Brilliantng November 19, 2021 0 In

The effects of computerized accounting system on the performance of banking industry in Nigeria

This academic research writing is on The effects of computerized accounting system on the performance of banking industry in Nigeria

ABSTRACT

The research topic of this study is “The Effect of Computerized Accounting System on the Performance of in Banking Industry – a study of selected banks in Enugu Metropolis. The purpose is to know whether the application of Computerized Accounting System supersedes that of manual Accounting System, and that if computerized Accounting System enhance higher turnover and profitability, and also whether a computerized accounting system is an effective means of keeping accounting records. The study population is 70 persons who are the members of the staff of the three major selected banks. Using the Taro Yamene’s formula the sample size calculated gave (60). The formulated hypothesis were tested using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) statistical technique at 5% level of significance. The researcher also made use of primary methods of data collection which included questionnaire and personal interview. Also the secondary method of data collection used was gotten from official documents of the banks, various research work on computerized accounting system, accounting journals, textbooks and Caritas University Amorji – Nike, Emene, Enugu State library. Based on these, the researcher recommended that banks in Enugu Metropolis should channel most of their resources in the training and development of bankers and Accountants personnel in computerized accounting system related technology such as I.C.T to boost performance in their banking operations and their personnel. Also due to the widespread of computer trends and its dynamics nature, it is recommended that banks in Enugu metropolis who are still battling with manual system should adopt specifically the Computerized Accounting System.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Approval Page i
Dedication ii
Acknowledgements iii
Abstract iv

CHAPTER ONE:

INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study 1
1.2 Statement of the Problem 4
1.3 Objective of the Study 4
1.4 Research Questions 5
1.5 Hypotheses of the Study 6
1.6 Significance of the Study 7
1.7 Scope and Limitation of the Study 8
1.8 Definition of Terms 9

CHAPTER TWO:

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Conceptual Framework 10
2.2 What is Accounting System? 15
2.3 Methods for Computerization in Accounting 17
2.4 Types and Principles of Computerized
Accounting System 20
2.5 What Is computer and Computer Trends 26
2.6 Types and Why We Use Computer System 28
2.7 Accounting Packages. 37
2.8 Application of Computer in Accounting System29
2.9 Merits and Demerits of Computerized
Accounting System and its Differences
with Manual Accounting System 41
2.10 Problems and Control of Computerized
Accounting System 49
2.11 The Effect of Computerized Accounting System
on the performance of Banking Industry in
Nigeria 47
2.12 A Brief History Origin of Banking under study 49

CHAPTER THREE:

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Design 52
3.2 Sources of Data 53
3.3 Research Instrument 55
3.4 Reliability/Validity of Research Instrument 55
3.5 Population of the Study 56
3.6 Sample Size/Technique 57
3.7 Administration of Research Instrument 61
3.8 Method of Data Analysis 61
3.9 Decision Criterion for Validation of Hypothesis 62

CHAPTER FOUR:

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
4.1 Presentation of Data 63
4.2 Testing of Hypotheses 80

CHAPTER FIVE:

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION
AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary of Findings 93
5.2 Conclusion 95
5.3 Recommendations 96
Bibliography 100
Appendix I -Request for Supply of Information 102
Appendix II – Questionnaire 103
ix
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 4.1.0 – To what extent is the operations of your
bank computerized. 70
TABLE 4.1.1 – Does your bank have a specific computer
(Data base) department/ section unit? 71
TABLE 4.1.2 – Does computerization aid quick customer
service decision making process
and accountability in your bank? 72
TABLE 4.1.3 – Computerized accounting system is an
effective means of keeping proper
accounting records. 73
Table 4.1.4 – Computerized Accounting system help to
gain inherent advantage while minimizing
risks involved in the daily banking
operations 74
Table 4.1.5 – There is a relationship between the application
of the computer and manual system in
the accounting system of the baking
industry. 75
TABLE 4.1.6 – The effect of computerized accounting
system enhances higher turnover
and profitability in banks. 76
x
TABLE 4.1.7- There is co-ordination and quality performance
in banking operations through the use of
computerized accounting system. 77
TABLE 4.1.8- There is an effect of using computer
to keep accounting records. 78
Table 4.1.9 – Computerized accounting system aids
in the examination of banks statements of
financial position to ensure agreement with
source documents. 79

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Today’s modern technology brought into use the computer, this technology is the application of science to gathering, recording, processing and communicating of business information by means of electronic media. Most commonest tool for application is the computer and it involves all the transaction processing system management information system various business support system etc. The computer is a central force in the advancement of various organization. The historical development of computer started with Hollerith punched card of 1880,Goerge Alken calculator and Charles Babbage’ creation of the difference engine..

Brilliantng November 17, 2021 0 In

THE EFFECT OF COMPUTERIZED ACCOUNTING INFORMATION SYSTEM ON THE CONTROL OF PAYROLL FRAUD IN NIGERIA PUBLIC SECTOR

THIS RESEARCH WORK IS ON THE EFFECT OF COMPUTERIZED ACCOUNTING INFORMATION SYSTEM ON THE CONTROL OF PAYROLL FRAUD IN NIGERIA PUBLIC SECTOR.

ABSTRACT

The broad objective of this research work is to evaluate the effect of computerized accounting information system on the control of payroll fraud in Nigerian public service, The researcher examined the effect of computerized accounting information system in preventing payroll fraud in Nigerian public service, evaluated the effect of payroll fraud on public accountability in Nigerian public service and ascertained the effect of payroll fraud on the development of Nigerian economy. The study equally identified the various challenges of computerized accounting information system in Nigerian public service. Data for the study was sourced from two main sources which include Primary and Secondary sources of data Collection. Primary data: questionnaires and oral interviews were used to collect information from the respondents. Secondary data: journals, and other relevant materials relating to the area of my investigation will be review. Extensive literature review was carried out on the direct literature and indirect literature on books, journals and past works. The research instrument used in this study includes oral interview and questionnaire. The questionnaire is structural as to contain both close and open ended question. Simple tables and percentages were used in treatment of data. Chi-square was used in testing the hypotheses. Based on the analysis the researcher found out that There is a relationship between the application of the computer and manual system in the accounting system of the banking industry. This was found to be true because the application of a computerized accounting system in banking operations aids quick customer services decision making process and quality performance than in manual accounting system. Also, the installation of accounting software in the computer, processes data and creates reports much faster than manual system which is slow. It is evident that the impact of computerized accounting system enhances higher turnover and profitability in banks. Based on the findings the researcher recommends that government establishment should take advantage of the excellent benefits derivable from the adoption of well designed computerized accounting system. This will help them to achieve a high and acceptable standard of quality in the performance of their banking operations. Government should channel reasonable proportion of their efforts and resources to the training and development of their bankers and accountants personnel (manpower development) through seminars, workshops and the use of computer. Accounting system so as to promote efficiency in banking operatives and in their statement of financial position ensure accurate timely and much easier and reliable for use.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Today’s modern technology brought into use the computer. This technology is the application of science to gathering, recording, processing and communicating of business information by means of electronic media. The most common tool for application is the computer and it involves all the transaction processing, system, management information system, various business support system etc. The computer is a central force in the advancement of various organizations. The historical development of computer started with Hollerith punched card of 1880,Goerge Alken calculator and Charles Babbage’ creation of the difference engine.

The computer can be defined as a tool or device which is able to accept facts (data) and figure in a prescribed form, apply prescribed processes to data and supply result of the processes in a specified format as a meaningful information. There are also different types of information depending on the make or type of their functions. The revolution in technology to the computer complements or in the other hand, substitute for ten elements which are: – paper, personal memos, charts, reports, calculators, terminals letter.

Hartzell (2006) defines computer as an electronic machine for processing information automatically and very quickly. The importance of computers is its ability to handle vast amount of information and to do other processes with accuracy and speed.

Tasks which cannot be manually undertaken have been recognized and appreciated by financial institutions, hence the trend in the computerized of banking operations.

Tanembaum (2010) sees computer as a machine that can solve problems for people by carrying out instructions given to it.

The American Accounting Association defines accounting as the process of identifying, measuring and communicating economic information to permit informed judgement and decision by users of the information. Accounting is also the establishment, maintenance, collection and analysis of financial position of an organization and any changes that have occurred or may occur overtime.

Omolehinwe (2009) defines accounting as the collection and recording of financial data about an organization whether in the private or in the public sector and analyzing the data so collected to suit the decision that needs to be taken and reporting the relevant information in a summary form to the user in a form that is meaningful to him or her.

Chionye (2003) defines accounting system as the art of identifying, recording, classifying measuring and interpreting in a significant manner the financial transaction of an organization for decision making. Summarizing from time to time the information contained in the record, for its significant presentation and interpretation to interested parties as an aid to decision making.

Accounting system is also defined as a consistent way of organizing, recording, summarizing and reporting financial transactions. Computerization is the installation of computers as a part of a process of automation.

Banking in Nigeria has witness impressive development in recent time particularly within the last decade in time with growth in economic activities and complexities, banking service have expanded significantly in size and variety due to increased by computerization of public service.

The term ‘payroll’ encompasses every employee of a company who receives a regular wage or other compensation. Some employees may be paid a steady salarywhile others are paid for hours worked or the number of items produced. All of these different payment methods are calculated by a payroll specialist and the appropriate paychecks are issued. Companies often use objective measuring tools such as timecards or timesheets completed by supervisors to determine the total amount of payroll due each pay period.

After a payroll accountant multiplies an employee’s hours by his or her pay rate, the gross income amount is entered into a calculator or computer program. Regular deductions such as tax withholdings, FICA payments (social security), medical insurance, union dues, charitable contributions and so on are then categorized and subtracted. The remaining balance is then converted to a check and becomes the employee’s net pay for that time period. Payroll departments also identify the employer and employees by a federal code and keep a running tally on total income and deductions for the fiscal year.

Setting up an effective payroll system is not especially difficult for trained accountants, but it can be very time consuming. Some smaller businesses rely on user-friendly computer software to set up a simple payroll system complete with check printers and file storage. Larger companies may assign trained accountants to handle payroll issues as part of their overall duties. But many businesses without the means to maintain their own payroll systems choose to farm out this task to outside specialists.

Since payroll records are based on objective criteria such as timecards and federal tax forms, outside accountants can perform all of the calculations, store all of the year-to-date data and issue paychecks in a timely fashion. Employers simply need to update these payroll companies with changes in employee pay rates or deductions. The researcher aimed at evaluating the effect of computerized accounting information system on the control of payroll fraud in Nigeria public service. Business organisations, especially the large ones exit to carry out certain duties and responsibilities to their owners and those who have interest in them. One of the means by which they could achieve their aims and objectives involving paying particular attention to information needs of the parties they exist to serve, both internal and external. Moreover, large business organisations normally have sizable number of employees on their payroll. Coupled with this fact, they have to pay much attention to certain things to make them operationally efficient; the main critical area now being considered is the ‘Time and Attendance Management’. Most companies are not really appreciating the losses that can occur without proper time and attendance accounting.

Fredrick W. Taylor was generally referred to as the “father of scientific management”. He and his associates argued that the application of scientific management in an industry would increase productivity. The principle that was then mainly applicable to the factory floor is now being extended to the office management through the concept of automation.

A similar and very crucial question that also arises is, how does the information get across to the ultimate users such as the shareholders, trustees, creditors, government, and the general public, at least to guide them in their decisions? Here we are talking of ideal communication media and the concept of reporting. These are normally done through the annual reports of companies in accordance with statutory requirements for each organisation and monthly pay advice slips to the employees.

This means it is not enough just to process information, but also to communicate it within the confine of the statutes. Here the field of study that becomes relevant to fulfil this aspect is “accounting system”. The modern accounting system currently concerned with producing two types of information:

• Financial Accounting: for recording day-to-day activities of business and producing period summaries.

• Management Accounting (Costing Accounting) – for supplying of accounting information to internal management in order that it can attempt to plan and control its future business activities.

Accounting has been variously described as it were being carried out manually on books and paper. Bookkeeping is a tedious process involving entry into the books of large number of transactions. The nature of industry over the past years had brought some brought changes and it is likely that the new millennium will bring even more change. The environment and industrial conditions have become more volatile, there is increasing usage of microelectronic in the factory and office, and there are increase and ever- changing competitive threats especially from overseas. In addition, the role of accountant as the sole or primary supplier of information to management is being challenged by other information specialists, researchers, managerial economists and business studies graduates. As payroll for preparation is an integral part of accounting activities and for payroll section to fulfil her primary role, the main focus would be to look into the best way to integrate effectively especially in the field of information technology and reporting.

1.2 Statement of the Problems

The computer is known for it’s speed and accuracy in processing information. Such speed and accuracy have not been achieved manually or by any other device. It is expected that a computerized banking system will facilitate the speed and accuracy of processing transactions of financial nature and also reduces customers waiting time.

In spite of the benefit of computer to banking industry and business generally some problem are still left unsolved and new ones have been created by the use of computer itself;

The use of computer to keep accounting records.

Another problem is the displacement of labour hands in the accounting department and its grievance implications.

It has been observed that in Nigeria huge amount of money is lost through fraud and other criminal temptations which drain the nation’s meager resources through fraudulent means with its far-reaching and attendant consequences on the development of the nation. Thus, like Kamaludeen (1991) observes “billions of naira is lost in the public sector every year through fraudulent means” this he argues represents only the amount that is ferreted out and made public.

Indeed much more substantial or huge sums are lost in undetected frauds or those that are for one reason or the other hushed up. Cases of frauds in the public sector are so pronounced that every one in every segment of the public service could seem to be involved in one way or the other in some of those nasty acts. This assertion is not difficult to appreciate if we accept and adopt the simple definition of fraud as any deliberate false act aimed at deceiving or harming any party, individual or corporate body, in any manner. Haladu, (1991) put it starkly when he observes that:

The bane of fraudulent administration in Nigeria has since the oil boom year, a period under which the forgoing observation becomes relevant, has been the existences of structurally weak control mechanism, which create a variety of loopholes that have tended to facilitate and sustain corrupt practices. This is coupled of course, with the fact that there is a near total absence of the notion and ethics of accountability in the conduct of public affairs in the country.

What all these tend to expose is that there is a management or operational problem in the Nigeria public sector in the area of financial or accounting control. Thus, one needs not to wonder much how devastatingly frauds have compromised the administrative competence, performance capacity and general credibility of the public sector. Initial estimates of major projects become little fractions of ultimate costs paid; original cash projections produce less than half of the benefits expected and projects which seemed technically feasible and economically viable, turned out “while elephant “ if not abandoned, with serious implications for growth and development.

1.3 Objectives of the Study

The broad objective of this research work is to evaluate the effect of computerized accounting information system on the control of payroll fraud in Nigeria public service. The specific objective of this study includes the following;

1. To examine the effect of computerized accounting information system in preventing payroll fraud in Nigerian public service.

2. To evaluate the effect of payroll fraud on public accountability in Nigerian public service.

3. To ascertain the effect of payroll fraud on the development of Nigerian economy.

4. To identify the challenges of computerized accounting information system in Nigerian public service.

Brilliantng November 13, 2021 0 In

CHALLENGES OF COST BENEFITS ANALYSIS IN A COMPUTERIZED ACCOUNTING SYSTEM

This research work is on CHALLENGES OF COST BENEFITS ANALYSIS IN A COMPUTERIZED ACCOUNTING SYSTEM.

ABSTRACT
This research is on the challenges of cost benefit analysis in a computerized Accounting System. The purpose of this study is to enquire into the viability or other wise of computerized accounting Systems, with particularly reference to coca-cola Bottling Company, Enugu. The objective of the study is to ascertain if the introduction computer system may lead to industrial unrests as workers resists change. Also, the method used in this study is chi-square while the findings in the process of this research work is the implementation of computerization of coca-cola bottling Plc Enugu and also the recommendation for the work is that the company should motivate its personnel more on the use of computers.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Computer has been defined as electronic machine that accept data (input) processes it to produce useful result (output). It is also capable of storing information. It uses predefined instruction known as computer programs to execute the task in order to produce output. Computers technology has helped in no small measure in activating the problems encountered using the manual tools and machines. Computerization ranks prominently in the commanding heights of economic activities of the business world. Through computerization, industries have been able to control their cost of production heading to high profit margin, sustainable growth and development, accurate and lasting records.
The manufacturing industry has come a long way from the manual era of machine operation to modern day science and technology. Within this period, a number of major changes took place in the
business world with significant positive impact on the business world. Notable among these changes are those changes in manipulation of accounting records, fantastic computer designs etc.
We have various types and categories of computers which perform diverse functions; however, the one of interest and relevance to this research is the digital type of computer.
The history of the digital computer data back to the Abacus which was intended in China more than a thousand years ago and used to add, subtract, multiply and divided . This was followed by the counting invented by John Napier in the 1600’s. Blaise Pascal followed closely with a mechanical machine that could do similar jobs more efficiently. GOH friend Von Liebritz invented a more improved version of Pascal’s machine. Other great mathematicians and investors like Jacuard, Babbage, Grace Hopper etc made greater strides towards, building calculating machines. An American Herman Hoterrith, developed the mechanical members calculator which was used to read punched cards and greatly facilitated the sun of 1890 in that country. Hoterrith founded a company to sell his inventions and
today that company has grown to become IBM which is (international Business machines) the largest computer company in the world.
The era of modern computers began sometime in the period preceding the end of the Second World War when the vast calculations required in the production of the first bomb necessitated he buildings of a giant computer which operated on vacuum tubes. This computer was huge and expensive and only affordable by few.
Thus, from this period on wards, with the introduction of new technologies, computer became smaller in size and cheap as well: such that today we have the micro computer which costs a few thousand naira and can do job undreamed of forty years back.
There are three classes of computers now in use viz;
1. The micro – computers
2. The mini- computers
3. The mainframe computers
i. MICRO – COMPUTERS: These computers are designed to handle simple data processing functions; it is the smallest general
purpose computer. Micro computers are capable of handling independent task and do not led themselves to integrated network. Some just j contain a keyboard for input entire, where data is keyed in by an operator of programmes. Others can contain sophisticated input/output forms. Micro computers and their speed are designed to be stand alone computer, which means that they operate independently, on they can be part of a network or system. Their memory is smellier than that of mainframe or mini computers and their speed of processing data is slower also.
ii. A mini computer – is a small computer relative to mainframe and maybe be defined as a seated down mainframe, as the processor and peripherals are physically smaller. Although the processor may be physically smaller, it is powerful than the micro computers; several people can make use of the mini computer to do different jobs simultaneously through a linkage channel called the work-stations or terminals. It can be used to in inventory control, customers account records and employees payroll. It can
also be used to prepare final accounts of companies using computerized accounting system.
iii. The mainframe computer is large and powerful. They have higher processing speed and capability than both mini and micro computers. These are used by large organization with immense data processing deeds. Computers can be used in several fields as widely diverse as law, medicine and architecture. However, the principal concern within the scope of this research work is a data processing and analysis for business organization.
In the past thirty year or so, there has been a tremendous advance in technology of automation. The introduction and adaptation of the computer to business has led to revolutionary changes in data processing methods in advanced countries.
These changes are fast spreading to the developing world. In present day Nigeria, there is a noticeable and marked trend towards computerization of computers, often with little or no back-up capability often with little or no hack-up capability as guards’ maintenance and utilization.
Companies are begin attracted to this computerization possibly with the belief that it is sound business to sight coupled with the feeling that it is in vogue for a company to say it is fully computerized.
In answering the question why any organization should consider the transition to computerized accounting system Larry J. Campbel (1979) observes that research by behavioral scientists reveal that he fundamental reasons for transferring to some form of mechanization in information systems are the same as any other tact of an enterprise. Companies turn to mechanization because.
1. Company growth exceeds the capability to expand the present processes by any other reasonable scheme.
2. Technology changes, force different and more computer tactics that can best me mechanized.
3. Efforts to cut costs force searches for alternative. Added it all these is the requirement of data for decision making at a faster speed to meet up with competition.

1.2 STATEMENTS OF THE PROBLEM
The problem of this study includes:
1. The problem of industrial unrest
2. The problem of obsolesce or unsuitableness for the needs of the company.
3. The problems of companies not realize the full potentials of the computer system they have installed thereby leading to inefficiency.
4. The problem of company’s data processing operation which are amiable to automation may be over looked.

1.3 STATEMENT OF THE OBJECTIVE
1. To ascertain if the introduction of computer system may lead to industrial unrest as workers resists change.
2. To identify the wrong computer systems either in terms of obsolesce or unsuitableness for the need of the company.
3. To determine how companies can realize the full potentials of the computer systems installed thereby leading to efficiency.
4. To examine how companies data processing operation can be amenable to automation so that they cannot be over looked.

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
The followings are the research questions
Research questions help in obtaining adequate information within the preview of any chosen topic. Answers to questionnaire will help in the discussion of a research question, some of the research questions which will help to achieve the objective of the study Viz:
1. Is the turnover of workers higher now that you use computer system? Yes/no.
2. Is the high cost of procurement and installation yielding good returns? Yes/No.
3. Are your computers very expensive to maintain? Yes/No
4. If yes, what is the maintenance cost of your computers yearly?
5. Is the usage of computers advantageous to your company? Yes/No.

1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
These are problems that put together all the concepts construct, and variables and give the researchers a clear view of the problem under study. That is, they are prepositions put forward by a researcher to enable him or her solve the problem(s) formulated and to achieve the objectives of the research exercise.
The following research, hypothesis are used where
HO: Stands for Null hypothesis
Hi: Alternative hypothesis
1. Ho: Cost benefit analysis, computerized accounting system does not helped coca-kola bottling company Plc Enugu.
Hi: Cost benefit analysis, computerized accounting system helped coco-kola bottling company Plc Enugu.
2. Ho: Here is no programme of computer training skills and acquisition.
Hi: There is programme on computer training skills and acquisition.
3. Ho: Computerized accounting system has no impact on the staff of coca-kola bottling company Enugu.
Hi: Computerized accounting system has impact on the staffs of coca-kola bottling company Enugu.
4. Ho: The staffs of coco-kola bottling company does not benefit from the cost of using computerized accounting system.
Hi: The staffs of coca-kola bottling company benefit from computerized accounting system.

1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The challenges of cost benefit analysis, in a computerized accounting system. The project is restricted to coca-cola bottling company plc 9th mile, Emene, Enugu State.

1.7 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
1. The study will be of immense benefit to the company by improving the use of computer system.
2. The implementation of computerization of coca-cola bottling company Enugu has significantly saved cost and has increased profit maximization.
3. The computerization of coca-cola bottling company Enugu has led to reduction in labour costs.
4. The introduction of computer did both undermine workers morale.

1.8 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
During the course of this study, some constraints were encountered by the researcher which limit the scope of and details of the study. The constraints were numerous as they prove formidable and able to determine to some external the ultimate outcome of the study.
1. Time was one of the constraints, the little time I have as a student had to be apportioned between studies, research and other social endeavors since all the these activities are very important to my well-being none had to be forgone.
2. Financing a research of this nature is not easy, money is needed to sought for material, print questionnaires, and post to respondents and to compile the report. Finance being a scare resource was a very big constraint to the smooth conduct of this study.
3. The uncooperative attitude of some people and due to the duty of secrecy they owe to their company staff makes the not be make available some important fact.

1.9 THE COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS
1. The benefit of an organization using a computerized accounting system is important because the organization will be modernized in its cost of using computer systems for its business.
2. An organization will benefit from the cost of using computers systems whereby the organization will no longer have to spend much money on employees to be employed in the cost of using manual system in the organization because there is no computer system to make their work faster.
3. The cost benefit which an organization will benefit from using a computerized accounting system will include the organization benefiting from the account of the organization not having errors like in the case of using manual system. In using a computerized accounting system, an error cannot occur because the computers will be there to detect error.
4. The organization will also benefit from using a computerized accounting system if in the case of centralize organization whereby their staff can at home it they need anything, from the
office, they can go to the computer and get the information they need from their organization to ease the stress of them going to the office to get information.
5. In the cost of an organization benefiting from using a computerized accounting system, the work of the organization will also be fast and will not be left behind unlike using a manual system that lead to the organization been slow in their activities.

Brilliantng August 3, 2021 0 In

COMPUTER IN MULTIMEDIA SYSTEM

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

This project is on Computer in Multimedia System. A multimedia computer system is computer system that can create, import, integrate, store, retrieve, edit, and delete two or more types of media materials in digital form, such as audio, image, full motion video, and text information. Multimedia computer systems also may have the ability t o analyze media materials (e.g. counting the number of occurrences of a word in a text file). A multimedia computer system can be a single or multiple-user system.

Networked multimedia computer systems can transmit and receive digital multimedia materials over a single computer network or over any number of interconnected computer networks. As multimedia computer systems evolve, they may become intelligent systems by utilizing expert system technology to assist users in selecting, retrieving, and manipulating multimedia information.

This paper surveys four possible types of multimedia computer systems: hypermedia, multimedia database, multimedia message, and virtual reality systems. It examines the potential benefits and problems associated with the use of multi media computer systems as public access computer systems, which can be employed directly by library patrons. One, without question, multimedia computer systems will have a profound impact on library systems that are used for internal purposes, however, this area is beyond the scope of the present project work. The four categories of systems suggested in this work are intended to provide the reader with a conceptual framework for thinking about the emerging area of multimedia computing.

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The term “multimedia” was carried by Bob Goldstein (later Bobb Goldsteinn) to promote the July 1966 opening of his, Light works at Lourin” show at Southampton, long Island. On August 10, 1966, Richard Albarino of variety borrowed the terminology, reporting “ Brainchild of song ascribe comic, Bob (Washington Square) Goldstein, the Light works is the latest multimedia music-cum-visuals to debut as discotheque fare, two years later, in 1968, the term multimedia” was re-appropriated to describe the work of a political consultant, David Sawyer, the husband of Iris Sawyer one of Golsteins producers at L’oursin.

In the intervening forty years, the word has taken on different meanings. In the late 1970s the term was used to describe presentations consisting of multi-projector slide shows timed to an audio track. In the 1993 first edition of MC-Graw-hills multimedia, making it work, Tay Vaughan declared “multimedia is any combination of text, graphic art, sound animation, an d video that is delivered by computer when you allow the user the viewer of the project to control what and when these elements are delivered, it is interactive multimedia. When you provide a structure of linked element through which the user can navigate, interactive multimedia becomes hypermedia.

The German language society, Gesellschaft fir dews he spiracle, decided to recognize the words significance and ubiquitousness in the 1990s by awarding it the title of word of the year in 1995. the institute summed up its rational by stating (multimedia) has become a central word in the wonderful new media world.

Early theatrical performances greatly extended the interest in multi sensory experience. Ancient Greek actors performed to the accompaniment of music and chanting and signing of a chorus. Elaborately painted stages, scenery, apparently with convincing three-dimensional effects and stage props (furniture, Weapons) formed a back drop for performance. The Greeks also made use of various machines to heighten the intensity of dramatic performance. One (the Keraunoskopeion) simulated lightening, another ( the Bronstein) produced the rumble of thunder.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Supporting multimedia applications over a computer network renders the application distributed. Multimedia systems may have to render a variety of media at the same instant a distinction from normal relationship between may forms of media (e.g video and Audio) there are two forms of problems here.

Sequencing within the media- playing frames in correct order/time frame in video
Synchronization: Inter-media scheduling (e.g. video and audio) lip synchronization is clearly important for humans to watch play back of video and audio -ever tried watching out of (lip) sync film for a long time?

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The objective of the study is to provide a deeper understanding and knowledge into different specializations of computer science and prepare for an active role in computer science research and development.

This project work is intended to provide people with a conceptual framework for thinking about the emerging area of multimedia computing. Whether these categories develop into significant applications aid/or remain distinct technologies remains to be seen.

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS FOR HYPOTHESIS

How can computer multimedia systems be maintain.
can multimedia elements aid learning
How are multimedia systems useful in educational sectors
Define the term hypermedia
what are the methods of video data compression
Outline the role of project managers in the development of multimedia applications.

1.5 SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY

The findings of these studies will be useful t o graduates aid students of computer and multimedia science.

Students will use the findings to modify and develop more skills in the application and use of multimedia systems.

The educational institution will use the findings to design educational programs that will encourage and promote self employment after graduation from school.

The unemployed graduates will find the findings rewarding as it will help them to adopt the right job seeking attitudes.

1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The technology of multimedia design utilizes various features like animation, video, graphics and audio to impress the users. It has becomes one of the most sought after medium for informing and entertaining visitors about your company and its products. Multimedia services implies usuage of electronic media for better experience of the multimedia presentations. This services is considered as an extension of traditional form of communication tool. This service implies that online information can be shared using features of audio, videio, animation and images.

Multimedia can be applied to various fields and areas for greater impact and profits, for instance medicine, education, business, entertainment, advertisements, communication networks and so on. Its uses are endless depending upon how it is being deployed by its users.

In the field of education, multimedia is being used extensively especially for online courses and trainings. Here the students can see various multimedia presentations for a specific subject with required illustrations in an informative format. Multimedia also gives way of publishing online encyclopedias. Many education sites have started combining education with entertainment for better learning. In entertainment industry, multimedia wage is very high as the development of animations and movies with special effects requires multimedia designing.

Many online promotional games are being developed in multimedia technology and various software programs. Many industries are using it for various purposes like importing of employee training, selling of products and advertising. In communication networks, multimedia is used to identify requirements for IP-based multimedia communication in a corporate network environment including addressing, mobility, internetworking, security and management.

1.7 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

Computers and multimedia formats can significantly simplify information gathering aid communication tasks, they can also make information storage and transmission dependet on computer network maintenance. More specifically, multimedia formats and the devices that play or store them require a constant supply of power and frequent updating, a fact that can be problematic in more remote areas.

As technology rapidly evolves, compatibility between different devices can also be a problem where trying to move or play multimedia content. Even a simple malfunction, server error or changes between formats, as anyone who frantically struggled to connect a computer to an incompatible projector before a presentation knows all too well, can delay a presentation or permanently damage the information contained in the format.

The proliferation of multimedia formats and computer devices can represent a significant expenses for schools district or business implementing multimedia programs. As the world generally trends towards a greater use of electronic devices and computers, the factor of expense can also mean that those organizations that are unable to keep up with technology for financial or geographic isolation are quickly left behind.

1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS

MULTIMEDIA: Multimedia uses computers to present text, audio, video, animation, interactive features, and still images in various ways and combinations made possible through the advancement of technology.

QOS: quality of service

SCENERY: The painted background that is used to represent natural features or buildings on a theatre stage

INTERACTIVE: Allows information to be passed continuously and in both directions between a computer and the person who uses it.

NODES: A point at which two lines or systems meet or cross

WORKSTATIONS: One computer that is part of a networked computers system.

Brilliantng July 13, 2021 0 In

Installation of computer systems and resuscitation of computer laboratory

Abstract

This project is on Installation of computer systems and resuscitation of computer laboratory. The entire universe is now living in the computer age most of our day to day jobs are being influenced by the use of computers. It is used increasingly in each and every field of our life. In the areas of science and technology improvements cannot be without the use of computers. Hence it has become necessary to have basic knowledge of computers. This project focuses on the installation of computer systems and resuscitation of a computer laboratory in the Department of Electrical/Electronic Engineering, Institute of Technology, Kwara State Polytechnic, Ilorin. In other to improve the life span of the system there is the need for proper management of the system by the user and all the necessary safety precaution guiding the use of computer should be strictly adhered to a component hardware engineer should be called upon when the system develops technical problems.

Brilliantng June 26, 2021 0 In Available Scholarships

2021/2022 AIMS NEI Fellowship Program for Women in Climate Change Science (USD 35,000 worth)

Apply for the 2021/2022 AIMS NEI Fellowship Program for Women in Climate Change Science (USD 35,000 worth).

The AIMS NEI Fellowship Program for Women in Climate Change Science seeks to foster increased female participation in and contribute to a more sustainable societal response to climate change.

The African Institute for Mathematical Sciences Next Einstein Initiative (AIMS-NEI) is pleased to invite interested female scientists to apply for the third round of the AIMS-NEI Fellowships for Women in Climate Change Science (WiCCS). Climate change – including global warming – poses significant threats to humanity. Documented impacts of global warming include an increased frequency and severity of heatwaves across the globe and frequent droughts, both of which exacerbate food insecurity and health problems in many parts of the world, particularly in Africa.

The AIMS-NEI Fellowship Program for Women in Climate Change Science (WiCCS) seeks to increase women’s participation in, and contribution to, to a more sustainable societal response to climate change

Requirements

To be eligible, applicants must be:

female;
in possession before the fellowship start date of a doctorate in a quantitative discipline, including but not limited to applied mathematics, climatology, physics, computational chemistry, statistical ecology, computer science, theoretical biology, and engineering;
currently employed, on either a permanent or a temporary basis, in a non-profit work environment, including government;
actively engaged in research, policy, and/or practice relevant to climate change modelling, mitigation, adaptation, and/or resilience among others; and
the lead and/or senior author of at least one refereed publication on a topic relevant to climate change modelling, the causative factors of climate change, climate change mitigation, adaptation, and/or resilience etc.

To apply, please complete this online application form and submit by the 31 July 2021, 23:59 CAT with the following documents attached:

a completed personal details form, including a detailed budget for all non-project-related activities;
a completed project proposal form, including a detailed budget for all project-related activities;
a curriculum vitae; and
an electronic copy of a representative publication in climate change modelling, its causes, climate change mitigation, adaptation and/or resilience in which the applicant is the lead and/or senior author.

Selection Criteria

All complete applications received by the application deadline will be screened for relevance by a Fellowship Oversight Committee. The Oversight Committee will send each application to at least two reviewers for reviewing and scoring based on a defined soring sheet. The reviewers’ scores and associated comments will be forwarded to an International Selection Committee. This Selection Committee will select and interview a subset of the applicants, and then choose and recommend to AIMS-NEI about four applicants deemed most qualified to receive a WiCCS fellowship. All reviews done by the Selection Committee members and other reviewers will be based on the following criteria:

Quality of applicant: academic qualifications; quality of publications; experience in climate change-related work; real-world impact and recognition of prior work (e.g. through awards).
Quality of proposed project: relevance to climate change modelling, practice and policy; strength of connection to the mathematical sciences; experience of applicant in project topic; quality of project design; feasibility; suitability of proposed host institution environment and of named collaborator; quality and realism of budget projections.
Potential impact of proposed project on scientific knowledge, practice and policy.

For more information about the selection process and the committees mentioned above, please consult the following documents:

Application Deadline: 31 July 2021 23:59 CAT.

For More Information:

Visit the Official Webpage

Brilliantng June 15, 2021 0 In

Statistical analysis on academic performance of students in federal polytechnic offa. (a case study of applied science and technology and school of engineering)

Abstract

This project looks at Statistical analysis on academic performance of students in Federal Polytechnic Offa. The aim and objectives of this research work is to know whether the academic performance of students depends on the type of their school and to ascertain whether there is a significant difference between the students performance in school of Applied Science and Technology and School of Engineering. This research work cover two department in Applied Science and Technology and two departments in School of Engineering in Federal Polytechnic Offa. And the school and department were randomly selected. The information collected and the score obtained from their recording sheet were presented in contingency table. The data collection and the score is correlation analysis method. After the analysis, the results show that the performance of students depends on the type of their schools and there is a significant difference between the performance of students in Applied Science and Technology and Engineering.

Brilliantng May 16, 2021 0 In

COMPUTERIZED TRANSCRIPT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM A STUDY OF DELTA STATE POLYTECHNIC

ABSTRACT

This project, Design and Implementation of webbase transcript system, embarks on designing online application for transcript through the use of client computers that are connected to the internet. This online for applying for a transcript is against the already existing manual system of applying for a transcript which poses stress to the applicants and as well contributes to the delay of processing the transcript. This online transcript system will go a long way to ease the stress encountered by the applicants and the staff of the Exams and Record of Akwa Ibom State Polytechnic, Ikot Osurua. Online transcript system will be benefit by cutting down the expenses of the applicants. This design and implementation of webbase transcript system will be assured through an established protocols between the client computers and the host. This design and implementation of webbase transcript system has been considered to be more fast, accurate, secure, reliable and efficient.

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

There were three fundamentally distinct education systems in Nigeria in 1990. The indigenous system, Quranic Schools and formal European style education institutions. In the rural areas where the majority lived, children learned the skills of farming and other work, as well as the duties of adulthood, from participation in the community, this process was of ten supplemented by age based schools in which groups of young boys were instructed in community responsibilities by mature men. By the 1970s, education experts were asking how the system could be integrated into the more formal schooling of the young, but the question remained unresolved by 1990.

Westernstyle education came to Nigeria with the missionaries in the midNineteenth century. Although the first mission school was founded in 1843 by Methodists, it was the Anglican Church missionary society that pushed forward in the early 1850s to found a chain of missions and schools. Followed quickly in the late 1850s by the Roman Catholics in 1887 in what is now Southern Nigeria, an education department was founded that began setting curricum requirement and administered grants to the mission societies. By 1914, when North and South were United into one colony, there were fiftynine government and ninetyone

mission primary schools in the South; all eleven secondary schools, except for kings college in Lagos, work run by the missions.

The education system focused strongly on examinations. In 1916 Fredrick Lugard, first governor of the Unified Colony, set up a school inspectorate. Discipline, building and adequacy of teaching staff were to be inspected, but the most points given to a schools performance went to the numbers and ranking of its examinations results. This stress on examination was still used in 1990 to judge educational results and to obtain qualification for jobs in government and the private sector.

As more information is made available in a variety of formats and media and in a variety of locations, the need to manage information/data efficiently becomes more and more critical. Both staff and public users want access to stored information and want to access it more efficiently. It is the university policy to improve both the efficiency and effectiveness of result processing operations student record/grades, and services through the implementation of A computerized transcript management system.

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Caritas university, Amorji Nike, Enugu, is a private university approved by the federal government of Nigeria on December 16, 2004. it was officially opened on January 21, 2005 by the Federal Ministry for Education, Prof. Fabian Osuji, the formal opening was on January 31, 2005. The pioneer students of 250 matriculated on May 28, 2005 in beautiful ceremony that attracted dignitaries both church and state. It is the second Catholic University in Nigeria founded by Rev. Fr. Prof. Emmanuel Paul Matthew Edeh CSSP, OFR. Although he founded the school, the proprietor of the University is the congregation of sisters, the Saviour, a religious congregation of Nums founded by him.

The vision of Caritas university is to reserve some of our wandering and teaming youth from further slide into academic and moral decay, and development and transformation of our society through sound and adulterated education. Its mission is to discover, sanctify and apply the knowledge of science, environment central and engineering for human wellbeing and sound development of man for better society.

Caritas universitys goal is to give efficacy to the universitys motto and to its philosophy of education. We embrace not only sound education for professional skills and competency in various fields; but also maintain strict discipline. We train the mind, body, soul and spirit in the exercise of obedience and self control. The students must not only be intellectually and professionally prepared for different tasks and roles in the world, they must also be morally equipped to face the world itself with all its tensions, conflicts, challenges and contradictions, we achieve this with the help of God Almighty who is with us always.

The philosophy is to promote sound education for professional skills and competencies in various fields with strict discipline. By discipline the university meant the training of the mind, body and soul and spirit to obedience and self control. Also to prepare the students to be intellectually and professionally sound for different tasks and roles in the word with its tensions, conflict, challenges and contradictions.

The university operates faculty system. Presently, the university operates six faculties. Education and Arts, Engineering, Environmental Sciences, Management, Social Sciences and Natural Sciences.

1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

This project research was conducted exclusively conducted in a caritas university located in a highly populated area that attends to too many students at a time, hence this research was able to track problem such as misplacement of student records, students grades, slow and strenuous accessibility to students report and record, inaccurate record keeping and poor information management within the schools.

Brilliantng April 30, 2021 0 In

THE EFFECT OF IN-SERVICE TEACHERS ON THE ACADEMIC PERFORMANCES OF INTEGRATED SCIENCE STUDENT

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

In-service Teachers refers to teacher involves schooling and working at the same time.

An in-service program is a professional training or staff development effort, where professionals are trained and discuss their work with others in their peer group.

It is a key component of continuing medical education for physicians, pharmacists, and other medical professionals. It is also common among public servants including educators and public safety officials.

In-service program also refers to some programs offered to enlisted members of the military while they are in service.

In-service programs also refers to educators, where they discuss methods and cases and workloads.

The effect of in-service education to the teacher cannot be over emphasized; this is more so when one considers the need to grapple with new trends in raiding techniques and the dynamic nature of knowledge as it affect the subject matter to be taught to learners.

There are various ways by which in-service could organize education for teachers instructional effectiveness. These include organizing refresher courses and school plant level.

The importance of teachers cannot be over stressed. This is because teachers play a number of roles. Specifically, teachers has been referred to by Oyedeji 2004 as an agent of innovation. For meaningful innovations, teachers academic qualification is very important. This is because teacher education is a very complex enterprise. The complexity arises as a result of several factors which include determination of what effective teachers are, teachers are expected to fulfil a variety of roles, some common to all teachers, others uniquely related to certain kinds of environments of students or subject matter. Added to this, is the fact that teacher education involves the training of professionals who will educate students in future. Despite the complexity in the field of teacher education, one cannot overemphasize the importance of academic training of teachers of all categories. This is because the efficiency of any institution depends on the academic competence of the teaching staff since no educational system can rise above the quality of its teachers FGN, 2001, p. 38.

Integrated science is teaching of science in a way to present scientific ideas as a unified whole Ajao, 1996. It is a subject that comprises of biology, chemistry, physics and partly any other science related subject while computer science is a subject that has more relationship with mathematics than any other subject. Integrated science is an amalgamated course designed to show unity, wholeness and interrelationship of the distinct that make up science Daudu, 2005. Integrated science syllabus is simply a collection of topic from single science Abba, 2003. The expectation is that students combining physics with integrated science should be able to do better than those combining with computer since some of the things learnt in integrated science are in physics.

1.1BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Kwande local government actually is a colonial administrative name of Tiv ward UKONDOGH which literally translated as mountain dwellers because of its high topography, and was formally part of KatsinaAla division. It was created by General Murtala Mohammed administration in 1976 with Adikpo as the administrative headquarts. It comprises of Nanev, Usar, ShangevYa, IkyuravYa and Turan district four clans. The local government has fifteen council wards and is bounded in the west by Vandeikya local government, in the south by the cross river state in the east by the republic of Cameroon and in the North West by KatsinaAla and Ushongo local governments respectively.

It also shares a common boundary with Taraba state to the Northeast. Kwande local government is the transitional belt between the tropical rain forest of the south and open grassland savannah, vegetation of the north. The entire people of Kwande local government are Christians these include the Roman Catholic and the protestants.

Kwande local government area is blessed with a number of large markets in the territory, prominent among them include Adikpo, Adagi, Ajio, Ichor, Ikyogen, JotoAka, Anwase, Abande, Achid, etc. in all the markets all these products mentioned above are sold in large quantity.

1.2STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

In-service teachers was set up as a result of government pronouncement that by the year 2000 the least qualification of teacher in primary school will be NCE Nigeria certificate in education. It was because of this that every teacher want to obtain this certificate and in order to get it, many teachers are attending inservice teaching.

Due to some problems, not all teachers can go in for regular courses; consequently, there is need for them to merge courses in the in-service teachers programme.

1.3RESEARCH QUESTIONS.

The researcher formed some research question that will guide her to carry out this work so as to have a focal point in the study. Which the question are:

1.Inservice teacher are more professional in teaching and dissemination of the duty.

2.Inservice teacher impart more to student academic performance

3.How do you organize in-service teachers so that it will not interfere with the primary school programme

4.How do we ensure that in-service teachers use the knowledge gained to improve the academic performance of the pupils

1.4PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The researcher has a number of reasons for writing this project work. Some of the objectives this project is made to serve include the following

i.To sensitize primary school teachers on the need for the in-service training.

ii.To make teachers in particular and the general public to develop a positive attitude towards in-service education.

iii.To provide a working tool for policy makers and education planners who are charged with the responsibility for in-service education.

1.5SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The research work is vital in the following ways

i. The study will investigate the effect of in-service teachers education on the academic performance of primary school pupils.

ii. The project work will also serve as a reference material to other researchers that may intend to undertake a similar work on effect of in-service education on academic performance of primary school pupils.

Brilliantng April 30, 2021 0 In

THE IMPACT OF COMPUTER STUDIES ON BUSINESS EDUCATION STUDIES IN HIGHER INSTITUTIONS OF LEARNING

ABSTRACT

This research is on The impact of computer studies on business education studies in higher institutions of learning. The study was carried out on the impact of computer studies on business education in higher institutions of learning in Enugu State. The sample from this study comprised of 172 students and 10 academic staffs from Schools/Departments of Business Education of selected institutions. The data used were collected through a questionnaire and responses thereof were analyzed by the use of weighted mean. The findings were that recent changes brought about by computer studies into business education are encouraging and the introductions of computers into business education make accounting work easier. Further, it was found that computer studies in business education use accounting software and these computers affect the performance of business operators in Nigeria. The graduates of business education that are computer literate have better chances of getting employment. The work went on to conclude that computer is inevitable in the field of business education so that graduates of business education should face squarely the challenges of work in every sector in the world today given the current globalization process regarding information technology and the world being global village for information superhighway and state of the art thereof.

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