose of this project is to find out;

To what extent are the schools computerized?
To what extent has the teachers known how to use Accounting to communicate?
Can the teachers teach Accounting operation very well to the students?
To what extent has the teachers reached, in knowing the general overview of Accounting?
To what extent can the teachers make use of Microsoft office package?

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

When this research has been carried out, the extent of

Accounting literacy possessed by junior secondary science teacher in

Enugu state, precisely Enugu zone, will be known we will contribute great ideas that will be used to carry everybody along in terms of becoming Accounting literate.

We have to say the importance of computer in data processing, teaching and learning in the classroom and also for communication. Having talked about this, it will help the government and Parents Teachers Association (P.T.A) tot put things in order and as supposed.

Therefore, in this project work we meant the way forward to all the teachers and also schools to buy the idea if it would be necessary for them. We should move higher to acquire knowledge, more especially on accounting to enable us cope with that of global age.

1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This study only covers the extent of Accounting literacy possessed by junior secondary schools science teachers in Enugu education of Enugu state only.

1.6 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The following research questions were formulated to guide the study;

To what extent has the teachers known how to use accountto communicate?
To what extent has the schools been accounting?

iii. To what extent has the teachers reached in knowing how to teach accounting very well?

To what extent has the teachers known general overview of account?
To what extent can the teachers make use of Microsoft office package?

1.7 DEFINITIONS OF TERMS

Accounting: This is an electronic machine that accepts data as input, processes the data, generates output (result) in form of information and also, stores both the input/data and output information for further usage.
Accounting Literacy: This can be defined as a means whereby someone knows how to operate or make use of Accounting effectively.
Hardware: This is a collective terms that refer to all physical component of computer that can be seen and touched.
Software: This is collective programs that direct the hardware on what to do and how to accomplish such operation.
Data Processing: This is the manipulation which a account does in data in order to transform it into information.
Information Technology: This is referred to as the study of electronic equipment, especially computers, for storing, processing, analyzing and sending out of information.

Main Menu

Search Results for: computer science

THE IMPACT OF THE INTRODUCTION OF THE COMPUTER ON THE SECRETARIAL PROFESSION

EVALUATE THE USE OF COMPUTER IN TEACHING AND LEARNING OF BASIC TECHNOLOGY AT THE SECONDARY SCHOOL

THE CHALLENGES OF COST BENEFITS ANALYSIS IN A COMPUTERIZED ACCOUNTING SYSTEM